VWS Mitt.

58 (2002): Rational Evaluations of Ship Speed Trials _________________________________________________________________________________

Rational Evaluations of Traditional and Quasisteady Ship Speed Trials

Michael Schmiechen

Published on the occasion of the 23rd ITTC Venice 2002 and of the Centenary of VWS, the Berlin Model Basin, in 2003

VWS Mitteilungen Heft 58, post mortem Berlin 2002

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in memoriam

Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Berlin

VWS Mitt. 58 (2002): Rational Evaluations of Ship Speed Trials

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Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, VWS: the Berlin Model Basin, Mller-Breslau-Strasse (Schleuseninsel) 10623 Berlin, Germany, started operation in 1903 and ceased to exist at the end of 2001

Bibliographical reference: Michael Schmiechen: Rational Evaluations of Traditional and Quasisteady Ship Speed Trials. Berlin: VWS Mitteilungen Heft 58 (2002) Author, editor and publisher: Michael Schmiechen, Bartningallee 16, 10557 Berlin (Tiergarten), Germany Phone: +49 / 30 / 3 92 71 64 e-mail: m.schm@t-online.de website: http://www.t-online.de/home/m.schm
Full version: 10 Euro / U.S. $ , short version: free

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VWS Mitt. 58 (2002): Rational Evaluations of Ship Speed Trials

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Rational Evaluations of Traditional and Quasisteady Ship Speed Trials

without reference to model test results and other prior information, as it should be
Michael Schmiechen

Abstract The present volume contains selected documents concerning the most recent developments and results, essentially over the last five years, of the rational theory of ship hull-propeller interaction, which the author has

suggested more than twenty years ago, developed in a number of fundamental projects and worked examples and

promoted in many papers and lectures, all to be found on his website. The recent developments and results, having been triggered by the Japanese proposal of an ISO standard for the evaluation of traditional ship speed trials, concern
the rational evaluation of traditional ship speed trials at 'steady' conditions and the reduction to the condition of no wind and no waves, both without any reference to model test results and other prior information, as it should be, and the rational evaluation of quasisteady ship speed trials, including thrust measurements, resulting in a complete powering performance analysis over a wide range of propeller loads, again without any reference to model test results and other prior information, as it should be. the example data of ISO 15016: 2002-06 and

The test cases,

the example data of a single quasisteady 'model' run, published in VWS Report No. 1100/87, respectively, are suggested to be used in benchmark tests of further developed and/or alternative procedures following the Guidelines for Benchmarking, ITTC Recommended Procedure 4.0-01, discussed in the Final Report of the Quality Systems Group to the 23rd ITTC (Proc. Vol. I, 288-292). While the example data of the ISO standard are readily available the VWS Report No. 1100/87 quoted is included in this volume, the data file being available on request. Only at this stage, after

adequate powering models, local wake and thrust deduction axioms based on propeller loading measured in terms of the ideal efficiency in particular, and reliable methods for the identification of their parameters model and full scale have been established,

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VWS Mitt. 58 (2002): Rational Evaluations of Ship Speed Trials

___________________________________________________________________________ the problems of scale effects and scaling (extrapolation) may be reconsidered following the principles set forth and using the power tools developed. The volume contains details of the developments together with a re-evaluation of the METEOR data and thus, for the first time ever, scale effects in wake and thrust deduction determined directly and reliably. In view of the difficult problems to be solved, of the rapid developments in computational fluid dynamics to be matched and, last but not least, of the demands of clients to be satisfied, experts will finally have to realise that the community can no longer afford to ignore developments and results based on advanced methods of knowledge and systems engineering, which are long established and common practice in other fields. After the ground work has been done the problem is no longer to try and 'disprove' the methods proposed, but to understand the simple principles and boldly apply the new power tools. Contents
Subject Preliminaries File content Title, abstract, relations to ITTC work and basic work, rational evaluations, work still to be done Cover letter concerning ISO/CD 15016 Written Discussion of the Report of the SC on Trials and Monitoring to the 22nd ITTC Final evaluation of the ISO 15016 example after correction of a misprint St. Petersburg paper 2001 Presentation of the results Evaluation of quasisteady trials Evaluation of 'model' data taken from VWS Report No. 1100/87 Presentation of the results Investigation of wake axioms as well as re-evaluation of the METEOR data Letter to ITTC Committees concerned asking for co-operation VWS Report No. 1100/87 with basic data of run 8 with VWS Model 2491 and Propeller 1340 R Partial solution concerning model wake from steady overload tests Proceedings of the 4th ITTC Berlin 1937, report by Horn and contribution by Troost file_name vws_m58.pdf vws_m58.htm trl_cov.pdf ittc_dsc.pdf x short x

Evaluation of traditional trials

iso_10.pdf lav_pap.pdf lav_prs.pdf mod_eval.pdf mod_pres.pdf hpi_wka.pdf ittc_com.pdf rep_1100.doc x x x

Mitteilungen der VWS, Heft 32. Berlin 1937.

