Primary Resources

How life was after leaving the chaos of the war? - Eyob Habtermariam - Leaving was the best and the worst thing that happened. Eyob continued. Leaving part of my family and my remaining friends was hard, as well as leaving the only country and culture I had known. Things were hard on him while traveling. He had the aid of his brothers and sisters that travelled to Europe and the Americas, but traveling in Africa, through the desert at night and sleeping during the day, was the only way to survive in groups that would be led to embassies in Sudan and Saudi Arabia to asylum . The source from Maru Gubena has some of the effects and some of the postpartum results, but they are not the same as the words of the effects from someone who lived and breathed the chaos. This was a very important source because it opened the doors to the hardships and serious survival need that helped man of the Eritreans and Ethiopians be alive today.

What things one could experience while living in this war time? - Fitsum Habtemariam - Fitsum told of how when he was growing up there was always a look of worry in elders eyes. Even before the British had begun leaving, he said It was like an untold secret between all the adults, and they knew a war was coming and it was coming soon. All the men around his age and all the male family members and a few women had enlisted in the Eritrean Liberation Front. All around him people had curfews and could not go and were far too afraid of going the dark for fear that the soldiers would shoot them while they were on patrol. Women were sometimes taken from homes in the more rural area especially and were raped and killed by the Ethiopian soldiers. "All over was a chaos that could not be escaped, for it had reached all corners of the country, Fitsum said. This source has what Eyobs interview mentioned about the hardships of just living in these countries during this time, but Eyobs had the things as he was fleeing and Fitsums is about while he remained in Eritrea. This was a meaningful as well as key source. It mentions how not only how the lifestyle during this time was but how it was nearly anticipated to occur.

Looking at the Effects of the Ethiopian-Eritrean Border Dispute - Maru Gubena Gubena, Maru. "Looking at the Effects of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Dispute." Accessed November 5, 2011. www.ethioquestnews.com/Perspective/Ethiopia-Eritrea_Border.html. - This is an article from an Ethiopian point view on how the border dispute affected others. This article described how each country was at fault for their own forms of evil and corrupt people

within their government. Maru describes how the feud can never be resolved just as the war erupting was inevitable. The article brushes up on how Ethiopia has had problems with human rights. While those who were not on the front line could never understand the Ethiopians views, there were many controversial situations that they have put themselves in over the years. An example of how their views differ from many others is a woman named Mekele, who married an Eritrean man and had three children, but she left them because she was Ethiopian and said that she shall never return to them. Her reason for abandoning her family and the people she loves most in the world is because she had seen a video of attack on her home town that was committed by Eritreans. Due to husbands background, she figured him apart of the violence and her children were no longer hers of their tainted blood. This article is different from the article by Tesfai Alemsged which was also on the Border Conflict, but that article was not from the words of a person who voiced opinions so loudly, especially against Eritreans. This source matters because it was a view that was not Eritrean, but the other side; the side that has been deemed by many the instigator of the war.

Secondary Resources
Benito Mussolini- The Father of Illegal Eritrean Claims Against Djibouti and Ethiopia "Benito Mussolini - The Father of Illegal Eritrean Territorial Claims Against Djibouti and Ethiopia." Yahoo News. Accessed November 13, 2011. http://www.geocities.com/dagmawi.geo/Mussolini.html. - This source tells how Mussolini was one of the causes of the Eritrean Ethiopian war. Ethiopia has defied and demarcated its boundaries with all its neighbors with some exceptions. However, Mussolini violated treaties signed by Ethiopia and Italy. Although Ethiopia was trying to bring peace between the two countries, Mussolini invades in 1935. When Eritrea became re-united with Ethiopia, the Eritrean government demarcated the border between Eritrea and Djibouti. The Mussolini expansion of 1935 against Djibouti was regarded as void. However, Gadhafi invaded the Aouzou strip of Chad on the basis of Mussolini. With maps publishing and claiming the lands of which country is where, this sparked the war. This article is important because it tells how the war started in the perspective of Mussolini being the root of the problem. In comparison with the source (Ethiopia Invades Disputed Ethiopian Border), this article shows exactly what Mussolini did and the effects where as the other source explained. Conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea Anup Shah Shah, Anup. "Conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea Global Issues." Global Issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All Global Issues. July 1999. Accessed September 23, 2011. http://www.globalissues.org/article/89/conflict-between-ethiopiaand-eritrea Cousin, Tracey L. "Case Study." Page Has Moved. Accessed October 13, 2011.

