___________ theories explain the mental or emotional forces or developing processes, especially in early childhood, and their effects

on behavior and mental states. Psychodynamic theories __________ is the father of psychodynamic theories. Sigmund Freud

Although Freud's psychodynamic theories regarding the cause of mental disorders have been disproved, how has Freud's work influenced today's care of mental illness? His theories were important to the development of therapeutic relationships, techniques and interventions __________ is the term for unconscious material that is capable of entering consciousness, like through a dream. Preconscious

What are the three components of personality as described by Freud? The id: formed by unconscious desires, primitive instincts, and unstructured drives (including sexual and aggressive drives). The ego: controls movement, perception, contact with reality. Sum of mental mechanisms like perception, memory, motor control ________ is a term coined by Freud to describe the psychological attachment to another person or an object like a blanket. Object relations

________ is a term coined by Freud to describe the therapeutic process of accessing the unconscious and resolving the conflicts that originated in childhood with a mature adult mind. Psychoanalysis: includes free associations and dream interpretation. _________ is a term coined by Freud to describe the displacement of thoughts, feelings and behaviors originally associated with significant others from childhood onto a person in a current therapeutic relationship. Transference _________ is a term coined by Freud to describe the direction of all of a therapist's feelings and attitudes towards a patient. It is considered a possible interference with a therapist's ability to understand the patient. Countertransference ___________ developed a theory that indicated a sense of inferiority is the motivating force in human life. What are the principles that the Alderian theory is based on? Who created the analytical psychology model? Carl Gustav Jung Extroversion, Introversion and persona are components of what neo-Freudian model? Who was the first person to introduce feminine psychology? Karen Horney The analytic psychology model (Jung) Alfred Adler

Mutual respect, choice, responsibility, consequences and belonging

________ believed Freud's concept of women feeling disadvantaged because of their lack of a penis was completely incorrect. This person argued that women were truly at a disadvantage bceause of the authoritarian culture in which they lived. Karen Horney __________ introduced the theory of neurosis which stated that all neurotic disturbances could be attributed to the trauma of birth. Rank _______ was a theorist that believed in the importance of will, a positive guiding organization in the integraiton of self. Otto Rank ________ was a theorist who believed that the needs and desires of individuals are largely formed by society and that the fundamental problem of psychoanalysis and psychology was to bring about harmony and understanding of the relationship between individ Erich Fromm _________ devised play therapy techniques to demonstrate how a child's interaction with toys revealed earlier infantile fantasies and anxieties. Melanie Klein Who is credited with being the pioneer in presenting the concept of an object relations to the psychodynamic field and with introducing the concept of early identification as a defense mechanism? Melanie Klein What is the major difference between interpersonal theories and psychoanalystic theories? importance of individual relationships in personality development. Interpersonal theories acknowledge the Otto

Who believed interpersonal relationships included characteristic interaction patterns and therefore personality could be identified in the ways a person dealt with other people?Harry Stack Sullivan __________ theories are based on the views of human potential for goodness and focuses on one's ability to learn about oneself, acceptance of self and exploration of personal capabilities. Humanistic theories Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Otto Rank, Erich Fromm and Melanie Klein are all considered what type of theorists? Harry Stack Sullivan is considered a __________ theorist. Interpersonal Humanistic theorists Neo-Freudian

Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Frederick Perls are considered ___________ theorists.

__________ theorists believe a patient should work towards developing a positive attitude and learning to experience the world in a different way. Humanistic theorists

___________ is a theorist who defined empathy as a clinical tool to perceive the world in the same way as a client. It is considered a non-direct but not passive, method. Carl Rogers ________ was a theorist who believed that a therapist must be emotionally invested in a client to ensure a therapeutic process. Carl Rogers Who developed Gestalt Therapy? Frederick S. Perls

What is Gestalt Therapy? Individual and group exercises that enhance a person's awareness of emotions, physical state, and repressed needs as well as physical and psychological stimuli in their environment. Maslow advocated viewing human behavior from the perspective of a person's ________. Edwin Guthrie, Ivan Pavlov, and John Watson are all _________ theorists. Behavioral Behavioral Needs

_________ theories attempt to explain how people learn and act. They focus on normal human behavior.

__________ made a clear connection between thought processes and physiologic responses through his experimentation with dogs and their stomach secretions. Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning is associated with what behaviorist? Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov

_________'s work was important in understanding the learning of automatic responses such as habitual behaviors.

_________'s work was important in analyzing habitual behaviors. He found that the recurrence of responses tends to follow a specific stimulus. Edwin Guthrie __________ introduced the principles of frequency and recency in his focus on the relationship between mind and body. John Watson Skinner and Thorndike are behavioral theorists that focused on _________ theories. Reinforcement Skinner