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VWS Mitt. 58 (2002): Rational Evaluations of Ship Speed Trials

___________________________________________________________________________ The file_names in the table of contents identify the .pdf files on the author's website. In these files plots of data are distinguished by colour, while in this volume only black and white copies are reproduced. A short version of this volume contains only the documents checked. The individual files may be accessed directly under website/file_name, but more conveniently via the .htm version of this introductory file (vws_m58.htm) containing live links not only to the documents listed, but to all the background material quoted. Further work on propulsion by the author, all in .pdf format, can be accessed via annotated links in the following hypertext files on the website:

Bibliography on propulsion (bibl_prp.htm), Recent papers on propulsion (pap_prp.htm)

What's new? (news.htm). In case of the evaluations, all in Mathcad 8 Professional, readers interested in doing their own numerical exercises and joining further developments of the procedures described are invited to request the original .mcd files together with the respective data files, if any. Relations to work of ITTC Committees The present collection of documents is a contribution to the Report of the Specialist Committee on Speed and Powering Trials to the 23rd ITTC at Venice (Proc. Vol. II, 341-367). The SC Report covers only, though in great detail, the traditional procedures for the evaluation of traditional trials. 'The use of [model scale] propeller open water characteristics is the basis for four of the correction methods studied by the SC'. In view of earlier geosim tests, the METEOR tests and most recently in view of the section on [model] screw propeller scale effects in the Final Report and Recommendations of the Propulsion Committee to the 23rd ITTC (Proc. Vol. I, 113-115) this basis is more than suspect. The present collection of documents concerns the most recent developments and results, essentially over the past five years, of the rational theory of ship hull-propeller interaction. The work reported is part of a long term project addressing all fundamental problems of the powering performance analysis and prediction of full scale ships under service conditions, avoiding most of the problems encountered in the traditional approaches. It addresses problems and solutions not mentioned in the SC Report although all intermediate and final results have been brought to the attention of all ITTC Committees concerned. Though they have 'nothing' to do with the traditional trials only the Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Rational Theory of Ship Hull-Propeller Interaction and its Applications held at VWS, the Berlin Model Basin, in 1991 are being listed in the SC Report. That workshop had been devoted to the quasisteady 'trials' with the German research vessel METEOR under service conditions in the Arctic Sea and the complete powering performance evaluation. But this problem has not yet been addressed by the Specialist Committee on Speed and Powering Trials and its predecessors. The work on the complete powering performance analysis is documented in the second part of this account of recent developments and results of the rational theory of ship hull-propeller interaction. Triggered by a seminar held at the Gdansk Ship Model Basin in January 2002 a 'model' test of 1987 has been successfully evaluated and the METEOR data have been reevaluated, the results demonstrating that the development has now reached a certain stage of maturity.

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VWS Mitt. 58 (2002): Rational Evaluations of Ship Speed Trials