http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm. - Anup Shah goes into great detail in her article. During the first war, the US was supplying Ethiopia, mostly military aid, due to geopolitical and Cold War reasons. Unfortunately, this was used against Eritrean secessionists and Ethiopian guerillas. In the second war, Anup explains that it was a border- dispute, and gave quantitative details of deaths and costs. At the end of May 2000, Ethiopia claimed a tactical withdrawal. With Tedesses article, this is more quantitative whereas Tedesses is more qualitative. This is important because it shows numbers and the number of deaths. Eritrea Calls Ethiopias New Stance a Declaration of War William Davison Davison, William. "Eritrea Calls Ethiopias New Stance a Declaration of War - Bloomberg." Bloomberg - Business & Financial News, Breaking News Headlines. April 29, 2011. Accessed November 13, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-29/eritrea-calls-ethiopia-s-newstance-a-declaration-of-war-.html. -William Davison explains how the tensions between Eritrea and Ethiopia were nothing but serious. The two countries fought a war that killed 70,000 people. Relations between the two have remained tense as each backed nearby Somalias civil war. Ethiopias government on April 15th announced it will increase support to Eritrean rebels seeking to overthrow the government of President Isaias Afewaki. The country will see any means at its disposal to bring about regime chance unless government changes its policies. This article is important because it shows how even post- war, the two countries are in a serious conflict in hatred to one another. Ethiopias government on April 15th announced it will increase support to Eritrean rebels seeking to overthrow the government of President Isaias Afewaki. The country will see any means at its disposal to bring about regime chance unless government changes its policies. This article is important because it shows how even post- war, the two countries are in a serious conflict in hatred to one another. In comparison with Vanns articles, this source gives the hatred of Ethiopia against Eritrea as opposed to Vanns articles which shows the disputes of the two countries together. "Eritrea-Ethiopia: A Troubled Relationship "WashingtonPost.com: Eritrea-Ethiopia Conflict." Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. Accessed October 15, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm. - This article is an example of how much violence and losses occurred throughout the war times. The article comes off as a bystanders point of view, though it seems like it from that view it still remains quite accurate with the information. Though accurate it still lacks a tone that is confident, precise, and knowledgeable like the Tracy Cousins Eritrean - Ethiopian Civil War article.

