ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF WAPDA THERMAL POWER SYSTEM USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE

Tehzeeb-ul-Hassan Associate Professor Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering. & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan hassan_uet@yahoo.com

Muhammad Khan M.S. Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering. & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

mkhan534@gmail.com

Kashif Imran Lecturer Department of Electrical Engineering COMSATS Institute of IT, Lahore, Pakistan kashifimran@ciitlahore.edu.pk

ABSTRACT
The Economic Dispatch (ED) is an important aspect of power system operation and it is the scheduling of power generation units to supply the load with minimum operational cost. It is the constrained optimization problem. In its simplest form it deals with generation allocation to units for minimum cost of generation subject to the satisfaction of equality and inequality constraints. Normally, equality constraints are power balance equations and inequalities are the lower and upper limits of the generators. The ED of power system has been reviewed and the economic scheduling problem of WAPDA thermal power system has been studied comprehensively. The already existing off-line economic dispatch program based on incremental cost criterion has been reviewed with incorporation of equality and inequality constraints. It has been studied that, the method of optimization is not appropriate in the new competitive environment. A great fact which has been explored in this research work that the total cost of energy can not be minimized with present practices. Presently, the economic dispatch is done on the basis of incremental cost criterion which is true for WAPDA owned power stations but Independent Power Producers (IPPs) are operating at Energy Purchase Price (EPP) or per unit cost i.e. Rs/Kwh. The specific cost of WAPDA owned power plants has been calculated and total cost minimization achieved through Linear Programming (LP) technique. The basic cost data for WAPDA owned power plants i.e. fuel rates and calorific value is developed on the basis of actual market prices. The LP technique represents the true replica of changed abstract system and optimize per unit cost in an efficient manner. There fore, it seems to be a suitable

candidate for the solution of emerging problem of economic scheduling. A comparative study for the both techniques has been made.

Abbreviations & Terms

Economic Dispatch (ED), Linear Programming (LP), Independent Power Producers (IPP), Energy Purchase Price (EPP), Optimal Power Flow (OPF), Partial Load Adjustment Charges (PLAC), Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

1. Introduction
The ED is an important aspect of power system operation and it is the scheduling of power generating units to supply the load with minimum operational cost. In addition to meet the demand of the load, the units must also be able to provide reserve margin to cover the fluctuations of the load and system equipment failure. The reserve margins are to be allocated over the several numbers of units to ensure the system reliability. With the advent of crisis of energy resources, it has become major problem to operate the different generating units installed effectively to reduce the fuel consumption. There are large number of constraints such as the running cost of power plant, fuel cost, labor and maintenance cost, transmission losses and minimum and maximum operating capacity of the various generators to be considered for the economic operation of the system. [1] The economic dispatch employing the merit order and companys operating policy does not determines the best loading point of individual machine/plant from economic view point. The ED problem incorporating incremental costs and incremental losses can improve the system economy and reliability to some extent, but to get the optimal operation certain dynamic phenomena like Partial

Load Adjustment Charges (PLAC) and transmission losses factor and on-line contingency analysis must be incorporated. [2] WAPDA has three categories of thermal power stations; (i) WAPDA thermal power stations. (ii) IPPs (iii)Rental power stations. IPPs and Rental power stations operate linearly on per unit cost of energy. Therefore it is obvious to operate WAPDA thermal power stations on linear basis. The annual thermal generation costs are of the order of several billions of rupees and even a small improvement in the economic scheduling can lead to significant cost saving.

3.

