Intro To Metallurgy

Introduction to
Metallurgy
An Interactive Video Teletraining
Course
Developed and Presented by
Terry Khaled
National Resource Specialist
Metallurgy
Federal Aviation Administration

April 30, 1998
Table of Contents
GETTING STARTED
How Do I Use This IVT Guide? . ... ... .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ..... .. ....
I.
AIRFRAME
ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM
What Does the Curriculum Cover? ... ... ... ...*................*...
Two-Week Job Function Course .,.,......*........*.........
Overviews of Technical Subjects . ... .. ... ... ... ... .... .. ....
Core Technical Subjects Courses ,.........................**
II.
IVT COURSE ORIENTATION

6
About This IVT Course ... .. ....*.............*..........................
What Is IVT? . .... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... .. .... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .... .. 6
Who Is the Target Audience? .... .. ...._...........--.................. 7
Who Is the Instructor?
. .... ... .... ..*...................................
7
8
What Will You Learn? .**.......*..............*..*......................
How Will This Course Help You On the Job? .. ... ... .... .. 8
What Topics Does the Course Cover? .... ... .. ... ... ... .... ... .. 8
What Are Some Good References? .. ... .... .. ... ... ... ... ... .... .. 10
III.
SELF-ASSESSMENT
& EXERCISES
Pre- & Post-Course Self-Assessment Questions .. .... ... ... 11
APPENDICES
A.
Metallurgy IVT Presentation Visuals
B.
Aircraft Alloys
B-l. Aluminum Alloys
,
B-2. Titanium Alloys
B-3. Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels
B-4. Corrosion Resistant (CRES) Steels
B-5. Superallbys
C.
Self-Study Video Course Evaluation Form
Instructional Video Teletraining Course

April, 1998
Introduction to Metallurgy
i
Getting Started
How Do I Use
This IVT
Guide?
This IVT guide provides you with the position of this course in
the Airframe Engineering Curriculum, an orientation to the IVT
course, support materials for use during the broadcast, selfassessment and practice exercises, and the course evaluation.
Follow these steps to complete your study.
1. Read Section I, Airframe Engineering Curriculum, to
familiarize yourself with the the overall scope and format of
the curriculum.
2. Review Section II, IVT Course Orientation, before the
broadcast, if possible, to get an overview of the purpose of
the course, the target audience, the instructor, what you will
learn, how this course will help you on the job, the topics
covered in the course, and some good references on the topic.
3. Answer the pre-course self-assessment questions in Section
III, Self-Assessment .
4. Turn to Appendix A, Metallurgy IVT Presentation Visuals,
and refer to it during the broadcast. Appendix A contains the
visual support material used by the instructor during the
broadcast. You can use these visuals to take notes and follow
along with the broadcast presentation.
5. Refer to Appendix B, Aircraft Alloys, for additional
information, including designation systems and chemical
composition listings.
6. Complete the post-course self-assessment in Section III, Self
Assessment.
7. Complete the IVT Course Evaluation Form in Appendix C
and send it to your Directorate/Division Training Manager
(ATM).

April, 1998
I
Airframe Engineering Curriculum
I.
Airframe
What Does the

Curriculum
Cover?
Engineering Curriculum
,The Airframe Engineering Curriculum fits into the broader AIR
Training Program that is summarized in the following figure.
An Overview
ASE
Job
Airframe
Function
o Z-week
I o Technical
/ 0 Follow-an
Course
Topics-IVTNideo
Cor~n
/
:
1
I
ASI
JabFunction
ASE Systems
Job Function
ME
Propulsion
Job Function
:
)
DACT.OAT
1
Flight
Test
Job Funcdon
First
Year
with
Aircraft
-.--------
*-
Certi~c~n--~z_---
Continuing
Development
Within the context of the AIR Training Program, the Airframe

Engineering Curriculum is designed to effectively meet the
critical safety mission of the FAA by addressing the following
Service goals:
Standardization
l
Promote standardization throughout the organization in task

accomplishment and application of airworthiness
regulations in order to achieve uniform compliance.

April, 1998
2
Airframe Engineering
,Job Performance
Curriculum
Proficienw
Reduce significantly the time required for newly-hired

engineers to attain full job performance proficiency.
Customer Service
Establish and maintain appropriate, effective, and

responsive communication, collaboration, leadership, and
teamwork with both internal and external customers.
In addition to the Service goals, the Airframe Engineering