This article does mention more of the Ethiopian point of view on the conflict; such as how the troops had aide of the Soviet Union and had back tracked Isaias Afwerk plans and near victory over Ethiopia in 1977. This article has important years, people, and events that some of the articles might not have included. This article compared to the Cousins article may not have a personal tone to it, but it is from a newspaper. The article was not as detailed as the Cousins article, but it had more information in every sentence than Cousins sentences, and it had many more important facts within it than the other article did. Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War-Tracy L. Cousin Cousin, Tracey L. "Case Study." Page Has Moved. Accessed October 13, 2011. http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm. -This article was based upon refugee awareness and what happened to the people who fled and goes deeper into depth on the effects of the war and what had also led to the war beginning. The article had highlighted a key that unlocked a rage from both countries; the ports. The countries wanted. The countries wanted to control the ports, because they could then control the taxes on the imported and exported goods and also make revenue off the merchants and traders that travel. The incomes from the ports allow could turn a country like Ethiopias economy from a 3rd world country into a mildly poor almost average country. This article differs from the Shimelba Refugee article in ways that it does not talk solely on the refugees but more on how their lives had turned to make them refugees. Eritrean Refugees from the Shimelba refugee camp-Donald Ranard Ranard, Donald. "Eritrean Refugees from the Shimelba Refugee Camp." Accessed September 19, 2011. www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/backgrounder_shimelba.pdf. -This article had no cultural background behind the type of people and This article mentions how the people had fled their homes due to their own lands conflict with another. The article has many important aspects one of which includes the quantitative results on the different types of Eritreans and Ethiopians that stayed in this refuge camp. In comparison to the Styan article, this one talks where the people stayed and lived in order to remain alive, while Styans briefly mentions aid of other countries and the greater lack of that was provided for the Eritreans and Ethiopians. Eritrean War for Independence "Eritrean War for Independence." Http://www.globalsecurity.org. Accessed September 21, 2011. : http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/eritrea1.html. -This source has more detail on before the war than actual war. It discusses how the Eritreans had not actual agreement on unification with Ethiopia. The military source from the article talked about how the Eritrean Liberation Front (EPLF) in more detail the article held important information the military than another source such as the Styan article. The information provided

included how the Islamic people and nationalist were those that made up the EPLF. The author had made it very vague and very informational at the same time which gave the material with held a higher level of importance.

Ethio- Eritrean War- Tesfaya Tedesse Tedesse, Tesfaya. "Ethio-Eritrean War." Ethiopia Military. 2004. Accessed September 23, 2011. http://ethiopiamilitary.com/ethio-eritrean-war/. - Tedesse goes into great description about what happened in the actual wars itself. He describes the first war as who started it first. Ethiopia blamed Eritrea who started the war. While Eritrea blamed Ethiopia, he describes the second war was a back and forth struggle. With Anups article, this is more qualitative where as Anups in more quantitative this article is important because it shows the immensity of hatred and treaty- breaking thought the wars between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War "Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Summary | BookRags.com." BookRags.com | Study Guides, Lesson Plans, Book Summaries and More. 2005. Accessed September 23, 2011. http://www.bookrags.com/research/ethiopia-and-eritrea-border-war-hbh-01/. - This article goes into depth of what started the Ethiopian and Eritrean war. The two countries are among the poorest in the world. When Italy lost in World War II, Eritrea was forced to become part of Ethiopia. In 1961, Ethiopia removed Eritreas Independence, and Eritrea became just another province. Therefore, in cause and effect, Eritrea revolted. However, borders between the two countries were never clearly marked, causing the second war. In comparison with the article of Tekie, this one is more factual whereas Tekies gave their information in perspectives. This article is important because it shows a reason of why these wars started. Ethiopian Economies Unveils Economic Cost of War with Eritrea- Peoples Daily People's Daily. "Ethiopian Economist Unveils Economic Cost of War With Eritrea." People's Daily Online - Home Page. July 17, 2001. Accessed October 20, 2011. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200107/17/eng20010717_75161.html. - A senior Ethiopian economic consultant studied the effects of the Eritrean war on economy in Ethiopia. He goes into depth of how Ethiopia was damaged by this war, and it cost the country 397 million dollars. It destroyed much of the social and physical infrastructure of the economy. 3.1 billion US dollars were stolen or damaged by Eritrea at Assab port and from Ethiopian civilians in various parts of Eritrea. This article is important because it describes how much the war cost the Ethiopians. In comparison with the article of Katie Nguyen, this one is more qualitative whereas Nguyens is more quantitative. Another thing that this article explains is the consequences of the war, not only in Eritrea, but Ethiopia as well.