Optimization Techniques Used For Economic Dispatch

2. Economic Dispatch Problem

ED is the constrained optimization problem. In its simplest form it deals with generation allocation to units for minimum cost of generation subject to the satisfaction of equality and inequality constraints. Mathematically it has one objective function and two constraints. [3] 2.1 Objective function To minimize the total cost for supplying the indicated load. FT = F1 + F2 + F3 ++ FN. Minimize FT =

The ED is constrained optimization problem. A branch of mathematics which solves this problem is called mathematical programming. Various optimization techniques can be applied to solve economic scheduling problem. Some famous optimization techniques are listed below: Merit Order Method Equal Incremental Cost Criterion Linear Programming Technique Dynamic Programming Non-Linear Programming i. Ist order gradient based technique ii. Second order method Optimal Power Flow (OPF) We will discuss only two techniques which have been used in this research work, namely Equal Incremental Cost Criterion and LP Technique. 1.1 Equal Incremental Cost Criterion Most of the generating units have quadratic inputoutput characteristics and hence quadratic cost functions as shown in figure 1. For an instance, assume that there are no in-equality constraints and system losses. Minimize FT =

Fi (Pi) -------------i =1

Fi =
i =1

i =1

(Ai + Bi Pgi + Ci Pgi2); (4)

(1)

Where; FT = Total cost of operation Fi = generator fuel cost of the ith generating unit Pi = the electrical power generated by ith generator N = Total number of units [4, 5] 2.2 Equality constraints PD +PL =

i = 1, 2 ..N Subject to constraints Pd =

i =1

Pgi or Pd

i =1

Pgi = 0; (5)

i = 1, 2 ..N

Pi
i =1

--------------------- (2)

Where; PD = Total load demand PL = Transmission loss 2.3 Inequality constraints Pi (min) Pi Pi (max) -------------- (3) [4, 5] Where; Pi min, Pi max: Operating limits of the ith generator

Where; FT = Total cost of production Fi = generator fuel cost of the ith generating unit Pgi = the electrical power generated by ith generator Pd = Total Power Demand (MW) N = Total number of units From equations 4 & 5, the augmented cost function becomes; F=

Fi + [Pd
i =1 i =1

Pgi]; (6)

i = 1, 2 ..N

Where; (Lamda) is unknown multiplier and is known as Lagrange multiplier. The partial derivative of equation 6 becomes:

F/Pgi = Fi /Pgi = 0; (7) Or Fi /Pgi = (8) Where; Fi /Pgi is known as incremental cost of the ith generator For a quadratic cost function Fi /Pgi = Bi + 2 Ci Pgi = ; (9) Hence, the necessary condition for optimum economic scheduling is the identical and equal value of for all generators on bar subject to the satisfaction of equation 5. Figure 1 shows the incremental cost curve of a unit. If we include the inequality constraints i.e. the lower and upper limits of the generators, then the necessary conditions for incremental cost criterion are; Fi /Pgi = for Pgi min < Pgi < Pgi max Fi /Pgi for Pgi = Pgi max Fi /Pgi for Pgi = Pgi min (10) Where; Pgi min, Pgi max: Operating limits of the ith unit

Five generators model is devised here using nonlinear programming technique i.e. equal incremental cost criterion. The data of units is taken from actual operating logs of units. Table I: Data of units used in the simulation , and are in Rs/h. Unit
U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 U-5

Max Load
18.4 18.4 23.4 23.4 17.1

Min Load
6.44 6.44 8.19 8.19 5.99

251 251 83 83 238

10037 10037 14230 14230 10338

34068 34068 20212 20212 22796

Units are indicated by U-1, U-2, U-3, U-4 and U-5. All the units are HFO oil fired engines. The inputoutput characteristics are shown in Table I above. The cost input of fuel is given in Rupees per hour. Total load to be supplied = Total generation Let us consider the total load of 88 MW, then the result of economic dispatch optimization is as under: Total Load = 88 MW Then, Pg1 + Pg2 + Pg3 + Pg4 + Pg5 = 88 MW Now we find out the values of Pg1, Pg2, Pg3, Pg4 and Pg5 for minimum fuel cost by equal incremental fuel cost method: Which yields = 17712.84 Rs / MWh Pg1 = 15.28 MW, Pg2 = 15.28 MW Pg3 = 20.98 MW, Pg4 = 20.98 MW Pg5 = 15.48 MW And total fuel cost becomes; FT = F1 (Pg1) + F2 (Pg2) + F3 (Pg3) + F4 (Pg4)

