B.Sc.

Textile Engineering Yarn Manufacturing

Assignment no# Topic of Assignment Eye Deffects from Deffective Colours Semester: Section: Submited to: Dr Zulfiqar Ali Sb Submited By: Raza Haffri

6th A

09-NTU-023

COLOUR CAN BE BROADLY DEFINED AS THE EFFECT ON THE BRAIN OF AN OBSERVER WHEN AN OBJECT IS VIEWED IN PRESENCE OF A LIGHT SOURCE.

Colour blindness
Colour blindness is the inability to distinguish certain colours. It occurs when one or more of the cone types is missing or defective to any extent. They may be absent entirely, or may be present, but unable to manufacture the necessary signals to the brain Classification of defective colour vision:
Main type Normal Protanomalous
Trichromatic

Sub type -

DEFECTIVE COLOUR SYSTEM

Red Green
Blue-yellow Red Green Blue-yellow Red-green,blueyellow Red-green,blueyellow

Deuteranomalous
Tritanomalous Protanopia Dichromatic Deuteranopia Tritanopia Monochroma SINGLE CONE VISION tic LIMITED ROD BASED VISION

ANAMALOUS TRICHROMATES
ABNORMAL TRICHROMATS WHO ARE NOT DEFICIENT IN RESPECT OF THEIR VISION OF ANY OF THE SPECTRAL COLOURS, BUT HAVE AN ABNORMAL INCREASE OR DECREASE IN SENSITIVITY IN CERTAIN REGIONS

Anomalous trichromat with a shift in red sensitivity PROTANOMALY

Anomalous trichromat with a shift in green sensitivity DEUTRANOMALY

DICHROMATS Dichromats have two cone receptors rather than three, and match all the spectral huesusing two colour matching variables. There are three types of dichromatism depending on which of the three normal pigments is missing.Protanopes are the most common, lacking the long-wave red sensitive receptors.Deuteranopes lack the middle-wave green receptors, and Tritanopes lack the short-wave blue sensitive receptors. Protanopes and deuteranopes cannot distinguish red light from green light,while the rare tritanope has blue-yellow confusion.

MONOCHROMATS
Monochromats cannot discriminate colors and perceive only shades of gray. Individuals with monochromatic vision are truly colorblind (achromatopsia). There are two types of monochromats. Rod monochromats completely lack cones. This condition is associated with reduced visual acuity, hypersensitivity to light (photophobia) and other vision impairments Cone monochromats have only one cone type. They usually have good visual acuity and none of the other vision impairments found in rod monochromats INHERITANCE OF DEFECTIVE COLOUR VISION
WHEN FATHER HAS DEFECTIVE COLOUR VISION

WHEN FATHER HAS DEFECTIVE COLOUR VISION AND MOTHER IS A CARRIER OF RECESIVE CHROMOSOME

X Y

X X

X Y

X X

X X

XY

XY

X X
X X XY XY X X

WHEN MOTHER IS A CARRIER OF DEFECTIVE CHROMOSOME

WHEN MOTHER HAS DEFECTIVE COLOUR VISION

X Y
X Y X X

X X

X X

XY

XY

X X

X X

XY

XY

X X

Power of Accommodation
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called accommodation. The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material and its curvature can be modified by the ciliary muscles. Hence, the focal length can be changed as per the requirement. When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin. The radius of curvature and hence the focal length increases. This enables us to see the distant objects clearly. When we look at the objects closer to they, ciliary muscles contract decreasing the radius of curvature and hence the focal length. This enables us to see the nearby objects clearly. Least Distance of Distinct Vision (LDDV): The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly without strain, is called Least Distance of Distinct Vision(LDDV). For a normal eye, LDDV is 25 cm

Defects of vision and their correction:

Myopia or Short-sightedness or Near-sightedness A person with myopic eye can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly. Such a person may clearly see upto a distance of a few metres. In myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and not on the retinal itself. This defect may arise due to (i) or excessive curvature of the eye lens (short focal length of the eye lens)

(ii) Elongation of the eyeball. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power(focal length).

Normal Eye

O
Near Point

LDDV = 25 cm

Myopic Eye
O I LDDV = 25 cm O

I LDDV = 25 cm

I LDDV = 25 cm

Myopic Eye corrected with Concave Lens

Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness or Far-sightedness A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly. Such a person may has to keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm from the eye for comfortable reading. In hypermetropic eye, the image of a nearby object is formed behind the retina and not on the retinal itself.

This defect may arise due to (i) long focal length of the eye lens or (ii) Very small size of the eyeball. Hypermetropia can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power (focal length).

Normal Eye
I

Near Point

LDDV = 25 cm

Hypermetropic Eye
O
I LDDV = 25 cm O

LDDV = 25 cm O

II
LDDV = 25 cm

Hypermetropic Eye corrected with Convex Lens

Presbyopia The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing. People can not see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye-glasses. This defect is called presbyopia. It arises due to (i) (ii) gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens.

Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such

people require bi-focal lenses which consists of both concave and convex lenses. The upper portion is concave for distant vision and the lower portion is convex for near vision.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A TRIANGULAR PRISM Activity

Refracting Surfaces

Eye

S P Q

i N1

N2

Refraction of Light through Prism:

A A N1 Q i r1 O r2 i + e = A +
D

e R

N2

P B

Prism Refracting Surfaces

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent colours (wavelengths) is called dispersion and the band of colours from violet to red is called spectrum (VIBGYOR).

D v

White light
B C

Screen

Recombination of spectrum of white light:

White light

White light
B C A

RAINBOW A rainbow is a natural spectrum which is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets present in the atmosphere after a rain shower. The incident sunlight with suitable angle of incidence is refracted, dispersed, internally reflected and finally refracted out by the rain drops. Due to the dispersion and internal reflection, different colours reach the eye of the observer. A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun. ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION Refraction of light by earths atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction. Flickering of objects above a fire: The apparent random wavering or flickering of objects can be seen through a turbulent stream of hot air rising above a fire. The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the further up. The hotter air is lighter than the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less than that of the cooler air. Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not stationary, the apparent position of the object, as seen through the hot air, fluctuates. This wavering is therefore due to an effect of atmospheric refraction on a small scale in the local environment. The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index. Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position.

Twinkling of Stars The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position when viewed near the horizon. This apparent position is not stationary, but keeps on changing slightly, since the physical conditions of the earths atmosphere are not stationary. Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-sized sources of light. As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of light entering the eye flickers- the star sometimes appear brighter, and at some other time, fainter which gives the twinkling effect Scattering of Light The earths atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles. These particles include smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible. The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusedly by these particles. The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles gives rise to Tyndall Effect. Tyndall Effect can be seen when a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a small hole. In this, scattering of light makes the particles visible. It can also be seen when sunlight passes through a canopy of a dense forest. In this, tiny water droplets in the mist scatter light. The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the scattering particles. Very fine particles scatter mainly blue light while particles of larger size scatter light of longer wavelengths. If the size of the scattering particles is large enough, then, the scattered light may even appear white.