Ethiopia Invades Disputed Eritrean Border "Eritrea Invades Disputed Ethiopian Border Area." Yahoo News. May 12, 1998. Accessed November 13, 2011. http://www.geocities.com/~dagmawi/News_Initial_MAP.html. - This source shows how the border dispute started the Eritrean/ Ethiopian war. Since Eritrea was ruled by Italy at that time, Mussolini was in power. However, both Eritrean and Ethiopia wanted to be in possession of the land in the border dispute, but the Eritrean government sent armies in to take over the unused land. Eritrea demanded that the only legal border is drawn unilaterally by Mussolini, but Eritrea demanded that the only legal border is drawn unilaterally by Mussolini, but the Italians blatantly violated the border treaty when they created the 1934 map. In addition, all treaties between Italy and Ethiopia were automatically rendered null and void by Mussolinis invasion in 1935. The Eritrean economy was dependent on Ethiopia for 67 percent of its trade, and Eritrea had to face warfare costs alone. .This article is important because it goes deeper into and shows where Eritrea got its claim on the land disputed. In comparison with Davisons article, this source is broader and shows what led up to the effects as opposed to Davisons which showed the seriousness of post-war conflicts. Ethiopia Eritrea Independence War 1961-1991 "Ethiopia Eritrea Independence War 1961-1993." OnWar.com - Wars, Military History, International Relations. Accessed October 15, 2011. http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/eat/ethiopia/feritrea1961.htm. - This article went step by step through the different ways the Eritrean Liberation Front and other guerrilla organizations took back Eritrea. The article had outstanding detail on the armies transitions in that the ELF became the EPLF as the Muslims who begun the movement began having Christians and all the other alienated and angry people who just wanted their country back. The article had many battles such as the Bloody Saturday which had enraged more and more of the people, because at that event General Amman who was the man who had instilled faith into the hearts of Eritreans all over was killed. That enragement helped the people finally take their home back from those who had invaded it. This article has more events and detail than the article from globalsecurity.com did on the EPLF, the generals, and more on what kind of people made up the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front. This one article holds so much information that changed the war and the lives of all the Eritreans with every one of the events mentioned. Famine Spreads Across Africa- Ernest Harsch Harsch, Ernest. "Africa Renewal Magazine | Famine Spreads across Africa: With 38 Million Facing Starvation, business as Usual Will Not Do." Welcome to the United Nations: It's Your World. February 2003. Accessed October 20, 2011.

http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol16no4/164food1.htm. - Ernest Harsch studies the effects of the Eritrean war on society. Ernest describes how the war sends Eritrea into deep poverty. With poverty, other problems mixed in Ernest describe how the war sends Eritrea into deep poverty. With poverty, other problems mixed in, yet another new problem arises. Drought was already an issue in Eritrea and many crops could not be grown. Ernest describes how the war sends Eritrea into deep poverty. With poverty, other problems mixed in, yet another new problem arises. Drought was already an issue in Eritrea and many crops could not be grown. From this, Eritrea, with the little money they had, was forced to buy more exported goods. It was not enough to feed the whole population. Therefore, famine had begun to spread. This article is important because it showed a cause and effect side of the end of the war, telling how Eritrean life had declined. In comparison with Christopher, this article is broader and shows what other problems were present during the time where as Christophers focuses more on the children.

Historical and Social Issues Behind the Eritrean- Ethiopian Border War- Bill Vann Vann, Bill. "Historical and Social Issues behind the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border War." World Socialist Web Site. June 11, 1998. Accessed November 13, 2011. http://www.wsws.org/articles/1998/jun1998/erit-j11.shtml. - Bill Vann studies the historical and social issues of the Eritrean/ Ethiopian war. This conflict in the Horn of Africa splits two of the continents poorest countries. Both are ruled by leaders of movements that proclaimed themselves fighters for national liberation, and, at times, even socialism. The Eritrean regime of President Isaias Afewaki bases its claim to the disputed territory on an agreement signed between Italian colonialism and the Ethiopian Monarchy. Eritreas economic trajectory has led it growing tensions with neighboring Ethiopia. The eruption of the Ethiopian- Eritrean border war comes on the heels of the genocidal conflicts. This article is important because it portrays how both governments have portrays how both governments have a belief that they are doing right within the war. In comparison with Davisons article, this source talks about Isaias view on the treaty and land dispute whereas Davisons article viewed more of Ethiopias view on the treaty.

