EEE 360

Energy Conversion and Transport

George G. Karady & Keith Holbert

Chapter 7
Induction Motors

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Lecture 22

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Construction

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth. The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron core with two windings arranged perpendicularly. One is the main and The other is the auxiliary winding or starting winding 05/26/11 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 4

7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

This single-phase motors are truly twophase machines. The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which has a laminated iron core with slots. Aluminum bars are molded on the slots and short-circuited at both ends with a ring.
Figure 7.42 Single-phase induction motor.
Stator with laminated iron core Slots with winding Rotor with laminated iron core

Main winding

+ +

Bars

_ _
Starting winding
Ring to short circuit the bars

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Figure 7.10 Squirrel cage rotor

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7.6.1 Operating principle

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The single-phase induction motor operation can be described by two methods:
Double revolving field theory; and Cross-field theory.

Double revolving theory is perhaps the easier of the two explanations to understand Learn the double revolving theory only
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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

7.6.1 Double revolving field theory A single-phase ac current supplies the main winding that produces a pulsating magnetic field. Mathematically, the pulsating field could be divided into two fields, which are rotating in opposite directions. The interaction between the fields and the current induced in the rotor bars generates opposing torque
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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Main winding flux

The interaction between the fields and the current induced in the rotor bars generates opposing torque. Under these conditions, with only the main field energized the motor will not start However, if an external torque moves the motor in any direction, the motor will begin to rotate.

-t
Main winding

+t

Starting winding

Figure 7.43 Single-phase motor main winding generates two rotating fields, which oppose and counter-balance one another.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
The pulsating filed is divided a forward and reverse rotating field Motor is started in the direction of forward rotating field this generates small (5%) positive slip
s pos = ( n sy n m ) n sy

Reverse rotating field generates a larger (1.95%) negative slip s neg = (n sy + nm ) n sy 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 12

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
The three-phase induction motor starting torque inversely depends on the slip
Tm_start ( s) := 3 Irot_t ( s)

Rrot_t s

2 nsy

This implies that a small positive slip (0.010.03) generates larger torque than a larger negative slip (1.951.99) This torque difference drives the motor continues to rotate in a forward direction without any external torque.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
Each of the rotating fields induces a voltage in the rotor, which drives current and produces torque. An equivalent circuit, similar to the equivalent circuit of a three phase motor, can represent each field The parameters of the two circuits are the same with the exception of the slip.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
The two equivalent circuits are connected in series. Figure 7.44 shows the equivalent circuit of a singlephase motor in running condition. The current, power and torque can be calculated from the combined equivalent circuit using the Ohm Law The calculations are demonstrated on a numerical example 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 15

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Ista
Forward rotating field

Xsta/2

Rsta/2 Rc/2

Xrot/2 Xm/2

Rrot/2 Ipos Rrot(1-spos)/(2spos)

Vsta

Xsta/2

Rsta/2 Rc/2

Xrot/2 Xm/2

Rrot/2 Ineg Rrot(1-sneg)/(2sneg)

Reverse rotating field

Figure 7.44 Equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor in running condition.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The results of the calculations are:
Input power:

S in = Vsta I
Rrot 1 s pos + I neg 2 s pos

* sta

Developed or output power:

Pdev = I pos
2 2

Rrot 1 s neg 2 s neg

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

nm := 400rpm , 410rpm .. 1780rpm
500 Pmech( n m) W Pmot_dev( n m) 300 W Pmech( n rated) W 200 100 400

nmax Pdev_max Pmech_max

Operating Point Stable Operating Region

600 800 1000 1200 nm rpm 1400 1600 1800

0 400

Figure 7.47 Single-phase motor mechanical output power and electrically developed power versus speed.

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7.6.2.2 Starting torque

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The single-phase motor starting torque is zero because of the pulsating single-phase magnetic flux. The starting of the motor requires the generation of a rotating magnetic flux similar to the rotating flux in a three-phase motor. Two perpendicular coils that have currents 90 outof-phase can generate the necessary rotating magnetic fields which start the motor. Therefore, single-phase motors are built with two perpendicular windings. 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 20

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The phase shift is achieved by connecting
a resistance, an inductance, or a capacitance

in series with the starting winding.

Most frequently used is a capacitor to generate the starting torque.
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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Figure 7.50 shows the connection diagram of a motor using a capacitor to generate the starting torque. When the motor reaches the operating speed, a centrifugal switch turns off the starting winding.
I Centrifugal switch

Main winding

Starting winding

Rotor

Figure 7.50 Single-phase motor connection.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The centrifugal switch is necessary because most motors use a cheap electrolytic capacitor that can only carry ac current for a short period. A properly selected capacitor produces around 90 phase shift and large starting torque.
I Centrifugal switch

Main winding

Starting winding

Rotor

Figure 7.50 Single-phase motor connection.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

n m := 0.1rpm, 1rpm.. n sy
12

T sm nm N m T m nm N m T nm N m T nom N m

( )

10

( )

Combined main and starting windings generated torque Starting winding is disconnected Main winding generated torque

( )

Figure 7.51 Torquespeed characteristic of a small singlephase induction motor.

Operating Point
0 0 500 1000 nm rpm 1500

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

A less effective but more economical method using shaded pole motors The motor has two salient poles excited by ac current. Each pole includes a small portion that has a shortcircuited winding. This part of the pole is called the shaded pole. The main winding produces a pulsating flux that links with the squirrel cage rotor. This flux induces a voltage in the shorted winding. 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 25

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The induced voltage produces a current in the shorted winding. This current generates a flux that opposes the main flux in the shaded pole (the part of the pole that carries the shorted winding). The result is that the flux in the unshaded and shaded parts of the pole will be unequal. Both the amplitude and the phase angle will be different. 360 Chapter 7 Induction Motor 26

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

These two fluxes generate an unbalanced rotating field. The field amplitude changes as it rotates. Nevertheless this rotating field produces a torque, which starts the motor in the direction of the shaded pole. The starting torque is small but sufficient for fans and other household equipment requiring small starting torque. The motor efficiency is poor but it is cheap

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The motor has two salient poles excited by ac current. Each pole includes a small portion that has a short-circuited winding. This part of the pole is called the shaded pole
Shorted coil Shaded pole Unshaded pole Squirrel cage rotor Unshaded pole

Shaded pole Shorted coil

Main winding

Figure 7.52 Concept of singlephase shaded pole motor.

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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Figure 7.53 Shaded pole motor for household fan.

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