Curriculum is designed to provide ASEs with job function
training in three domains:
Tasks and procedures governing the work of engineers in
design approval, technical project management, certificate
management, and designee management.
FAR airworthiness requirements that are the purview of

airframe engineers. Generally they are subparts C and D of
FAR Parts 23,25,27, and 29.
Technical subjects essential for all new engineers to meet
both introductory requirements and, later, minimum
technical proficiency level requirements.
The resulting Airframe Engineering Curriculum structure

consists of three main types of training opportunities 1. Two-Week Job Function Course
2. Overviews of Technical Subjects
3. Follow-on Core Technical Subjects Courses
Two-Week
Function
Course
Job
The Two-Week Job Function Course uses an instructor-led,

classroom-based format with lecture, discussion, and individual
and group activities. Supporting materials used in the course
include print, overhead transparencies, videotapes, job aids,
and documents and sample reports.
Lnstructional Video Teletraining

Course
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
3

The course is divided into the following two major sections:
Week I
Certification Tasks - includes design approval, technical
pr6ject management, certification management, and DER
management.
Week 2
FAR Requirements and Key FAR Sections - includes
training in the subparts of the FAR that apply to airframe
engineers (subparts C and D) at two levels: an overview of
those subparts across FARs 23,25,27, and 29; and in-depth
discussion of significant sections of the FAR that are
important to the Service. The importance of these sections
may stem from problems in interpretation and application of
requirements, technical complexity of a design, high
visibility projects, or safety considerations that are
paramount.
Overviews of
Technical
Subjects
High-level overviews of ten technical subjects are presented by

NRSs or other senior engineers. These overviews are available
in two modes:
l
An initial live three to four hour IVT satellite broadcast with

accompanying course material is received at each
Directorate and other downlink sites.
A Video/Self-Study Training Package adapted from the
initial IVT presentation and accompanying course material
is available through the Directorate Training Manager.
Basic concepts and FAA-specific applications and examples

are provided for each of the following ten technical subjects:
l
Aircraft Loads
Fatigue/Fracture Mechanics/Damage
Tolerance
Composite Materials (Design/Certification

in Composite Aircraft Structure)

April, 1998
Considerations
4

Crashworthiness/Occupant
Protection
Material Properties/Manufacturing
(Introduction to Metallurgy)
Stress Analysis
FluttexYAeroelastic Stability
Structural Test Methods
Design and Construction
Repairs and Modifications
Processes of Metal
Each technical subject overview is designed to not only

provide ASEs with the FAA perspective on the topic, but also
serve as an indicator of what further training may be needed.
Core Technical
Subjects
Courses
As a follow-on to the Overviews of Technical Subjects, the

curriculum will provide more in-depth training on the
following three subject areas:
l
Basic Loads
Stress Analysis and Structural Test Methods,
Repairs and Modifications
These core technical subjects are essential to the technical work

of the airframe engineer in a regulatory environment regardless
of product or technology. Training in each of the core subjects
will be designed to bring airframe engineers to a minimum
level of technical proficiency and to help promote proficiency
in the application of the technical knowledge in an office work
environment.
Additional technical training for engineers beyond these core
subjects will depend largely on AC0 organizational needs
stemming from customer requirements, products certified,
emerging technology, and the number of staff requiring more
specialized training. In short, the more advanced the technical
training required, the more individualized it becomes.
April, 1998
5
IVT Course Orientation
II.
About This
IVT Course
Introduction
to Metallurgy
is one in a series of ten Overviews

of Technical Topics in the Airframe Engineering Curriculum
designed to prepare you to effectively meet the critical safety
mission of the FAA. [For more information oy2the Airframe
Curriculum, rejer back to Section I of this guide. J
Through a five-hour Interactive Video Teletraining (IVT)
format, Terry Khaled, the FAAs National Resource Specialist
for Metallurgy, will provide you with the basic concepts of
metallurgy, including information on solidification and
solidification structures and fabrication methods and their
effects, and, woven throughout the course, key points to look
for or be aware of in a certification project, including knowing
when to call in a metal specialist.
What Is IVT?
Interactive Video Teletraining, or IVT, is instruction delivered

using some form of live, interactive television. For the
overview courses, the instructor delivers the course from the
television studio at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City.
Through the IVT broadcast facility instructors are able to use a
variety of visuals, objects, and media formats to support the
instruction.
Participants are located at various receive sites around the
country and can see the instructor and his/her materials on
television sets in their classrooms. The participants can
communicate with the instructor either through a microphone
and/or the simple-to-use Viewer Response System keypads.
During the live presentation, when a participant has a question
or the instructor asks for specific participant responses to
questions, the participant(s) can signal to the instructor using
their keypad. The collective participant responses or the name