___________________________________________________________________________ In the first part of this account of recent developments and results of the rational theory of ship hull-propeller interaction the rational evaluation of traditional speed and powering trials based on the full scale propeller behind characteristics is documented. The work, a by-product of the METEOR project, has been triggered by the Japanese working draft ISO/WD 15016 of 1998, which is now a standard proper: ISO 15016: 2002-06. Already in the discussion of the Report of the SC on Trials and Monitoring presented to the 22nd ITTC 1999 it has been shown that the traditional procedure proposed in the ISO standard provides inconsistent results. Further it has been shown that the inherent problems leading to the unacceptable results can easily be removed, if adequately addressed. The progress of this work, mostly in terms of worked examples, has been published routinely as soon as finished on the author's website. The development has reached a state of maturity documented in a paper presented at St. Petersburg in June 2001. Relations to basic work published earlier In the METEOR project it has been shown that the complete powering performance of full scale ships can be determined from quasisteady speed trial provided not only torque but reliable thrust measurements have been performed. The results of the METEOR project have been subject of the 2nd International Workshop on the Rational Theory of Ship Hull-Propeller Interaction and its Applications at VWS, the Berlin Model Basin, in June 1991. The essential parts of the Proceedings published in the Mitteilungen der VWS are to be found on the author's website under the Recent papers on propulsion (pap_prp.htm), in particular the METEOR report (int_rep.pdf) and the BASIC programs (int_bas.pdf) as well as the oral discussions (int_orl.pdf) and the written discussions (int_wrt.pdf). The model underlying the evaluation of the METEOR data 'suffered' from a 'global' wake axiom, the lost power axiom (hpi_lpa.pdf), resulting in an involved and sensitive method for the determination of the wake fraction, which has been shown to be plausible, but has always been found to be unreliable in applications and thus felt to be inadequate. After much deliberation, lasting over fifteen years, much simpler and more adequate local wake axioms (hpi_wka.pdf) have recently been 'dreamt up' during a vacation on Cyprus and shown to result in a very robust identification of the wake fraction. The method avoids the 'dangerous' extrapolations to the states of vanishing advance ratio, or rather vanishing ideal efficiency, and vanishing thrust, it is based on local values only, as it should be. The METEOR data have been re-evaluated accordingly. These robust wake axioms permit to return to a thrust deduction axiom proposed in the 1987 paper on 'Wake and Thrust Deduction from Quasisteady Ship Model Propulsion Tests Alone'. nstead of correlating with the 'artificial' hull advance ratio it is now possible to correlate with the 'natural' ideal or jet efficiency as measure of propeller loading, assuming constant displacement influence ratio in the limited range of data and of interest. The values of the energy wake fraction determined at the model and at the METEOR suggest that the frictional torque in the shaft, in the stern bearing in particular, may in future need to be identified separately. Under the Recent papers on propulsion (pap_prp.htm) a whole section is devoted to the development of thrust deduction and wake axioms. Two papers deal with the thrust deduction axiom. The first is a rather theoretical comparison (hpi_thd.pdf) of the proposal of the author with Kracht's proposal, the second, part of the author's winter semester 97/98 lectures held at
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___________________________________________________________________________ the Technical University Berlin shows the plausibility (hpi_tha.pdf) of the proposal of the author. While the robust procedures presented concern full scale ship speed trials in particular
Horn's earlier partial solution limited to the determination of the model wake, and
Kracht's recent partial solution limited to the determination of the model thrust deduction based on steady overload tests at given speeds are essentially limited to model scale. Further these methods include 'extreme' flow conditions, typically down to zero thrust, which may be as inadequate for a rational analysis of the powering performance as are flow conditions at model hull towing and model propeller open water tests. To the limited knowledge of the author Horn was the first and the only one to try and get along without model propeller open water tests. He introduced the concept of equivalent propellers, but wanted to 'construct' them in detail. This unnecessary complication and all the technical limitations at his time finally forced him to resort to model propeller open water tests again. Horn's (1937) report to the 4th ITTC, held at the Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau in 1937, is included in this volume for ready reference. Publications on Kracht's work are readily available (1999), a more recent one being quoted in the SC Report. The recent developments of robust procedures for the evaluation, not only of traditional speed trials but of quasisteady speed trials, have been triggered by the Japanese proposal of an ISO standard for the evaluation of traditional ship speed trials. A letter to the convener of April 15, 1998 (trl_cov.pdf) together with an alternative draft ISO '98 proposal (trl_prp.pdf) marks the start of the development. A letter to the ITTC Committees concerned (ittc_com.pdf), suggesting co-operative testing of the procedures, as was done with Horn's procedure in the thirties, marks the end of this development. Rational evaluation of traditional ship speed trials Under the Recent papers on propulsion (pap_prp.htm) a large number of worked examples and discussions are to be found corresponding to the state of the development at the time of the respective exercises. Thus most of the examples are now of 'historical' interest only. Further papers concern the full scale tests with an air cushion vehicle, the SES CORSAIR, with partially submerged propellers, where traditional methods fail altogether. Closely related to these successively improved evaluations are the written discussion (ittc_dsc.pdf) and its presentation (ittc_prs.pdf) on the Report of the Specialist Committee on Trials and Monitoring to the 22nd ITTC, held at Seoul and Shanghai in 1999. Particularly for the German colleagues the explanations (trl_erl.pdf) of the rational procedure have been prepared. The updated draft ISO '00 proposal (trl_pro2.pdf) of the earlier ISO '98 Proposal, an alternative for the working draft ISO/WD 15016, became necessary due to the successful inclusion of the identification of the required power and the subsequently possible reduction to the no wind and no wave condition (iso_fin8.pdf). As is the first proposal, this draft is just a sketchy outline, to be updated and upgraded in due course, maybe on the basis of the six new procedures on Speed/Power Trials recommended for adoption by the ITTC in the SC Report to the 23rd ITTC (Proc. Vol. II, 365). In the meantime the EVEREST data produced by Tamura (1999) had been used in Japan as a test case and the rational procedure proposed had been 'proved' to be inadequate. Consequently the EVEREST data have been analysed in detail (everest.pdf) and, after the detection