H = A + BP + CP

Input, H = MBtu/h

Output, P (MW) Graph (a) Quadratic characteristics

dH / dP = MBtu/ MWh

dH/dP = B + 2CP

+ F5 (Pg5) FT = 1442514.578 Rs. / hour

5. Calculations for actual cost

Let us consider the U-1, U-2 and U-5 are WAPDA operated and U-3, U-4 are IPPs. The IPPs are charging per unit cost i.e Rs. / Kwh or EPP as per PPA. Therefore the actual cost becomes; Total Cost per Hour (Actual) =1553988.295 Rs. /hour

Output, P Graph (b) incremental characteristics Figure 1: Quadratic and incremental cost characteristics

6. Linear Programming Technique

Every power supply organization has an objective to provide electricity to its consumers at minimum costs, keeping in view the reliability and security of supply. But to pursue this objective, the organization

4. Two Generator Model

(Equal Incremental Cost Criterion)

has to face a set of limitations, called the constraints or boundary conditions. Thus the organizational objective is constrained optimization problem and can be expressed in terms of mathematical equations. The branch of mathematics which deals with the solution of optimization problems is called mathematical programming. When the objective and constraints (equality and inequality) are expressed in terms of linear equations (i.e. function of X raised to power 1 or 0), a type of mathematical programming applied is called linear programming. LP technique has fast pace and evenhanded accurateness, appropriate for large systems. [6] The LP [7], [8], [9] problem is a mathematical problem in which the objective function and the constraints including equality and inequality constraints are linear function of the unknowns (that is function of X raised to the power 1 and 0). Mathematically, it can be stated as: n Minimize Z = Cj Xj j =1 (Objective) Subject to: n aij Xj (, =, ) bi j =1 i = 1, 2. m

execution particularly as far as convergence, accuracy and flexibility are concerned. In order to apply LP technique to E.D problem, the data has been converted in linearized form. Using the input-output characteristics of unit, the fuel cost per hour is calculated at various loading points. The specific cost is calculated by dividing the per hour fuel cost with appropriate load. Then the specific cost at 100% load is worked out. This approach is most suitable, because the IPPs and rental power houses are operating at EPP which is some average specific cost. Therefore it is noticeable to operate WAPDA thermal power plants on the basis of specific costs. Next section illustrates complete application of LP technique to ED problem. For comparison, the same example has been solved by incremental cost criterion and then by LP technique. The comparative statement at the last provides sufficient justification of linear programming. By hand calculations using BIG-M method are attempted for the solution of the same example. To proceed for computer applications in Turbo C++, BIG-M method is also adopted for the solution of the same example using tableau format. To handle the in-equalities, the problem has been converted to augmented domain.

(Secondary constraints) and Xj 0 j = 1, 2 n (Non-negativity or primary constraints) Where; Cj, aij, bi are known constants (called coefficients) for all i and j, and Xj are non-negative variables called non-negativity constraints or primary constraints, which restricts the problem in first quadrant only.

7. Linear Programming Applied to Optimum Economic Dispatch Problem

LP technique has fast pace and evenhanded accurateness, appropriate for large systems. It is based on Gauss-Jordan elimination method for the solution of linear equations. Upper triangular factorization and back swap then provides speedy solution for computer applications. It can also be applied to ED of power system i.e. Optimum economic dispatch. Where, cost minimization under linearized constraints is performed iteratively using simplex method and is most appropriate for computer

1 2 3 4 5 (3 - 4) 6 7 (6 - 4)

Bus No. Bus Type Pg (Max.) MW Pg (Min.) (MW) Pg Max ( MW) Pdi (MW) Pdi ( MW)

