ST.

DOMINIC ACADEMY (PAASCU Accredited) PULILAN, BULACAN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR SCIENCE IV

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ENTITLED Magnetism from Segmented Cruiser

SUBMITTED BY: Aryan Judith S. Dolores __________________________ Caitlin Anne T. Bautista __________________________

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Richie Rey J. Yap __________________________

January 9, 2012

1. PROBLEM
1. What materials will be used to produce a model of electromagnet ship? 2. Do these materials help the ship to float? 3. How can we build an electromagnet structure, powerful enough to hold the ships segments intact? 4. What shape is suitable to make the segments buoyant to make it float on the water? 5. What features should the ships connections have to permit for it turns; to make it flexible yet strong enough to remain intact? 6. What is the possible maximum capacity of this ship in terms of hiding other objects?

2. TITLE
Magnetism from Segmented Cruiser

3. ABSTRACT
This study aimed to make a model ship that has special feature of electromagnetism that allows the ship to be separated from a part of it that has been damaged but still buoyant in the water. Using battery, nails and copper wire, the device can magnetized the 3 parts of the ship. All you need to do is connect all the wirings that have been wrapped into a nail unto the switch and battery. Put this inside the two opposite parts of ship you shaped through the use of tin can. Then, connect the nails and on the switches. The investigators found out that length of wire used has great effect on its magnetism being produced. The purpose of this idea is to promote a higher chance of survival or even save people lives in times of dangerous situation. A further study may be recommended to successfully produce a big travelling ship.

4. INTRODUCTION
1. Background and Study The investigators observed that once a part of a ship got damaged, the whole ship eventually sinks. Like what had happened to the famous ocean liner, RMS Titanic. During those times, it was the largest vessel afloat ever constructed. On 1912, the Titanic sailed with more than 2,000 passengers and crew. Unfortunately, it hit an iceberg and sank. Many people died and only few survived from the said tragedy. This terrible story is just one of the problems that sailors encounter from travelling beyond the sea. Because of this, the investigators came up into a unique model of ship which will help in preventing the whole structure to submerse once a part of it got damaged for the passengers to have a greater chance of survival. This idea was originally come froma pair of researchers who also thought of a possible solution to prevent this kind of situation to happen. The objectives in making this project are building a model ship that can be separated through the help of electromagnetic device and assure that this ship will stay afloat even when one part of it was detached already. The feasibility of this project studies about the principles of electromagnetism and buoyancy. 2. Significance of the Project In case this investigatory project succeeds, for the community and country, it will contribute in the development of transportation through different bodies of water. Nowadays, and even before the ancient time, people use vehicles such as arks, boats, ships and cruisers to carry passengers and loads from one place to another. But the problem is, no one knows when accident would take place. As we can see, all the cruisers and ships today have life buoy if ever unexpected situation happens. Yes, these life buoys can save our lives but do we have assurance that it would save all the passenger and crew? How about their baggage and things?

So the special feature of this ship, pertaining to electromagnetism, can save people lives as well as their belongings. This investigation gives people an initial response for unanticipated happenings that may occur during their voyage. It also teaches readiness all the time. The students will also benefit from this project by understanding lightly the different science properties involved in making this model. As an individual, the person who will construct this output will attain further knowledge, skills & patience throughout the investigation.

5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Magnets The Greeks experimented more than 2000 years ago with a mineral that pulled iron objects toward it. This mineral always pointed north when suspended freely on a string. They described this mineral as being magnetic. Today we know that magnetism is related to electricity. Together, magnetic and electric forces can generate electricity and operate electric motors. Magnetism is a property of matter in which there is a force of attraction or repulsion between like or unlike poles. The magnetic forces are strongest near the ends, or magnetic poles, of the magnets. All magnets have two magnetically opposite poles, north (N), and south (S). If a bar magnet is suspended so it turns freely, the north end will point north. When you bring the north ends of two magnets close together, they repel. However, the north and south ends will attract. Like magnetic poles repel, and opposite magnetic poles attract. These forces decrease as the distance between the magnets increases.

Only a few materials are naturally magnetic. Permanent magnets are made from materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, which retain their magnetic properties for a long time. Can paper clips or nails act like magnets? By being near or rubbing against a magnet, these objects can become temporary magnets, but they lose their magnetic properties soon after they are separated from other magnet. Magnetite is a mineral with natural magnetic properties.