_________ developed an understanding of the importance of reinforcement and differentiated types and schedules of reinforcement. These two researchers work were important in understanding behavior modification? Skinner and Thorndike

What is classical conditioning? Eliciting an unconditioned response (a response that occurs without training) using a conditioned stimulus (an association) Who initiated the behaviorism revolution? John Watson

_________ is a principle of behaviorism that states that the more often a given response is made to a given stimulus, the more likely the response to that stimulus will be repeated. Frequency _________ is a principle of behaviorism that states that the more recently a given response to a particular stimulus is made, the more likely it will be repeated. Recency ________ is a reinforcement theorist that studied the behavior of cats to determine whether animals solved problems by reasoning or instinct. Edward Thorndike What was the major difference between Watson's behaviorist theory and Thordike's reinforcement theory? effects following the reinforcement or response towards a behavior was also important Which behaviorist recognized two different types of learning, each involving different types of behaviors? ________ behavior is a concept of Skinner's that describes learning elicited by specific stimuli. Respondent Operant Thorndike believed that the

B.F. Skinner

________ behavior is a concept of Skinner's that describes learning elicited by a specific consequence to a behavior. The learning of operant behavior is also referred to as __________. Conditioning Cognitive theories

_________ theories attempt to link internal thought processes with human behavior. Aaron Beck and Albert Bandura are considered _______ theorists.

Cognitive theorists Albert Bandura

____________ believed that behaviors are learned from other people, the basis of social cognitive theory.

Bandura identified the process of modeling, what is it? The process of imitating a person to be more like them?.a vehicle to internalization of behaviors.

___________ is a concept of Bandura's that refers to a situation in which someone has learned not to engage in a specific behavior/response (although they desire to), but in a given situation where another person is engaging in that behavior the person do Disinhibition ___________ is a concept of Bandura's that refers to a situation in which someone observes an individual engaging in a behavior/activity and therefore wants to engage in the same activity although no desire was present before the observation. Elicitation Gerrit is playing with a truck and sees his sister playing with a baby doll. He decides he wants to play with the baby doll. What priniciple described by Bandura is being displayed? Elicitation Ellery has been told by her mother not to shout while inside and to use her indoor voice. Ellery is playing at her friend's house and observes her friend shouting the lyrics to a song. Ellery happily begins shouting the song as well. What principle d Disinhibition Who developed the concept of self-efficacy? Bandura

________ is a term used to describe a person's sense of their ability to deal effectively with their environment. Self-efficacy ________ was a cognitive theorist that believed that people had faulty information processing systems that led to biased and incorrect cognitions. The incorrect cognitions caused errors in judgment which led to habitual errors in thinking. Aaron Beck __________ conceptualized distorted cognitions as a basis for depression. Aaron Beck Kurt Lewin

_________ developed field theory, a system for understanding learning, motivation, personality and social behavior. _______'s work was important in understanding motivation for changing behavior. Kurt Lewin

_________ introduced the concept of cognitions and believed that people act on beliefs and attitudes and strive towards goals. Edward Chace Tolman ________'s work highlighted the importance of identifying an individual's beliefs. What theories is the nursing intervention of patient education based on? theories) Edward Chace Tolman

Behavioral (the learning theories derived from behavioral

__________ theories explain normal human growth and development and focus of change over time.

Developmental theories

__________ is a developmental theorist that believed people go through 8 developmental stages with specific tasks that can be successfully or unsuccessfully achieved. Erik Erikson What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is an infant in? Trust vs. Mistrust Drive and hope are achieved, the person

In the Trust vs. Mistrust stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? develops trust What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is a toddler in? Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is a Preschool-aged child in?

Initiative vs. Guilt

What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is a school-aged child in? Industry vs. Inferiority What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is an adolescent in? What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is a young adult in? What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is an adult in? Identity vs. role diffusion Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego integrity vs. despair

What developmental stage of Erikson's theory is a mature adult in?

In the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? Self-control and will power is possible In the Initiative vs. Guilt stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? Direction and purpose is achieved

In the Industry vs. Inferiority stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? Method and competence are possible In the Identity vs. role diffusion stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? In the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? In the Ego integrity vs. despair stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? Devotion and fidelity are possible Productivity and caring are possible Renunciation and wisdom are possible

In the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of Erikson's theory, what happens if the person is successful? Affiliation and love with another is possible

Who is considered one of the most influential people in child psychology?