April, 1998
6

of a specific participant signalling a question are immediately
visible to the instructor on the console at the broadcast site.
The instructor can then respond as needed. When the instructor
calls on a specific participant to speak from a site, participants
at each of the other sites can simultaneously hear the
participant who is speaking.
Who Is the
Target
Audience?
This course is designed for:

l
Who Is the
Instructor?
Terry
Khaled
New and experienced FAA airframe engineers who are not

proficient or expert in metallurgy but who require enough
knowledge of the subject to be able to review data
submitted by manufacturers.
Inspectors who enforce inspection procedures resulting
from the engineering evaluation required to satisfy FAR
25.571.
Dr. Tarek (Terry) Khaled, has more than 25 years of

experience in metallurgical engineering, mechanical design,
manufacturing, and project management. He has worked at
five aircraft manufacturing companies, coming to the FAA
from Rockwell International, Space Systems Division. His
latest experience in airframe materials was gained through
work on the space shuttle, the F- 18, and the F-l 11. Dr. Khaled
also has experience with the heat resistant alloys that are used
in turbine engines, which was gained by working on fighter
engines and aircraft power systems. Terry enjoys reading
about military history, hardware, tactics, and strategy. He also
loves middle eastern foods.
Instructional Video Teletraining

Course
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
7

What Wili You
Learn?
How Will This

Course Help
You On the
Job?
After completing this course you will have a basic

understanding of the concepts and principles of metallurgy,
including:
l
The nature of metals.
Solidification
Deformation and mechanical working.
Strengthening mechanisms.
Effects of fabrication and finishing operations on properties.
After completing this course, you should be able to:

l
What Topics
Does the
Course Cover?
and ingot structures.
Describe how metals and alloys solidify and list the factors
that control ingot structure.
Understand how mill products are produced from ingots by
hot and cold working, and be able to distinguish cold from
hot working.
Describe how metallic materials are hardened by heat
treatment and by other means.
Understand how fabrication and finishing operations affect
the properties of metals and alloys.
Recognize when, for certification purposes, a metallurgist
needs to be part of the FAA team.
The following topic outline is intended to give you an overview

of the course content. In addition to this outline, Appendix A
contains the visual presentation material and supporting text
for each figure used by the instructor during the broadcast.
I.
Introduction
II.
The nature of metals

1.
Atomic and crystal structures
2.
Polymorphism

April, 1998
8

III.
IV.
Solidification
structures
1.
Pure metals
2.
Alloys
3.
Phase diagrams
4.
Cast/ingot microstructure control
Fabrication methods - overview

1.
Mill products and mechanical working
2.
Deformation
3.
V.
and solidification
a.
Single crystal
b.
Polycrystalline
C.
Effects of temperature
d.
Cold and hot working
e.
Primary and secondary working
metals
Strengthening in metals
a.
Dispersion hardening
b.
Strain hardening
C.
Grain size
d.
Solid solution strengthening
e.
Second phase hardening
f.
Hardening heat treatments
Effects of fabrication operations
VI. Effects of finishing operations
instructional Video Teletraining Course

April, 1998
9

What Are
Some Good
References?
There are many references related to metallurgy, too numerous

to mention here. However, the following references contain
many other references on these subjects and will, help to guide
you in the right direction.
Avner, Sydney, H. Introduction
McGraw-Hill,
1964.
to Physical Metallurgy.
Guy, A.G. Physical A4etallurgy for Engineers. AddisonWesley Pub. Co., 1963.
Smith, M.C. Principles of Physical Metallurgy.
Brothers Pub., 1956.
Harper &
Burton, M. S. Applied Metallurgy for Engineers. McGrawHill, 1956.

Keyser, C.A. Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed.
Charles E. Merrill Pub. Co., 1974.
Flinn, R.A. & Trojan, PK. Engineering Materials and Their
Applications. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975.
Doyle, LE. Manufacturing Processes and Materials for
Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
United States Steel. The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, IOth Ed. 1985.
The Metals Handbook Series. American Society for Materials
(20 volumes).

April, 1998
10
Self-Assessment
IV. Self-Assessment
Pre- & PostCourse SelfAssessment
Questions
The instructor will ask you at the begining and end of the
presentation to respond to the following four questions about
metallurgy as it impacts the certification process.
Rate your confidence level for each of the following
before and after completing the course.
statements
1. Rate your level of understanding about the facotrs that

control ingot structure and properties.
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER
THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:
Moderately
Confident
Not
Confident
III
cl
cl
cl
2. Rate your level of understanding of the effects of

mechanical working on microstructure and properties.
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER
THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:
Moderately
Confident
Not
Confident
Cl
cl
III
I7
cl
3, Rate your understanding of how hardening by heat

treatment impacts microstructure and properties.
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER
THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:
InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse
FederalAviation Administration
Moderately
Confident
Not
Confident
cl
El
Cl
April, I998
Introductionto Metallurgy
11
Self-Assessment
4. Rate your understanding of how fabrication and finishing
operations can affect the microstructure and properties.
Moderately
Not
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER
THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:
InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse
FederalAviation Administration
Confident
Confident
El
cl
cl
cl
April, 1998
introductionto Metallurgy
I2
Appendix A
Appendix A
IVT Presentation Visuals

