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VI. CONCLUSION A novel dual circularly-polarized monolar spiral slot antenna was modeled, fabricated and tested. The proposed antenna can achieve RHCP and LHCP for the low and high frequency bands, respectively. The antenna realizes an 18% impedance bandwidth for both bands and AR bandwidths of 4.5% and 3.5% with respect to the centre frequencies of 1616 MHz and 2655 MHz, respectively.

A Bandwidth Improved Circular Polarized Slot Antenna Using a Slot Composed of Multiple Circular Sectors
Sai Ho Yeung, Kim Fung Man, and Wing Shing Chan

REFERENCES
[1] H. W. Kwa, X. M. Qing, and Z. N. Chen, Broadband single-fed single-patch circularly polarized antenna for UHF RFID applications, in Proc. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp., July 2008, pp. 14. [2] X. L. Bao and M. J. Ammann, Compact annular-ring embedded circular patch antenna with a cross-slot ground plane for circular polarization, Electron. Lett., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 192193, 2006. [3] F. Jou, J. W. Wu, and C. J. Wang, Novel broadband monopole antennas with dual-band circular polarization, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 10271034, 2009. [4] C. H. Chen and E. K. N. Yung, Dual-band dual-sense circularly-polarized CPW-fed slot antenna with two spiral slots loaded, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 18291833, 2009. [5] X. L. Bao and M. J. Ammann, Dual-frequency Dual-sense circularlypolarized Slot antenna fed by microstrip line, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 645649, 2008. [6] W. L. Curtis, Spiral antennas, IRE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 8, pp. 298306, May 1960. [7] C. J. Wang and D. F. Hsu, A frequency-reduction scheme for spiral slot antenna, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 161164, 2002. [8] R. T. Gloutak and N. G. Alexopoulos, Two-arm eccentric spiral antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 723730, 1997. [9] D. J. Muller and K. Sarabandi, Design and analysis of a 3-arm spiral antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 258266, 2007. [10] N. A. Stutzke and D. S. Filipovic, Four-arm 2nd- mode slot spiral antenna with simple single-port feed, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 213216, 2005. [11] J. M. Laheurte, Dual-frequency circularly polarized antennas based on stacked monolar square spirals, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 488492, 2003. [12] C. W. Jung, B. A. Cetiner, and F. De. Flaviis, A single-arm circular spiral antenna with inner/outer feed circuitry for changing polarization and beam characteristics, in Proc. 2003 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp., pp. 474477. [13] H. Nakano, J. Eto, Y. Okabe, and J. Yamauchi, Tilted- and axialbeam formation by a single-arm rectangular spiral antenna with compact dielectric substrate and conducting plane, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 1723, 2002.

AbstractA circular polarized (CP) slot antenna is designed with a slot composed of multiple circular sectors (MCS). The design has advantages of having a wide 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 57.4%, achieving a good AR smaller than 2 dB in most areas of the frequency range. The design of the antenna follows a multi-objective optimization procedure that applies computational power rather than human tuning. A comparison of the optimized antenna design with other wideband CP antennas in the literature shows that it has advantages of having a smaller physical size in the cross-sectional area than the antennas with multiple feeding structures and a wider operating bandwidth than all the compared antennas. Index TermsCircuit optimization, circular polarization, slot antennas, wideband.

I. INTRODUCTION Circular polarized (CP) antennas [1][5] radiate electromagnetic waves with circular polarization. They are useful in satellite communication and global positioning systems (GPS) because the linearly polarized wave can be rotated as it passes through the ionosphere, but the circular polarized wave will not be affected [6], [7]. Moreover, communication systems with CP antennas also provide better exibility in the orientation angle between the transmitter and receiver [8]. The use of CP antennas can also reduce multipath reections and other interferences [8]. Various CP antennas have been developed. To operate CP antennas, two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude but in phase quadrature should be excited. An elliptical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited by a probe has the advantage of small size and energy efciency and achieves 5.2% AR bandwidth [9]. A stair-shaped DRA with aperture feed possesses the same advantages and achieves 10.2% axial ratio (AR) bandwidth [10]. The patch antenna with a U-slot, truncated corners, and L-shaped probe (L-probe) feed has the advantage of small size with measurement result of 16.6% AR bandwidth [11]. To increase AR bandwidth further, other antenna congurations can be used, but the antenna would be larger. An antenna array with four CP antenna elements with sequential feeding and rotation of the elements can be designed to enhance AR bandwidth [12], [13]. A four sequential feed elliptical CP DRA subarray with a hybrid ring-feeding network can provide a wide AR bandwidth of 26.1% [13]. However, the antenna size increases since the subarray consists of four radiating elements and a feeding network. Multiple feeding structures can also provide wideband characteristics for CP antenna design [8], [14]. A quadruple strip feed cylindrical DRA can provide a wide CP bandwidth of 25.9% [8]. However, the size of the antenna increases with the inclusion of the broadband power divider with quadrature phase distribution. A circular patch antenna fed by a switch line balun with printed L-probes can provide broadband operation with 41% AR bandwidth [14].
Manuscript received June 14, 2010; revised November 21, 2010; accepted January 15, 2011. Date of publication June 09, 2011; date of current version August 03, 2011. This work was supported by the Hong Kong RGC General Research Fund (GRF) under Project CityU 119308(9041373). The authors are with the City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong (e-mail: shyeung@ ee.cityu.edu.hk). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this communication are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2011.2158953