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___________________________________________________________________________ of systematic inconsistencies in the artificial data, the EVEREST data have been further scrutinized (everest8.pdf) and finally been discarded as inadequate for the purposes at hand. At this stage the ISO/DIS 15016 example has been revisited, which does not suffer from the defects of artificial data. In the 'final' evaluation of the ISO/DIS 15016 example (iso_10.pdf) a 'random' inconsistency in the data has been removed as well as inconsistencies in the seakeeping model and the corresponding program. As can be seen from the comparison of evaluations (iso_fin8.pdf) the mistake in the data upsets the method of Kracht et al. (Nicolaysen, 1998), which happens to 'settle' on the 'wrong' behind condition nstead of eliminating it. In the meantime the misprint suspected in the ISO/DIS example had been confirmed, details to be found in the correspondence fully documented in the recent papers on propulsion (pap_prp.htm). The latest developments (lav_pap.pdf) concerning the evaluation of traditional ship speed trials have been summarized in the paper presented (lav_prs.pdf) and discussed during the Lavrentiev Lectures Saint-Petersburg 2001, at the International Symposium on Ship Propulsion, held on June 19-21, 2001 at the Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University. On the author's website there is also to be found a hypertext version of the St. Petersburg paper with live links (lav_pap.htm) to all the basic material. Lectures (on_trls.pdf) on the rational evaluation of ship speed trials have been held in fall and winter 1999/2000 at the Universities Berlin, Duisburg, Hamburg and Rostock. And a further advanced presentation (trl_tuhh.pdf) has been prepared in German and presented at the Arbeitsbereiche Schiffbau Hamburg-Harburg and, via video link, at the Institut fr Schiffstechnik Duisburg in January 2002. Rational evaluation of quasisteady ship speed trials In a seminar at the Gdansk Ship Model Basin in January 2002 not only the evaluation of ship speed trials but of ship model tests has been treated in detail. While the rational evaluation of traditional trials has 'nothing to do' with ship theory, but is a matter of elementary mechanics and of craftsmanship, the rational evaluation of the ship powering erformance on model and full scale requires some ship theory as well as additional thrust measurements at quasisteady conditions. To demonstrate the potential of the methodology the re-evaluation of a quasisteady 'model' test (mod_eval.pdf) has been undertaken, which had been published earlier (1987). As has been mentioned before the original program and data files are available on request. A copy of the paper, which is identical with VWS Report No. 1100/87, is included in this volume. The copy includes the data of run 8 with VWS hull model 2491 and VWS propeller model 1340 R, but does not include the obsolete results of the former evaluation. Essential parts of this report (rep_1100.doc) have also been scanned and can be accessed on the author's website. The goal was to study the impact of the insights gained over the past fifteen years and to provide an adequate basis for the development of a rational scaling procedure, which has been felt missing in the discussions in Gdansk. During this work the document on wake axioms (hpi_wka.pdf) has been updated, including the re-evaluation of the METEOR results. In a letter to ITTC Committees concerned (ittc_com.pdf), the Powering, the Trials and the Procedures Committees as well as the Quality Systems Group, the results obtained so far have been brought to the attention of the groups considered to be most interested in the recent developments and in joining future developments of a corresponding scaling procedure.
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___________________________________________________________________________ Subsequently a sign error (sign_err.pdf) had been detected in the re-evaluation, after the correction of which the 'rational' results became even closer to the traditional results than before. Consequently the scaling can be done as before, although the author feels that it needs to be reconsidered ab ovo as has been done with the conduct and evaluation of full scale sea trials and of model tests. In order to spread the gospel a presentation of the results (mod_pres.pdf), dedicated to the Centenary of VWS, Berlin, 2003, has been prepared and updated after presentation and discussion at the Gdansk Ship Model Basin in July 2002. In particular it has been noted, that ISO/DIS 15016 has in the meantime been published as a standard proper: ISO 15016: 2002-06 despite repeated qualified demonstrations of inherent inconsistencies. And not only 'Germany has agreed'. Work still to be done: on scaling The axiomatic frame work and the procedures based on it provide a coherent representation space of single sets of coherent data and thus a very sharp tool. If this power tool is being applied to quasisteady model runs at various speeds it permits to distinguish between Reynolds effects of laminarity in propeller operation and between Reynolds and Froude effects in hull resistance and wake. The data of the other runs of the 'model' test are no more available and the author cannot perform new tests. But somebody else will perform these simple tests and study the results in detail, maybe with the assistance of the author. In any case such basic tests will be necessary for the development of a rational scaling procedure. The need for this development already felt by Horn is strongly supported by the section on [model] screw propeller scale effects in the Final Report and Recommendations of the Propulsion Committee to the 23rd ITTC (Proc. Vol. I, 113-115). The development includes the solution of the question, what frictional deduction shall be applied in model tests. The feeling of the author is: in principle none, as it 'only' changes the propeller loading and thus the hull advance ratio, the operational conditions of the hullpropeller system, which contrary to the traditional trials are determined in a wide range of advance ratios. The problem is in any case to estimate the resistance of the full scale ship. Of particular interest in this connection are the sections concerning the future friction line and the form factors in the Final Report and Recommendations of the Propulsion Committee to the 23rd ITTC (Proc. Vol. I, 106-112). It is to expected that this work will again require painful departures from long cherished professional beliefs and traditions. References Achkinadze (2001), A. S. (Editor): Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ship Propulsion. The Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University, June 19/21, 2001. Dedicated to V. M. Lavrentiev. Horn (1937), F.: Bestimmung des Mitstroms durch Versuch Modell mit Schraube. Vorbemerkungen, Bericht. Anhang I: Genderte Auswertung von Schraubenversuchen. Anhang II: Auswertung von effektiven Nachstrom-Mittelwerten nach der Methode von HornDickmann: (Troost). In: Weitbrecht (1937) 54-63.