April, 1998
A
INTRODUCTION
TO
METALLURGY
By: Terry Khaled, Ph.D.,

NRS-Metallurgy
Certification
efforts require knowledge
of type design
Type design
+ Form, fit, and function
4 Materials and processes
- Material type and condition/heat
treatment
- Surface finishing (coatings, shot peening)
- Inspection
and test
I. Materials
design
and processes
integral
to type
2
IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- I
cc
After completing
this course, you should be able to:
Describe how metals and alloys solidify and list the
factors that control ingot structure.
l
. Understand how mill products are produced from

ingots by hot and cold working, and be able to
distinguish cold from hot working.
. Describe how metallic materials are hardened by heat
treatment and by other means.
. Understand how fabrication and finishing operations
affect the properties of metals and alloys.
. Recognize when, for certification purposes, a
metallurgist needs to be part of the FAA team.
3
. Metals
Organic (polymers/plastics,
Non-metals
Materials
Ceramic (Al,03, SiO,)
wood)
c Inorganic
Non-ceramic (C, B,
water, graphite, CaO)
r Metal-Ceramic
Composite
Note:
Elemental
Compound
IVT Course
semiconductors
semiconductors
Organic-Ceramic
+-I
.
LOther (Carbon-Carbon)
(Si, Ge) fall under metals.
fall under inorganic
materials.
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 2
Science,of,converting
rocks into
metals and alloys such as those used
on aircraft, autos, & other prqducts.
i Branches
- Extractive
- Ingot
- Powder.
- Physical
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 3
. Extraction
of metals from ores
+ Mining
+ Ore dressing
- Crushing
Grinding
Concentration
Extraction.
- Heat
(Fe, Ni)
- Leaching
-
(Ti, Co, Cu)
(Al)
Electrochemical
. Production
of metal and alloy ingots
+ From extracted
metals,
scrap, or both
- Refining:
Remove
undesirable
- Alloying:
Obtain desired
elements
alloys
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 4
. Use of powder
+ Near-net
techniques
to produce
shapes
+ Wrought powder metallurgy

products
(standard shapes for further processing)
Production
or powder
l
of finished
products
Mechanical working:
forging, drawing
parts from ingots

Rolling,
extrudi %I9
Heat treatment
Fabrication:
Casting, welding,
forming, coating, etc.
brazing,
10
1VT Course
introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 5
. Focus on three important

metallurgy
+ Solidification
l
Mechanical
Hardening
methods
pillars
of
and ingot structures

working
by heat treatment
and other
11
. The Nature of Metals

. Solidification
l
Fabrication
Mill Products
. Strengthening
l
& Solidification
Structures
Methods
& Mechanical
Working
in Metals
Effects of Fabrication
. Effects of Finishing
Operations
Operations
12
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 6
Distinctive
luster
Malleable,
ductile
+ Exceptions:
Na brittle,
Good thermal
& electrical
+ Some non-metals
l
Form positive
Hg liquid, etc.
conductivity
also
ions
0 Crystalline
l
Inorganic
materials
also
13
Abmic
c~stan
smctums
BCC
FCC
@J$gg
Atomic Structure-metallic
bond
+ Positive ions surrounded by electron cloud
0 Crystal Structure
+ 14 basic types (metals or non-metals)
+ Most engineering metals
-Body
centered
- Face centered
-Close-packed
cubic (KC)
cubic (FCC)
hexagonal
(CPH)
+ Other types include (tetragonal, orthorhombic)

14
IVT Course
Introduction
April, I998
to Metallurgy
A- 7
. Metal has different

l
Depending
crystal structures
on temperature
. Iron (Fe)
+ BCC at elevated
temperatures
FCC at intermediate
BCC at the lower temperatures
Titanium
temperatures
(Ti)
+ BCC at elevated
temperatures
+ CPH at the lower temperatures

15
. Metals exist in three states

+ Vapor
+ Liquid
+ Solid
. Solidification:
Liquid-
+ Also known
- Liquid:
- Solid:
solid
as crystallization
No crystal
Crystal
structure
structure
16
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 8
Most metal and alloy tonnage

as ingots
Ingot production
involves
produced
melting
and solidification
l
Casting is a common
production
method
+ Casting production
and solidification
near-net shape
involves
melting
I. It is important to understand solidification