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Fig. 1. A simple wide-slot antenna.

The designs of wide-slot antennas with L-probe feeding can excite two orthogonal eld components for CP antenna operations [15][17]. Wide-slot antennas with L-probe feeding also have the wideband characteristic of wide-slot antennas [18], [19]. A recent design of a L-probe feeding wide-slot antenna with an L-shaped slot [17] can provide 46.5% bandwidth. In this communication, the bandwidth is further extended by replacing the L-shaped slot with a slot composed of multiple circular sectors (MCS) [20][22]. The MCS slot consists of a number of radii parameters of the sectors to maximize the operating bandwidth of the antenna, hence improving the bandwidth to 57.4%. MCS structures have been previously used to shape the phase shifters [20] and the ultra-wideband antenna [21]. Although designs for an MCS slot CP antenna have already been presented [22], the experimental result yielded a mere 46.0% AR bandwidth. This result is not the best performance that can be achieved using the MCS slot structure. Thus, this communication will further improve the result to yield a measured AR bandwidth of 57.4%. The communication is organized as follows. In Section II, the antenna conguration of the MCS slot CP Antenna is introduced. In Section III, the optimization of the antenna is discussed. In Section IV, the performance of the optimized antenna is presented. In Section V, the current distribution of the antenna is investigated. In Section VI, the designed antenna is compared with other wideband CP antenna designs in the literature. Finally, conclusions are given in Section VII. II. PRINTED WIDE-SLOT ANTENNA CONFIGURATION Printed wide-slot antennas are useful in satellite and communication applications [18], [19]. The antennas are printed on double-sided substrates. A simple conguration of wide-slot antenna to generate a linear polarized wave is shown in Fig. 1. The lower side of the substrate consists of the microstrip feeding line, while the upper side of the substrate is the ground plane with a wide radiating slot. The simple wide slot antenna can be analyzed using the equivalence principle, in which the aperture is closed and then replaced by a pair of magnetic surface currents below and above the ground plane [18]. The advantages of wide-slot antennas include wide operating bandwidth, good isolation, and negligible radiation from feed network [18]. For the wide-slot antenna design in [15][17], the microstrip feeding become L-shaped probe (L-probe) as shown in Fig. 2 for CP wave excitation. The E component is produced by the vertical part of the L-probe, while the E component is produced by the horizontal part of the L-probe [15]. Since the electrical length of the horizontal part of the L-probe is designed to be 90 , the current phase on the horizontal component lags behind that of the vertical components by 90 [16]. Therefore, there is a 90 out-of-phase orientation between E and E of the polarization, which eventually generates the CP radiation. Among the CP wide-slot antennas, different shapes of slots give different return loss, AR, bandwidth, and radiation pattern characteristics. The use of

Fig. 2. MCS slot CP antenna.