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10

___________________________________________________________________________ Kracht (1999), A. M. and H.-J. Stitterich: Power Predictions of Single-Screw Ships Based on Comparable Trial and Model Test Results. Trans. SNAME 107 (1999) 193-212. Nicolaysen (1998), K.-H.: Rationalisierung der Auswertung von Probefahrten. VWS Bericht Nr. 1282/98. FDS Bericht. Schmiechen (1987), M.: Wake and Thrust Deduction from Quasisteady Ship Model Propulsion Tests Alone. VWS Report No. 1100/1987. Published on the occasion of a visit to Korean and Japanese ship research institutes and the 18th ITTC at Kobe 1987 and in commemoration of the 4th ITTC at Berlin in 1937. Schmiechen (1991), M.: 2nd INTERACTION Berlin '91, the 2nd International Workshop on the Rational Theory of Ship Hull-Propeller Interaction and its Applications. VWS, the Berlin Model Basin, June 13 - 14, 1991. Proceedings. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Heft 56, 1991. Schmiechen (2001), M.: Evaluating Ship Speed Trials: Identifying Parameters of Powering Models. In: Achkinadze (2001) 143-152. Tamura (1999), K.: An Appraisal of Correction Methods of Wind and Tidal Current Effects on Speed Trial Results of a Ship. Transactions West-Japan SNA (1999) No.97, 11-24 Weitbrecht (1937), H. M. (Editor): Proceedings of the 4th ITTC Berlin 1937. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Heft 32, 1937. The Specialist Committee on Speed and Powering Trials: Final Report and Recommendations to the 23rd ITTC Venice 2002. Proc. Vol. II, 341-367. The Propulsion Committee: Final Report and Recommendations to the 23rd ITTC Venice 2002. Proc. Vol. I, 89-151. The Quality Systems Group: Final Report and Recommendations to the 23rd ITTC Venice 2002. Proc. Vol. I, 285-297.

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