VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

VEE4800: Alternative Energy Systems

Laboratory 1 Energy Efficiency

School of Engineering and Science Victoria University

Submitted by: Name: Jarred Wentzel Student ID: 3787043 Lecturer: Valli Navaratnam Due date: 02/04/2012

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

Executive Summary
This laboratory experiment was an investigation to study and learn more about the fundamental principles of efficient energy use and to develop a
calculator in MS Excel to show the effect of switching from incandescent light globes to compact fluorescent. Incandescent light (IL) globes produces light by heating a filament wire to a high temperature until it produces light, where as a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor to produce light. As a result the price of a CFL is typically 310 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 815 times longer and uses 34 times less energy. Luminous efficacy of a typical CFL is 5070 lumens per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 1017 lm/W. The MS Excel spreadsheet developed is broken down into two sections. The first section allows the user to compare the various attributes of IL and CFL globes such as luminous efficacy, purchase cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions etc. The second part of the spreadsheet allows the user to enter in the values for their house and numerically and graphically see not only the possible monetary saving but also the reduction in GHGs.

Contents
Executive Summary.....................................................................................2 Contents......................................................................................................2 1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................3 2.0 - Aim......................................................................................................3 3.0 - Deliverables.........................................................................................3 4.0 Literature Review................................................................................4 4..1 - Incandescent Lights...................................................................4 4.2 - Fluorescent Lights......................................................................4 4.3 - Energy efficiency concepts.........................................................5 4.4 - Environmental Benefits..............................................................6 5.0 - Calculator Development Process..........................................................7 6.0 - Conclusion...........................................................................................8 7.0 - References...........................................................................................9

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

1.0 Introduction
The objective of this laboratory experiment was to study and learn more about the principles of efficient energy use and to develop a calculator in MS Excel to demonstrate to a potential client how changing with Incandescent Light (IL) bulbs to Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) could help him/her to lower his/her greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while at the same time possibly saving some money. The first part of this laboratory experiment report is a literature review. It outlines the principles of efficient energy use and more specifically it presents the differences in operation and construction of CFLs and ILs. Following the literary review is a screenshot and the summary of the operation of the MS Excel spreadsheet which demonstrates the possible savings in cost and reduction in GHG emissions that can be achieved by replacing old incandescent lights with compact fluorescent.

2.0 - Aim
The main aim of this laboratory experiment was to comprehend and understand the various concepts of energy efficiency and develop a calculator in MS Excel or similar to demonstrate the energy and cost savings attainable by implementing a simple form of energy efficiency measure, the changing of incandescent lights with compact fluorescent lamps. The following factors needed to be kept in mind when designing the calculator: The more detailed, sophisticated and well-designed the calculator was the better. All assumptions must be stated and/or refer to sources for technical information. The inclusion of visual aids and/or any other innovations to improve calculator functionality and understandability would be a nice addition.

3.0 - Deliverables
This report serves as evidence that the following deliverables have been produced as a result of research undertaken and experiments conducted.

a) CFL Calculator: The CFL calculator as per the requirements outlined above
and the example demonstrated in class. Demonstrated was to the lecturer in laboratory time in Week 5.

b) Laboratory Report: The laboratory report (this document) describes the

energy efficiency concepts (i.e. research and findings) in accordance with the aims/objectives of this experiment, and outline the process followed in developing the calculator, e.g. technical facts, assumptions and etc.

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

4.0 Literature Review

4..1 - Incandescent Lights
The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe produces light by heating a filament wire to a high temperature until it produces light. The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glass enclosure that is filled with inert gas or has been evacuated and sealed. The light bulb is supplied with electrical current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections. Incandescent lamps require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs (lower than the costs to manufacture compact fluorescent lamps), and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent lamp is widely used in household and commercial lighting. However, incandescent bulbs are highly wasteful. Most varieties of IL can only convert less than 10% of the electrical energy they require for operation into visible light. The remaining energy used being converted into heat and can be said to be lost. For a given quantity of light, an incandescent light bulb produces more heat (and consumes more power) than a fluorescent lamp. In buildings where air conditioning is used, incandescent lamps' heat output increases load on the air conditioning system.

Figure 1 - An Incandescent Bulb

4.2 - Fluorescent Lights

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energysaving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp. A fluorescent lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor to produce light. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use less power (one fifth to one third) and have a longer rated life (eight to fifteen times). CFLs have a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime.