processes for pure metals and alloys
17
Topics
covered:
Pure Metals
Alloys
Phase diagrams
. Cast/ingot
microstructure
control
18
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 9
. Slow uniform
Crystallization
temperature
-Arrest
line
cooling
at one
. Crystallization
by
nucleation
and
growth
,98,0F
+ Solid crystals
resemble
trees
-Called
dendrites
. Dendrites
touch-no
l
eventually
more liquid
Each dendrite
called
Fully solidified
o
grain
microstructure
+ Single phase
.- Only one pure metal
l
Polycrystalline
structure
- More than one grain
- Grains separated by
grain boundaries
20
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 10
. Alloys
made
+ Unintentionally
- Undesirable
+ Intentionally
-To obtain
impurities
desirable
An alloy consists
component
Component:
compound
properties
of more than one
Metal, non-metal,
+ At least one component
or stable
must be metal
21
. Alloy system
+ All compositions
from components
l
Alloy system
+ Binary
+ Ternary
that can be made
can be
(2 component)
(3 component)
+ Quaternary
system
system
(4 component)
system
+ Higher systems
- No specific names assigned
22
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- I I
. An alloy consists
l
of one or more phases
Phase: Uniform, homogeneous

can be separated mechanically
. At elevated temperatures
+ Liquid phase: Amorphous
substance
(no crystal
structure)
At lower temperatures
+ Solid phase(s):
Crystalline
Number and type of phases present depend

+ Composition,
number of components,
temperature
on
23
Solid solution
l
Interstitial
-Solute
atoms (small)
between solvent atoms
Solvent
atoms
+ Substitutional
-Solute
solvent
l
atoms
sites
Interstitial
in
!zfP
?%a3
Compound:
chemical
formula
l
Metal/Non-metal
(e.g., Fe&)
4 Metal/Metal
(e.g.,
N&AI)
Solute
atoms
be
l
fin
Substitutional
24
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 12
. Summary
+ Cdoling
l
sheets
describing
charakteristics
Phases present
Exist for
+ Binary and higher alloy systems
- Binary
n
systems
Basis
m Easier
for higher
to work
systems
with
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
25
introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 13
Binary
Phase Diagmms
constructkm
. Pure metal solidification
. From cooling curves

. One curve per composition
Constant temperature
+ Arrest line
Alloy solidification
l
100
80 60 40 20 O+%A
ljf!\!!f\\J
im
i
COOLING
Temperature range
No arrest line
CURVES
Time
ki;@&
Composition
PHASE DIAGRAM
26
Binary Phase Diagmms

cootiinat@s
l
Abscissa:
Composition
(weight or atomic %)
. Ordinate:
Temperature
(OF or OC)
Liquid
+ Solid
Composition
B
27
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-14
Determine composition of
phases at any temperature
(T): e.g., 80% A-20% B alloy
l
Construct
tie line mo at T
- m: Composition of solid
- o: Composition of liquid
E!
. Determine relative amounts

of phases at T
+ Construct
tie line at T
+ Use lever
rule (next slide)
Predict microstructure
i a
E
8
;*
A 100
0
9b
00
10
20
Composition
I
74 70
26 30 B
28
h
/I\
n
10 units
*
6 unitsA
Fulcrum
/I
\
Wt of solid
phase
Wt of liquid
phase
Amount
of liquid
: Amount
m
ni
a-------------------90%A 10
;
60%A
of a
Liquid
o Ii uid
(%) = E
x 100
a("h)=~oxlOO
74%ii
Liquid
(%) =Lox100=62.5%
,6
a (%)=,i
x 100 = 37.5%
29
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-15
2800
systems
2600
+ Unlimited
solid
solubility
- All alloys exist as
one solid phase
F
d 2400
L
. Example:
Cu-Ni
system (next slide)
l
Slow uniform
cooling:
50% Cu, 50% Ni alloy
- Solidification
by dendrite
nucleation
& growth
g 2200
b
I+ 2000
F
1800
Rm
Temp.
ICUI
% Nick&l
Ni
Nuclei (67%Ni, 33% Cu)

formed in liquid
(about 50% Ni, 50% Cu)
Dendrites (60% Ni,
40% Cu) growing to
liquid (43% Ni, 57Th Cu)
0'
lime
+
31
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-16
Fully solidified microstructure

in previous example
+ Single
- Cu-Ni
l
phase
solid
Polycrystalline
-More
than
solution
structure
one grain
-Grains
separated
boundaries
by grain
+ Looks same as pure metal?