Electromagnets In, 1820, Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physics teacher, observed that a current moving through a wire moved the needle nearby compass. When the current in was reversed, the compass needle was deflected in the opposite direction. These magnetic effects ceased when the current in the wire stopped. Therefore, Oersted hypothesized, the electric current must produce a magnetic field around the wire, the direction of which changes with the direction of the current. When iron core is inserted is inserted into such a coil and a current is passed through the coil, a strong temporary magnet called an electromagnet is formed. The iron core becomes a magnet, and its magnetic field is aligned with that of the coil carrying current. One end of the coil acts as the north pole and the other end as the south pole. The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by adding more turns to the wire coil and by increasing the current passing through the wire. The electromagnet can also be made stronger by inserting an iron inside the coil. The iron core becomes a magnet and its magnetic field is aligned with that if the electromagnet. Electromagnets operate doorbells and loudspeakers and lift large metal objects in construction machines. They change electrical energy to mechanical energy to mechanical energy to do work and can be turned on and off by controlling the flow of current through the coil. An electromagnet is made up of a coil of wire around a soft iron core.

Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle Archimedes, a Greek philosopher, was once taking a bath. When he submerged himself in a tub full of water, he noticed that some of the water flowed out the tub. The deeper he sank his body; the more water flowed out of the tub. Further experimentations and observations led Archimedes to note that the weight of water displaced by an object is equal to the force exerted by the water on the subject. Imagine a piece of empty mineral of empty mineral water bottle made of very light plastic. For discussion, consider an ideal bottle that is so thin that its mass is negligibly small. If you actually try it with a real bottle, you will obtain similar results. Let us say a bottle is pushed down to the bottom of a bucket of water. From experience, we will except to find that the water pushes it upward. The upward force increases as more portion of the bottle is released, it moves up to the surface and floats. This tendency of objects rise to the surface is known as buoyancy. Buoyancy occurs because partially or completely submerged objects in a fluid experience an upward force called the buoyancy. How much force does the water exert on an empty bottle? A simple experiment may be performed to find out. To submerge a portion of the bottle requires that a downward force exerted on it should match the upward force due to the water. By knowing how much force is required to push down the bottle by a certain amount, we can determine how much upward force is exerted by the water. Attach the bottle to a spring scale and read the force directly. A simpler method would be the use of water, instead of a spring scale. Put some water inside the bottle, the added water will push the bottle down by a force equal to its weight. a) A mineral water bottle containing some water submerged in a bucket of water; the water level inside and outside the bottle are nearly the same; and b) Free-body diagram: bottle pushed down by water inside it and pushed upward by the surrounding water.

Through this trial, you will find out that a bottle containing some water sinks such that the water level inside is almost the same as the water level outside If the bottle is filled with water, it will no longer float What does this result mean? Let us analyze the forces acting on the bottle: It pushed upward by the surrounding water (buoyant force) and the downward by the water it contains (equal to the weight of the water inside). Since the two equal forces balance each other, they must have the same magnitudethe buoyant force acting on the bottle is equal to the weight of the water inside the bottle. For a certain portion of the bottle to be submerged, it must push away and displace water and occupy the region formerly occupied by the water. The volume of displaced water is equal to the submerged volume. Since the bottle is made of very thin plastic, its submerged volume is almost the same as the volume of the water that it contains. Therefore, the volume of displaced water is equal to the volume of water inside the bottle. Being made of the same material, the weight of the displaced water is equal to the weight of the fluid contained in the bottle. To sum it all up, the amount of upward force exerted by the surrounding water on a submerged objectthe buoyant forceis equal to the weight of the displaced water. This is known as Archimedes principle. Although it was discussed using water, Archimedes principle is applicable to all stationary fluids, whether liquids or gases.