Impact of Eritrean- Ethiopian War on Child Health- Christopher R. Albon Albon, Christopher R. "Impact Of The Eritrean-Ethiopian War On Child Health Conflict Health." Conflict Health Defending Health Against Persecution, Violence, And Armed Conflict. February 27, 2011. Accessed October 20, 2011. http://conflicthealth.com/impact-ofthe-eritrean-ethiopian-war-on-child-health/. -Christopher R. Albon studies the effects of the Eritrean war on society. He explains that the

conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia was not minor, but that it was a full war. The war costed hundreds of millions of dollars. Three researchers studied the health of children. Their study found that two results. Displacement and deportation were likely the greatest causes of health issues. There was widespread displacement and deportation were likely the greatest causes of health issues. There was widespread displacement within Eritrean and Ethiopian society due to fighting. Rural farmers were not able to harvest crops because thousands of families were forced back to their country. This article is important because it showed how the war even affected the health of Eritreans. In comparison with Ernests article, this source focuses more on children as opposed to Ernests, which was broader on problems at that time. Subtle Genocide and Religious Conflicts in Ethiopia- Sophia Tesfamariam Tesfamariam, Sophia. "Subtle Genocide and Religous Conflicts in Ethiopia." Accessed November 7, 2011. www.dehai.org/demarcationwatch/articles/Sophia_TEsfamariam_subtle_genocide_and_religous_conflicts_in_Ethiopia.html. - This article is more of an article and a timeline of events all linked to religious conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Mainly the conflicts rise between Muslims and the Orthodox Christians Between riots and mobs constantly appearing the death toll increased monthly between 200102.Those years were the years where most of the religious conflicts occurred, and it ironic because just a decade earlier the Ethiopia and Eritrean war had finally come to a close The article is different from the Maru Gubena, because it talks about information and view that are primarily the Ethiopians. His article also talks about how religion affected both countries and ultimately future conflicts. This article had illuminated the topic with details on how religion had done some damage to both countries and had done things to mostly Ethiopia. Tensions with Ethiopian Hurt Eritreas War Economy Katie Nguyen Nguyen, Katie. "Tensions With Ethiopia Hurt Eritreas War Economy." Arab News Newspaper. December 29, 2004. Accessed October 20, 2011. http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9 -Katie Nguyen studies the effects of the Eritrean War on economy in Eritrea. She goes into detail about the costs of this war. After the war that killed 70,000 people, Eritreas economy was taking its toll. Many Eritreans have given up on economic prosperity. The per capita gross was about 130 US dollars, making Eritrea one of the worlds poorest countries. The per capita gross was about 130 US dollars, making Eritrea one of the worlds poorest countries. Because there is little agricultural land, Eritrea had to rely on trade throughout the ports of Assab and Massawa. Eritrean exports have plummeted making the country even poorer. This article is important because it shows how harsh the cost of war against the country is. In comparison with the article of Peoples Daily, this one is more quantitative, was more qualitative. This article is important because it uses to numbers to show the immensity of the war.

The Cause of the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Conflict Alemseged Tesfai Tesfai, Alemseged. "The Cause of the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Conflict." Dehai Eritrean News and Eritrea News Online. Accessed October 17, 2011. http://www.dehai.org/conflict/analysis/alemsghed1.html. -This article touches the basis of the conflict and going into detail beyond what many of Eritreans had to go through. This article has a flare to it that the Maru Gubena did not have; even though it had an Ethiopian view it had a harsh undertone. The author of this article had a personality come through and the author seems to have a way to identify with those in war and that is a pull for a reader to see where he will go next. The Gubenas article had one side favored which was Ethiopia. This article matter because it has a tone of pain and the strong emotion of freedom dripping from every word.