. - Not really
32
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998 I
to Metallurgy
A-17
2700 -
Dendrites form over

temperature range
+ Composition
of
solid varies with
temperature
- Richer in Cu
at lower
temperatures
(Compare cq,
a2 and as)
loo0
232937
50
77 71 63 50
75
25
100% cu
0% Ni
33
Dendrites are not chemically

homogeneous
+ True for all alloy systems
+ Distinct
look under
microscope
Inhomogeneity
eliminated
by
+ Homogenization
or mechanical
anneal
working
Dark areas:
Ni-rich
34
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-18
Ai%~ySystems
CompMmon& Pmpem*es
SdidSo~~ooa
Properties
vary with composition

l
Alloy properties
Property
+ Reached
maxima
differ from pure metals

or minima
at different
compositions
35
ectrical resisti
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-19
a Liquid
phase -2
solid phases
(L-
a +p )
+ At constant temperature
(t&
-Called eutectic temperature (lowest melting temp.)
-Arrest line on cooling curve
0 Metals
A and B: Limited
. Changes
mutual
in slope of cooling
+ At beginning
solid solabilities
curve
2%end of transformations
37
90%A+
60%A+4O%B
lo%19
Time
0 10
20 30
40
50 6070
% metal
8090100
B -w
38
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-20
. Properties vary with

composition
-e.g., solid solution
alloys
6 Alloy properties different

from pure metals
% component
39
Eutctic mixture
Microstructure
vs Temperature
for Alloys 1,2,3, and 4
[a or p formng
before eutectic referred to as primary
a or Bl
40
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introductionto
Authority
April,
I998
Metallurgy
A-21
Microstructures
,Interfaces
Grain boundaries
Separate grains of
same phase
Phase boundaries
+ Separate different
phases
Cell boundaries
Separate colonies
(cells)
-e.g., cells of eutectic
mixture
Interfaces
Atomic Structure
. Interfaces
transition
I
provide
+ From one orientation

to other
-Grains of same phas e
Grain -
- Grain boundaries
+ From one crystal

structure to another
-Phase
boundaries
Grain
+ Between colonies of
different orientation
-Cell
boundaries
42
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-22
--.
-_
0 Potential sites for

+ Precipitation
+ Phase transformation
l
Impurity
segregation
+ Cracking
43
Constructed from
cooling curves
. Involves
several
phases
+ 6, a Ferrite (BCC)
+ 6: Austenitk (FCC)
+ Fe&: Cementite
- Orthorhombic
(right
angles, a#b#c)
. Covers steels &

cast iron
+ Steels: C C 2%
l
Cast Irons: C X2%
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-23
. Complexity
Diagram
of phase
*Due to 3 Allotropic
forms (phases) of Fe
_____________
Gff?B,c&:
2554 t-7
- 6, Y,a
. Cooling
Aquid
2800
Y Fe F.C.C.
nonmagnetic
curve
+3 arrest
___.
_____-_-----.--.
a Fe B.C.C.
lines
. Nucleation
+6 : from melt
l y : on 6 grain
boundaries
*a : on y grain boundaries
i,
Time 45
Eutectic
at 2065OF
+ Liquid c-g
&++Fe,C
28OC
2:;
Eutectic Mixture
+ Eutectic
Mixture
- Should consist of 1666

alternate y and
Fe& plates
- Usually: rounded y
areas in Fe,C matrix
+ Arrest line on
cooling
curve
l
Same solidification
principles
as before
h ?Eutectoid
925% F
1 f%; ii i i 1
t;i
&I
E
$
I 0.8
#Steels&
IVT Course
4.3
Cast irons
C%
37
li.87
Introduction
April, 1998
46
to Metallurgy
A-24
Arrest line on
cooling
curve
heat treatment
+ Basis for steel
IVT Course
a;
Y@25%
:I[
0 0.8
1
f;e3;
2
ii4.3 5i
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-25
Representation
of crystal growth from uniformly cooled
melt. Crystals begin to form at random locations in melt
and grow uniformly until restricted by neighbors or walls
of container.
a. Crystals beginning to form.
b. Unrestricted
c.
spherical
growth.
Metal completely solid, with shape of each grain determined

interference with other grains and walls of container.
by
48
Nucleation
Multiple random sites
+ Equiaxed grains
. Faster (but uniform) cooling

+ More nucleation sites (thermodynamics)
+ Finer grain structure
- Finer grain and cell sizes
l
Seeding
=b
finer grain structures
Finer grain
structures
mechanical
properties
better
49
IVT Course
introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-26
Progressive formation of columnar dendrites. Freezing

begins at wall of the crucible. Restriction of sidewise
growth and the temperature gradient from outside to center
of the melt encourage formation of columnar grain shape.
a. Freezing
beginning
b. Freezing
continuing.
c. Freezing complete.
of solid metal.
at container
walls.
Shrinkage
cavity is formed
at center
50
,
l
Nonuniform
temperature
Mold walls cool faster

Nucleation
at mold walls
Growth parallel to gradient
-Columnar
l
cooling
gradients
dendrites
Basis for
+ Directional
solidification
l
Growing single crystals
(DS) :
(SX)
. DS & SX used in jet engines
.,.,..
Columnar Gralns in
a lead casting
51
IVT Course
FederalAviation Authority
April, 1998
Introductionto Metallurgy
A-27
Typical Ingot Structure