4.3

- Energy concepts

efficiency
Figure 2 - A Compact Fluorescent Bulb

The luminous efficacy of lamps is the number of lumens produced for each watt of electrical power used. The luminous efficacy of a typical CFL is 5070 lumens per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 1017 lm/W. Because of their higher efficacy, CFLs uses between one-quarter to one-third of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. This is a vast power saving and replacing all of the worlds inefficient lighting with CFLs, would amount to a saving of approximately 400 terawatt hours (TWh) per year, which is around 2.5% of the world's electricity consumption. In the US, it is estimated that replacing all the incandescent lamps would save approximately 80 TWh yearly. While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 310 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 815 times longer and uses 34 times less energy. It is estimated that a potential savings of 12% could be achieved on an average electricity utility bill

Graph 1 - Electricity Use by Bulb Type

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

4.4 - Environmental Benefits

Since compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use much less energy than incandescent lamps (ILs), a phase-out of ILs would result in less CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere. Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual CO2 reductions of 230 Mt (million tons). By way of comparison, this is greater than then combined yearly CO2 emissions of the Netherlands and Portugal. The table below shows the reduction in atmospheric pollutants and carbon dioxide that results from converting to CFLs. The results are shown or an apartment (20 bulbs) and a

medium-sized home (50 bulbs).

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

Table 1 Pollutant Reduction By CFLs

5.0 - Calculator Development Process

The cells highlighted in orange/yellow are drop down lists which allow the user to select a specific trait or detail from a list within the list range/family. The cells highlighted in green are the technical facts, estimations and assumptions that have been made, which are relevant to the calculations. (note a small table of assumptions was cut out of the figure below in order to save space). The grey cells represent the calculations done and finally the clear white cells represent the dependant corresponding variables: e.g. 25W incandescent light has a min brightness of 250 lumens, etc

Figure 4 - Calculator Part 1

The calculator is broken down into two main sections. The first section which is shown in figure 3 is a comparison of Incandescent bulbs (on the left) and fluorescent bulbs (on the right). In this section the drop down boxes allows the user to select the power rating of the bulb, the source from which the power is generated and the type of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Having made these selections, users are presented with the minimum brightness in lumens, the average lifetime, the kWh usage, the operating cost over various times and the amount GHG per Kg is produced. This side by side style of display allows the user to simultaneously see the difference in the various categories. Section 1 Use: To use the first section the user needs to select the desired bulb rating from the power ratings categories from both the IL and CFL column sections.

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

This will automatically calculate and adjust the information below for a quick and easy numerical and graphical representation of the comparison just selected. The same can be done for the type of generation used and the type of GHG emitted. The second part of the calculator (see figure 4) is a personal household calculator. By entering in the number of globes in your house, the type of globe and how many of each type of globe, this calculator is able to calculate to total running costs per year of your house hold, as well as the green house gases and then show you the potential saving that could be made if all bulbs are switched to CFLs. The

information used in the calculators can be found that the references .

Figure 4 - Calculator Part 2

Section 2 Use: To use the second section the user first has selected the number of globs in their home, and then follow the questions down e.g. how many are IL?, how many are CFL?. Next comes the rating of each bulb. Having entered in all of the data the the calculator is able to calculate the energy use, possible savins GHG etc (see figure above).

6.0 - Conclusion
Through completing this laboratory exercise investigation into the principles of efficient energy use has lead to the conclusion that compact fluorescent light bulbs although more expensive than incandescent light bulbs to purchase, CFLs have a significantly longer lifetime (savings more money over time) and are much better for the environment in terms of the greenhouse gases reduction that can be contributed to use of CFLs over ILs.

VEE4800 Lab 1: Energy Efficiency Jarred Wentzel - 3787043

The MS Excel spreadsheet developed gives the user a clear and detailed indication on the benefits of changing from IL to CFL in terms of a globe to globe basis as well as a household basis.

7.0 - References
[1] [2] [3] Various. (09/03/12). Compact Fluorescent Lamp. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp Various. (19/03/2012). Incandescent Light Bulb. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb K. D. Hal Hinkle. (19/03/12). Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL's) Primer - Enlightening Facts. Available: http://www.thehcf.org/cflprimer.html Various. (09/03/12). Fluorescent Lamp. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp A. Designer. (2011). Fluorescent versus Incandescent Light Bulb Cost Analysis Calculator. Available: http://www.ajdesigner.com/fl_light_bulb/light_bulb.php W. Colllege. (2011, 18/03/12). How much does a light bulb cost? Available: http://people.westminstercollege.edu/departments/science/exploratio ns/lesson_schedule/assignments/lights.htm F. T. Information. (2011, 18/03/12). Lighting Retrofits. Available: http://www.foodtechinfo.com/FoodPro/Efficiency/Lighting_Retrofits.ht m

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