an L-shaped slot can achieve 46.5% 3 dB AR bandwidth with a truncated corner [17] and 40% bandwidth without a truncated corner [15]. The length of the L-shaped wide-slot is chosen as half wavelength at around the lowest operating frequency [15]. If a circular slot is used instead, the AR bandwidth improves to 58% [16]. In this antenna, the measured 010 dB S11 bandwidth is from 2.4 to 4.3 GHz, while the AR bandwidth is 2.3 to 4.2 GHz. Therefore, the overlapped bandwidth is from 2.3 to 4.2 GHz (54.5%). Although the bandwidth is very wide, the main beam direction is tilted away from the broadside in both xy- and yz-planes, probably due to the unsymmetrical slot shape of the modied circular structure [16]. Moreover, its S11 in some frequency points is larger than 010 dB in the measurement result of the operating bandwidth [16]. Since different shapes of the wide-slot result in different return loss, AR, bandwidth, and radiation pattern characteristics, further optimization of the shape is necessary to enhance the antennas performance. To improve the return loss, bandwidth, and AR of the CP wide-slot antenna, and to optimize the radiation pattern so that the main beam direction is in the broadside, the slot proposed in this communication is composed of many optimized circular sectors. The conguration of the MCS slot CP antenna is shown in Fig. 2. The MCS slot CP Antenna is fabricated using a double-sided printed circuit board with a substrate thickness of 1.5 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.65. The top layer of the substrate consists of an L-shaped feeding path with a shorting pin located at the end of the path. The bottom layer of the substrate consists of a slot composed of 18 circular sectors, each having a different radius, and occupying an angle of 20 . These 18 circular sectors form a complete circular shape of 360 , and are shown in Table I. Aside from the radii parameters of the MCS, other dimensional parameters, as shown in Fig. 2, include l, wh , wx , wl , lh , lx , and sx . To increase the broadside gain of the antenna, a copper reector is placed h mm below the substrate with a size of (l + 20) 2 (l + 20) mm. Since the MCS structure consists of many radii parameters, it provides a large number of degrees of freedom in the design of the slot [20]. Hence, the MCS structure provides the capacity to enhance the return loss, AR, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics. III. ANTENNA OPTIMIZATION There are 26 dimensional parameters for the MCS slot CP antenna design, and thus determining all the parameters through human trial-and-error tuning is extremely difcult. Instead, the parameters

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TABLE I PARAMETERS OF THE MCS SLOT

Fig. 3. Optimized MCS slot CP antenna.

are determined using computational power through multi-objective optimization algorithm. Genetic algorithm [23][27], particle swarm optimization [28], and simulated annealing [29] can all be used for optimization because these methods have been successfully applied to optimize similar problematic structures such as a folded patch feed antenna with multiple optimization objectives [25]. Genetic algorithm has also been applied to CP dielectric resonator antenna optimization [26] and ultra-wideband antenna optimization in [27]. In this communication, the MCS slot antenna is optimized based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm [24][27]. Multi-objective refers to the ability of the algorithm to handle multiple optimization objectives. Pareto-dominance concepts are used to distinguish the quality of the solutions with different objective values [23], instead of combining the objective values as a weighted sum. Each solution in the population will be ranked through a non-dominated sorting procedure adopting the Pareto-dominance principle [24]. For detailed optimization theories and procedures for multi-objective optimization, interested authors can refer to [23], [24]. The optimization algorithm will determine all 26 dimensional parameters of the antenna design based on 3 optimization objectives. The rst optimization objective is to minimize S11 for a desired frequency range. This optimization objective can be formulated as follows:

Fig. 4. Relationship between the radii and angle of the MCS slot.

where the notation AR is the axial ratio at frequency f in the angular direction of ;  , for which  and  are the elevation angle and the azimuth angle from the observation point, respectively. The minimization of F2 will reduce the axial ratio within the selected frequency band. The third optimization objective is to minimize the change of gain along the frequency axis. This can be achieved through the following optimization objective:

( )

Minimize

F3 = f 2F fERH (f )g 0 fmin fERH (f )g max 2F

(3)

Minimize
f:Fs
where

F1 = f 2F fS11 (f )g max

(1)

quency of the design frequency band. This optimization objective minimizes the maximum S11 within the selected frequency band. The second optimization objective is to minimize the axial ratio of the antenna, which allows the antenna to yield circular polarization. This can be achieved through the following optimization objective:

S11 (f ) represents the antenna return loss at frequency = f2:2; 2:3; 2:4; ... ; 3:6; 3:7g is the set of the sampled fre-

where the notation is the right hand polarized electric eld gain at frequency f . The minimization of F3 will reduce the interval between the largest and the smallest maximum antenna gain within the selected frequency band. During the optimization process, the antenna characteristics are simulated using IE3D.1 All the dimensional parameters of the antennas are optimized sing genetic algorithm. This results in the antenna conguration shown in Fig. 3. The optimized dimensional parameters are given : , wh : , wx : , wl : , by l lh : , lx : , sx : , and h : . The radii of the MCS are given in Table I. The relationship between the radii and the angle of the MCS slot is plotted in Fig. 4 for reference.

= 86 4 mm = 7 9 mm = 1 5 mm = 3 0 mm = 10 8 mm = 34 9 mm = 0 7 mm = 34 1 mm
IV. ANTENNA PERFORMANCE

Minimize

F2 =

f 2F ;2f05 ;0 ;5 )

max

fAR

(f; ;  = 0)g

The optimized antenna is fabricated for measurement and a photograph of it is shown in Fig. 5. Total size of the circuit including the sub2 : ; and is placed in front of a reector that strate is : : 2 : . Results for the return loss is shown measures

96 4 mm 106 4mm 106 4 mm 106 4 mm

(2)

1IE3D

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Fig. 8. Measured radiation pattern for  = 0 plane. Fig. 5. Fabricated MCS slot CP antenna.