Steel
. Three microstructural
+ Fine equiaxed
zones
grains (4)
-Fast uniform cooling at

mold surfaces
+ Columnar
grains (5)
- Growth under temperature

gradient
4 Coarse equiaxed
-Slow
l
Casting
l
uniform
grains (6)
cooling
defects
Pipe (I), cavities
porosity
(Z), &
(3)
Fabrication
Methods
Topics covered:
0 Overview
l
Mill products and mechanical
. Importance
of mechanical
working
working
53
IVT Course
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-28
Metallic
components
fabricated
+ By near net shape methods

-Casting
-Powder
metallurgy
+ From mill products

-Machining,
adhesive
forming,
welding,
bonding,
etc.
brazing,
forging,
Mill products
+ Bars, rods, plate, sheet, tube, wire, billet,

and shapes
54
L
Mill products
produced
+ By mechanical
- Ingots
- Wrought
l
powder
Mechanical
of
products
working
+ Deformation
temperatures
- Rolling,
working
at ambient
extruding,
forging,
or elevated
drawing
55
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-29
. Produces
the useful shapes
. Breaks down coarse

structure
. Enhances
. Closes
chemical
we use
ingot dendritic
uniformity
porosity
. Improves
mechanical
properties
56
Topics
l
covered:
Deformation
l
Single
crystals
Polycrystalline
metals
Effects of temperature
+ Stress
relief
+ Recrystallization
+ Hot vs cold working
. Primary and secondary
IVT Course
working
57
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-30
Study of deformation
understand
+ Production
+ Properties
essential
to
of mill products
of mill products
Study of deformation
+ Two steps
-Single
crystals
- Polycrystalline
Debmation
l
metals
- Singk Crystak
Deformation
+ Elastic
l
Plastic (permanent)
- By slip on slip systems
(4
(4
(4
(b)
Elastic and Permanent
Deformation
of Metal Loaded in
Shear.
(a) Original
crystal, unstressed;
(6) elastic strain
produced
by load below elastic limit; (c) increased
elastic
strain plus permanent
strain by slip, resulting
from load
above elastic limit; (o) load removed;
only permanent
strain
remains.
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
59
to Metallurgy
A-3 I
. Slip system
l
Close paced direction + close packed plane
4 Closest atomic spacings
:. Strongest
l
Easier to move along than through
HCP
FCC
60
Stress resolved
slip direction
l
along
Shear component
slip
Normal component
favors fracture
F:applied force, A: cross

sectional area, T: Resolved
shear stress
l z =Area
of slip plane=
+2
=OsinX
IVT Course
F
A/COS$~~*
= LA
SinX
CosX
I
Cos k
61
April, 1998
A-32
Slip starts
+ At most favorably
-X,h=45
oriented
system
+ When Tc is reached
- 7,:
l
critical
resolved
shear
stress
No slip when c = 0
+ Slip plane or direction I to tensile axis
(h=90,cosh=0)
l Slip plane parallel
to tensile axis
(2, = 0, sin x. = 0)
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
62
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-33
. Specimen
l
ends forcibly
Slip planes & directions

-Align
with
. Rotation
principal
=W
. All deformation
l
Involve
.I Rotation
l
restrained
Universal
rotate
strain
axis
preferred
orientation
processes
restrain
& preferred
orientation
phenomena
63
(a) Initial condition

of the crystal. The
location of the
active primary slip
plane is shown.
Direc
of sli
(b) Shear can be

pictured
as occurring
in this manner
on each of the
(c) Since the axis of loading

actually remains vertical, the
angle changes significantly.
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
I998
to Metallurgy
A- 34
Range of
plastic deformation
n: coef.
of strain
hardening
Extension
65
Yield strength
. Releasing
load in
plastic range
Some elastic
takes place
recovery
+ Some permanent
set
. Generally,
yield
not well defined
l
.z
ti __./__
2
E
to
remains
i
i
I*
!I
I
II
point
Define 0.2% offset

yield strength
0.2% offse
I+
-Plastic*
(Permanent)
strain
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
I:I:
;;
I:
1a:i::
II ::
III I:
II; !:i
____-
--_*
-. .
\,
.
::
::
:
::
i
IL
Strain, in/in
Elastic
strain
66
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 35
. Each grain behaves as

single crystal
+ Rotation & preferred
orientation
+ Grains become elongated
After
Brittle particle
Brittle particles/
compounds
Before
Do not deform
+ Break & form
broken lines
- Called
stringers
67
Mechanical working of say

Fe specimen at room
temperature
+ Same effects
tensile test
observed
in
- Rotation & preferred

orientation
- Elongated grains & stringers
l
75% prior reduction

of thickness
Each time section is reduced

+ Strength
+ Grains:
* , ductility*
more elongated
- More difficult
l
Stringers:
z
g
50%
No prior reduction
to distinguish
finer and longer