Jean Piaget Jean Piaget

_______ believed that cognitive growth was like embryologic growth, it became more and more differentiated over time. What period of intellectual development (Piaget) is a child from birth to age two in? What period of intellectual development (Piaget) is a child from age 2-7 in? The sensorimotor period

The preoperational period

What period of intellectual development (Piaget) is a child from 7-11 in? Concrete operations What period of intellectual development (Piaget) is a child from 11 through the end of adolescence in? Formal Operations _________ is a period of intellectual development described by Piaget as an understanding of the world via the overt, physical action on that world. Concepts like space, time, causality and object permanence are learned. Sensorimotor Period _________ is a period of intellectual development described by Piaget as an understanding of symbols to represent objects, and use of the symbols in an increasingly organized and logical fashion. Preoperational period _________ is a period of intellectual development characterized by deferred imitation, symbolic play, graphic imagery, mental imagery and language. The person is egocentric, rigid in thought and has limited social cognition. Preoperational period _________ is a period of intellectual development described by Piaget as an understanding of conservation. _________ is a period of intellectual development characterized by hypothetical, deductive thinking. Concrete operations

Formal Operations Carol

___________ was a theorist that believed most development models were male-centered and not appropriate for girls and women. Gilligan What did Carol Gilligan believe that female development was dependent on? Relationships

__________ is a theorist that believed that a woman's development was organized by a sense of connection to others and therefore a goal of development should be to increase a woman's ability to build and enlarge mutually enhancing relationships. Jean Baker Miller __________ is a term describe by Jean Baker Miller to describe the lack of response from others when a person expresses a feeling or explains an experience. Disconnection

What is considered the most damaging type of disconnection (Jean Baker Miller)?

The lack of response after abuse or attacks

_________ theory is a useful theory for understanding caregiving activities within a community. It explains the importance of informal and formal support systems in the delivery of health care. The balance theory Who developed the balance theory? Eugene Litwak

What is social distance? The degree to which the values of the formal organization and primary group members differ. _________ is a practical theoretical model for conceptualizing delivery if mental health care services to a community, particularly rural ones. Balance theory ________ theories emphasize the importance of social interactionin either the individual's choice of role or the society's reaction to it. theory Role

_________ devoted much of her studies to the patterns of child rearing and the cultural influences that determine male and female behavior. Margaret Mead _________'s work highlighted the importance of culture in determining human behavior. Margaret Mead

___________ developed transcultural nursing which is focused on holistic, congruent, beneficent care. Madeleine Leininger Transcultural health care is an example of a ___________ theory. What type of theory are many group interventions based on? Sociocultural

Sociocultural Hildegarde

___________ introduced the first systematic framework for psychiatric nursing and focused on the nurse-patient relationship. Paplau _________ is a term defined by Paplau as the ability to feel in oneself the feelings experienced by another person or people. linkage

Empathic

__________ is a term defined by Paplau as the product of socialization that proceeds through personal development and is always open to revision. Approval, disapproval and indifference can cause a child to define themselves positively or negatively. Self-system

________ is an important tenet of Paplau's and is defined as an energy that arises when expectations are present and unmet.

Anxiety

Who wrote The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship and what was its purpose? Ida Jean Orlando-it was a book to offer the nursing student theory of effective nursing practice _________ is a theorist that believes that humans seek meaning in their life and experiences. She postulated that the nurse's spiritual values and philosophical beliefs impacted the extent that a patient found meaning in their sickness experience. Joyce Travelbee The theory of transpersonal caring was developed by __________. Jean Watson

The ________theory emphasizes the importance of sensitivity to self and others, the development of helping and trusting relations, the promotion of interpersonal teaching and learning and provision for supportive, protective and corrective mental, physica theory of transpersonal caring _________ is the term used to describe Jean Watson's foundational concept of a relational process related to philosophic, moral and spirital foundations of a nurse. Transpersonal Caring-Healing Relations _________ is the term used to describe Jean Watson's foundational concept of the assumptions and processes involved in caring. Caritas Process Clinical

_________ is the term used to describe Jean Watson's foundational concept of a field of consciousness created when the nurse focuses on love and caring as her way of being and consciously manifests a healing presence with others. Caritas Field _________ developed a theory of goal attainment that defined nursing as a process of human interactions between nurse and patient whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication they set goals, explore means, and agree on the Imogene M King _________ is defined by Imogene M King as the transfer of value between two or more people. Transaction __________ developed a theoretical nursing model to guide the actions of the professional caregiver through the assessment and intervention processes by focusing on two major components: the nature of the relationship between the nurse and patient, and t Betty Neuman __________ is the focus of the general theory of nursing initiated by Dorothea Owen. It's purpose is to promote independence of the individual. Self-care