Fig. 9. Measured radiation pattern for  = 90 plane.

Fig. 6. Return loss of the MCS slot CP antenna.

(0

Fig. 10. RHCP gain of the MCS slot CP antenna at the direction of (; ) = ; 0 ).

Fig. 7. Axial ratio of the MCS slot CP antenna at the direction of (; ) = (0 ; 0 ).

in Fig. 6. A 010 dB fractional bandwidth of 64.7% (2.064.03 GHz) is obtained in the simulation, compared with 63.4% (2.084.01 GHz) obtained in measurement. Both simulation and experimental results agree well and show a good return loss within the entire bandwidth. Simulated and measured results for the axial ratio are shown in Fig. 7. In the simulation results, the 3 dB axial ratio fractional bandwidth is 61.5% (2.144.04 GHz). For an axial ratio smaller than 2 dB the frequency range covers 2.163.90 GHz. In the experimental results, the 3 dB axial ratio fractional bandwidth is 57.4% (2.163.90 GHz). While for an axial ratio smaller than 2 dB the frequency range covers 2.183.83 GHz. Experimental results agree well with the simulation results, with both results providing a good axial ratio smaller than 2 dB over most of the desired frequency range.

Measurement results of the radiation pattern at  = 0 and  = 90 planes are shown in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. The antenna is a right hand circular polarized (RHCP) antenna that provides a large RHCP gain and a small left hand circular polarized gain at the broadside direction. Back radiation is small because of the reector placed at the rear of the antenna. Simulation and experiment results of the RHCP antenna gain are shown in Fig. 10. Both simulation and experimental results agree well with each other, with a at gain over the majority of the bandwidth. The measured peak gain is 8.3 dBi at 2.2 GHz, whereas the gain is 6.7 dBi at 3.0 GHz which is near the centre frequency. The antenna efciency and radiation efciency of the antenna simulated with IE3D are shown in Fig. 11. The antenna efciency and the radiation efciency of the antenna are larger than 84.8% and 90.1%, respectively, in the frequency range of 2.144.04 GHz (simulated AR bandwidth). This shows that the antenna has high efciency.

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TABLE II COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MCS SLOT CP ANTENNA AND THE OTHER CP ANTENNAS.

Fig. 11. Simulated antenna efciency and radiation efciency.

V. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS To understand the physical behavior of how the antenna operates the magnetic current distribution of the CP antenna at 2.2 GHz is given in Fig. 12. Since the simulation of magnetic current is based on innite ground plane model in IE3D, it may not be very accurate but is enough to demonstrate the CP operation mechanism of the antenna. Three time intervals within a cycle of CP radiation are shown in Fig. 12. In the gure, the sizes of the red arrows correspond to the magnitude of the magnetic current. The more important information in the gure is the direction of the magnetic current. In all the three time intervals, the magnetic current circulates around the center of the MCS slot, which contributes for the CP radiation. VI. COMPARISONS A comparison between our MCS slot CP antenna and other wideband CP antennas are presented in Table II. The comparisons are mainly on the impedance and axial ratio bandwidths, as well as on the size in terms
Fig. 12. Magnetic current distribution of the MCS slot CP antenna.

of the cross-sectional area of the antenna. The MCS slot CP antenna has the axial ratio bandwidth of 57.4%, which is wider than that of the

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other CP antennas in the comparison [8], [11], [14], [17] (ranging from 10.4% to 46.5%). Moreover, its size in terms of cross-sectional area including the ground plane and the reector (106:4 mm 2 106:4 mm) is smaller than those of the antennas in [8], [14] (which are 200 mm 2 200 mm, and 150 mm 2 150 mm, respectively). A disadvantage of the MCS slot CP antenna is that its size is slightly larger than that of the wideband CP antenna with an L-shaped slot [11] (82 mm 2 82 mm). VII. CONCLUSIONS An MCS slot CP antenna design has been presented. The measured axial ratio bandwidth is 57.4%, which is larger than the bandwidth of the CP antenna with an L-shaped slot of 46.5% [17]. The antenna provides a good axial ratio smaller than 2 dB in the majority of the bandwidth. The antenna is designed through computational power using multi-objective optimization algorithm to eliminate human tuning, which is both difcult and time consuming. The antenna is compared with other wideband CP antennas in the literature, demonstrating its advantages of having a wide operating bandwidth and a small size in terms of the cross-sectional area.

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