Sample problem A large ship travelling from Manila to Cebu has a mass of 10 000 000 kg. What is the buoyant force acting on the boat? Solution With a mass of 10 million kilograms, the ship is certainly heavy. However, since the ship floats, the buoyant force has the same magnitude as the weight of the ship. The buoyant force is, therefore, Fbuoyany = weight, W = mship g = (1 x 107 kg) (9.8 m/s2) =9.8 x 107 N

6. PROCEDURE
1. Materials and Equipment: *Materials: Different sizes of copper wires(including trials) Big nails 2 small switches 3 square/ rectangular containers (Length=10 .5cm, Width= 8.3cm, Height= 4.5cm) D Battery Tin Can Electrical Tape *Equipment: Screw Driver Pliers Scissors Cutter

2. Treatment of General Procedures: In making the Electro-magnetic structure: 1. Prepare all the needed materials. 2. Cut a piece of copper wire with a measure of 110mm long. 3. Remove the insulator which covers the wire by peeling or scratching it. Be reminded to scratch only both ends of the wire. 4. After that, connect one of the ends to the switch. 5. Again, cut another piece of copper wire. This time with a measure of 265m. (longer wire will add more magnetism) 6. Do the same procedure to the wire by removing the insulator of both ends. 7. Then, connect one of its ends to the same switch. 8. Get the nail. 9. Cover the nails body with the longer copper wire (265m) by wrapping itself around the nail but make sure to exclude its end. 10. Connect the excluded end of the longer wire to the negative side of the battery using an electrical tape. 11. Then, at the positive side of the battery, connect the shorter copper wire using an electrical tape. 12. Test its magnetism by turning on the switch. 13. Fix and secure this inside the rectangular container, then make a circular hole which will allow the head of the nail to magnetize other nails head from other container.

14. Make another structure by following these procedures. 15. The last rectangular container must contain 2 big nails that are planned to be connected to the nails head of the first two containers that you made. This container that you will make will be placed at the middle, between the first two containers that holds electro-magnetic structure. 16. Put the three containers in separate tin cans. 17. Connect all the containers then turn on the switch.

Figure of Electromagnetic Structure

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Trials Copper Wire Magnetism Picture

1st

Thin Copper Wire

Weak

2nd

Copper wire with rubber insulator

Strong

3rd

Thick Copper Wire

Very Strong

Based on the observations and all the data gathered, the first trial is thin copper wire but its magnetism was weak, it seems that it could not hold a nail in place for a long time; it separated eventually when raising it up. In the second trial, the investigators could say that it was much stronger than the first trial because it can hold up the nail for several seconds but we observed that it heated up so the investigators were afraid that the rubber insulator may melt down and that was very dangerous. In the third trial, the investigators found out that the thick copper wire can hold up 2 nails at the same time. The magnetism is very strong enough to make the ship remains intact. Furthermore, we observed that if much longer wire is used, the powerful electro-magnetism will be produced. The last trial was excellent to be used to build an electromagnetic structure because it has the most powerful capacity to hold each container connected for a long time. The tin can we made into a ship is buoyant to the water. If this model ship will be conducted into a travelling ship, I can estimate that this would hold a maximum of 1,000 passengers only so that if one part is separated the remaining parts can hold still the passengers.

8. CONCLUSION
The researchers conclude that the materials used such as copper wires, batteries and nails are effective to produce a model of electromagnetic ship. Tin can as a container is suitable to keep the ship stay afloat in water. A thick copper wire is needed to make the ship segment intact, the investigators suggest to make more loops in coiling around the copper wire to the nails body. The greater the number of loops, the stronger the magnetism the nail would produce. Its rectangular shape and the common feature of a ship helped it to stay buoyant in water and the size of it as well. If this would be converted into a travelling ship it may have a displacement of 40,000 tons and a maximum of 1,000 passengers though a common ship may hold at least 2,000 passengers. For that reason, the investigators concluded that when ships one part is broken and detached, passengers may occupy the remaining part of it and continue sailing. This model ship is just an idea, further studies are still needed to perfect it and make a version of a real travelling ship that will provide the security and safeness of passengers and crews.

9. RECOMMENDATION
If ever you want to do the same project, the investigators advise you to make bigger model for you to further observe the different principles involve here. The investigators highlighted only few principles in physics, including magnetism and buoyancy, so the investigators are advising you to study and discover other principles related to this project. Instead of battery, they may also use a generator to make an electromagnet for the model cruiser. Bigger model requires more energy/ force. To make it more realistic, they may also enhance its features by adding designs to the model ship.

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Glencoe Physical Science pg. 628 Merill Physical Science pg. 574 Phoenix Science Series Physics (Darwin Z. Palima & Maria Donna B. Ines) pg. 241 Exploring Science and Technology Physics IV (Marko E. Arciaga and Bhazel Anne H. Rara) pg. 128