1 Generation Bus 18.4 6.44 11.96 15 8.56

2 Generation Bus 18.4 6.44 11.96 15 8.56

3 Generation Bus 23.4 8.19 15.21 22 13.81

4 Generation Bus 23.4 8.19 15.21 22 13.81

5 Generation Bus 17.1 5.99 11.11 16 10.01

Total

100.7 35.25 65.45 88 52.75

Ci Rs/MWh

16506.85

16506.85

19591.4

19591.4

15740.90

Table II: Input Data for Economic Dispatch Using Linear Programming, 5 Bus Setup

Table III: Results (Generation Summary in Augmented and Real Domain)

1 2 3 4

Bus No. Bus Type Pg (Max.) MW Pg (Min.) (MW)

1 Generation Bus 18.4 6.44

2 Generation Bus 18.4 6.44

3 Generation Bus 23.4 8.19

4 Generation Bus 23.4 8.19

5 Generation Bus 17.1 5.99

Total

100.7 35.25

5 (3 - 4) 6 7 (6 - 4) 8

Pg Max ( MW) Pdi (MW) Pdi ( MW) Ci Rs/MWh Optimum Generation Schedule (MW) in Augmented Domain Optimum Generation Schedule (MW) in Real Domain

11.96 15 8.56 16506.85

11.96 15 8.56 16506.85

15.21 22 13.81 19591.4

15.21 22 13.81 19591.4

11.11 16 10.01 15740.90

65.45 88 52.75

11.96

11.96

15.21

2.51

11.11

52.75

10

18.4

18.4

23.4

10.7

17.1

88

10. Conclusion
Linear programming is a very flexible and well established mathematical programming technique based on GUASS-JORDON elimination method. It is very suitable candidate for the solution of economic dispatch problem under constraints optimization. The total cost minimization should be done on the basis of per unit cost for WAPDA owned thermal power plants and EPP for IPPs as per Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). Also the contractual obligation should be observed in future to implement such criteria.

8. Calculations for actual cost

Let us consider the U-1, U-2 and U-5 are WAPDA operated and U-3, U-4 are IPPs. The IPPs are charging per unit cost i.e Rs. / Kwh or EPP as per PPA. Therefore the actual cost becomes; Total Cost per Hour (Actual) =1544690.84 Rs. /hour

11. REFERENCES
[1] X-S-HAN, H-BOOI, Dynamic Economic Dispatch: Feasible and Optimal Solution, IEEE Trans.on Power Systems, Vol.16 No.1, February 2001. James G.Waight, Farrokh Albuyeh, Scheduling of Generation and Reserve Margon using dynamic programming, IEEE Trans.on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-100, No.5, May 1981. Allen J.Wood and Bruce F. Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation and Control, 2nd edition, New York: John Willy & Sons, 1996. W.D. Stevenson, Elements of power system analysis, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, 1982. Granger, Stevenson, Elements of power system analysis, 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 1994. James A.Momh., M.E.EL-Hawary, Ramababu Adapa, A Review of Selected Optimal Power Flow Literature to 1993 Part

9. Comparative Statement Linear programming -iteration method

Pg1 = 15.28 MW Pg2 = 15.28 MW Pg3 = 20.98 MW Pg4 = 20.98MW Pg5 = 15.48 MW Load = 88 MW Total cost = 1553988.295 Rs/ h Pg1 = 18.4 MW Pg2 = 18.4 MW Pg3 = 23.4 MW Pg4 = 10.7 MW Pg5 = 17.1 MW Load = 88 MW Total cost = 1544690.84 Rs/ h [2]

[3]

Per Hour Saving by L.P Schedule Saving = 9297.455 Rs/h Saving per year = 9297.455 x 8760 h = 81445705.8 [4] [5]

Rs.
This comparison is a sufficient justification of linear programming technique for ED of WAPDA system.

[6]

[7]

II: Newton, Linear Programming and Interior Point Methods, IEEE Trans.on Power Systems, Vol.14 No.1, Page(s) 105111, February 1999. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th ed. John Willy & Sons, 2002. Robert J. Vanderbei, Linear Programming: Foundations and Extensions, 2nd ed. 2001.

[9]

Hamdy A.Taha, Operation Research An Introduction, 5th Ed Prentice Hall IntI Ed., 1996.

[8]