The Eritrean Struggle for Independence; damnation, resistance, nationalism-David Styan STYAN, DAVID. "The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism." 1996. Accessed September 21, 2011. doi:|A19417640. - This article mentions how Eritrea had with all technicalities gained independence in1991 through military means, but issues with the government that still remained under Ethiopian influence was a constant problem. The article continues to mention the French and Djiboutian aid for the Eritreans was nearly non-existent. This article shows and stresses how hard it was for Eritreans to gain back heir country. In comparison to the Kitschier article which discussed Sudan and their assistance during the war, while this article mentioned many things that differed and among the important is the two countries mention that extended no helping hand during either country's time of need. The Ethio- Eritrean War! - Tekie Fesschatzion Fessehatzion, Tekie. "History of Ethio-Eritrean Wars!" HOA Political Scene! Who Makes the Tragicomedy There? November 2003. Accessed September 23, 2011. http://www.hoapoliticalscene.com/ethio-eritrean-wars.html. - Tekie Fesschatzion explains the Ethio- Eritrean wars himself. He explains that the first war was for independence. There were all these revolutionist groups trying to help with the independence. The second war was between the governments. This was a full army versus army war. However, the author criticizes that there will never be a true reason for the second war. He goes on saying that these wars were out of madness, rather than revolution. In comparison to the article (Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War), this one gives the war in the perspective of one who went through it where as the other article shows why the war started. This article is important because it shares what the wars were about and gives a different thought to it.

The Threat Across the Border-Chris Kutschera Kutschera, Chris. "The Threat Across The Border." 1997. Accessed September 19, 2011. http://galegroup.com/whic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?displayGroupNam e=Magazines&disableHighlighting=false&prold=WHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catld =&documentld=GALE%7CA19651196&mose=view&userGRoupName=lawr16325&jsid=e44af 29702671bdd08e479688277e9e. -This Kutschera article as a whole discusses how the Sudananese began taking refuge in Asmara, Eritrea not long after the Eritreans had been taking refuge in Sudan due to their own conflict with Ethiopia. Eritreans could not turn away the Sudanese not long after the Eritreans had been taking refuge in Sudan due to their own conflict with Ethiopia. Eritreans could not turn away the Sudanese because they helped them gain asylum when escaping Eritrea, and gave them a temporary home when needed throughout the war. This article shows the importance and impact that the help of the Sudanese had during the Eritrean-Ethiopian conflicts for both countries. This article in contrast to the Donald Canard article, which goes more into a quantitative comparison, touches on that Sudan was where the majority of the war survive they travelled through and to in order to survive.

Picture 1:http://http://www.gregmarinovich.com/BLOG/2011/10/silver-halide-martyrs-2/erit03/. - A picture of a young man sitting on an expolded missile. This picture shows the powerful emotions and the seriousness and impact that this war had on all the people just through a single photo. This photo has so much power the photographer was able to grasp the raw emotion of the scenery as a whole. Picture 2: "Eritrea Flag, Flag of Eritrea." World Map, Map of the World. Accessed December 20, 2011. http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/eritrea-flag.html. - This is the picture of the modern day Eritrean flag post-war against Ethiopia. Picture 3:"Ethiopia Flag, Flag of Ethiopia." World Map, Map of the World. Accessed December 20, 2011. http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/ethiopia-flag.html. - This is the modern day Ethiopian flag after all the powers struggles and change from monarch to a communist like state. Picture 4: Asmara Eritrea Map. Country Map, Map of Countries. Accessed April 21, 2012. http://www.haimenonline.com/capitals/asmara-eritrea-map.html - This picture shows the land of Asmara, giving a visual on the disputed land. Pictures on "The Conflict" tab (with exception of a few)- taken by Journey and Fitsum Habtemariam while in Eritrea

All the pictures depict apart of how life is today for some Eritreans as well as Ethiopians because of the war. Every picture has a meaning behind, like the camel herd. That herd represents how the Eritreans stick together through thick and thin in order to survive during and after the war.