66
IVT Course
April, 1998
A-36
. Grain Boundaries
+ Obstacles
-Slip
-Force
to deformation
changes
direction
must
be resolved
+ Major source
from
grain
to grain
- gets smaller
of strain hardening
69
Grain
BoQandaties
and
Pmp@mes
. Finer grain sizes

+ Higher
strength
+ lower
ductility
Example:
(usually)
Iron alloys
(see graph)
7
III
0
!
2
I
6,
w,
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
!
8
mm
I,
10
70
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-37
. Mechanical working
at room temperature
+ Continued
of say Fe specimen
reductions*
fracture
. To avoid fracture
+ Must eliminate
effects
of prior deformation
- By heat treatment
Two heat treatments
0 Stress relief (low temperature)

+ Recrystallization
anneal (higher temperature)
71
. Heating
at fairly low temperatures
Slow process
+ Elimination
of effects
of prior deformation
- Requires
very long times
- Not practical
l
Practical
stress
relief cycles
+ Only eliminate some residual stresses

6 Ineffective
in elimination
of effects of prior
deformation
72
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
I998
to Metallurgy
A-38
Heating above recrystallization

temperature
+ New, stress
free grains.appear
-By nucleation
and growth
+ Initial room temperature

restored
- Further mechanical
. Used between
+ Also called:
properties
working
reduction
Intermediate
possible
passes
anneal
73
Stages of recrystallization.
(a) Stress-free
nuclei appear;
(b) Nuclei grow into new

crystals, and some
additional nucleation;
(4
(4
(c) Original crystals disappear,

and recrystallization
is
corn plete.
(4
IVT Course
74
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-39
For P ure Metals

l
TYP tally: 0.3 - 0.5 of absolute melting

tern Derature (see plot next slide)
. For alloys
+ Must be experimentally
determined
75
OR
3000
g 1500 IE
5s 1000
..-i
500
z
P
8
u
K = OC + 273
OR=OF+460
1227 2
727
JO00
L
oI*Y~
0
0
4000
2000
2000
1000
Melting
540227
1I-460 1 -273
6000
3000
OR
h
E
i
s
3
w
i
Fz
iii
u
OK
temperature
76
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Authority
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-40
. Finer recrystallized
grain sizes
+ Higher strength
+ Lower ductility (usually)
l
Coarse recrystallized
favored by
grain sizes
Less extensive mechanical

working
+ Higher annealing temperatures
l
Long annealing times
l
Stringers
remain (see next slide)

77
Before
Microstructure
(a) and After (b) recrystallization
78
IVT Course
Introduction
April, I998
to Metallurgy
A-4 I
Cold & Hot WoMing

l
Two
conditions
define hot working
+ Temperature 2 recrystallization
temperature
+ Rate of recrystallization
2 deformation
(strain hardening) rate
l
Hot working microstructures

Recrystallized
grains
+ Stringers remain
Room temperature
working
+ Can be hot working

-For
low melting metals (e.g., Pb)

79
Undeformed
recrystallization
80
IVT Course
April, 1998
A- 42
Lower energy inputs
+ Lower Strength at elevated

l Continuous
recrystallization
-Keeps
strength
low
More reductions
possible
+ Higher ductility at elevated

+ Continuous
recrystallization
-Keeps
ductility
temperatures
temperatures
high
81
Better dimensional
control
. Better surface quality
TEMPER ROLL DESIGNATIONS

Copper 8 Its Alloys
Temper
% Cold reduction
114 hard
10.9
20.9
112 hard
29.4
314 hard
full hard
37.1
50.1
extra hard
spring
60.5
68.6
extra spring
75.1
special spring
80.3
super spring
No elevated temperature
oxidation
Suitable
materials
for hot, short
+ e.g., high S steels

- FeS melts at grain
boundaries
- Grains pull apart, not deform
.
Higher strength
4 Proportional to % cold work (see chart)
02
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A- 43
. For production
of standard mill products
+ Bar (round,
square, flat)
hexagonal,
+ Rod, wire
Plate, sheet and foil
+ Shapes (l-beam, channel,
+ Tube and pipe
+ Billets (reforging stock)
angle)
. By rolling, forging, drawing, and extruding-
To convert standard mill products to

+ Near-net shape products
+ More desirable configurations
By ring rolling, upset and closed die

forging, sheet metal forming, ,many
others
a4
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 44
Strengthening:
resist slip
Resistance
- strength
- ductility
Providing
to slip* :
and hardness
#.(usually)
means to
I
.
05
Dispersion hardening
l Strain
hardening
. Grain size
. Solid solution strengthening
l Second
phase hardening
l Heat treatment
l
66
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 45
Dispersion
hardening (powder metallurgy)
+ Hard particles blended with matrix, compacted
and sintered
-Hard
particles resist slip
. Strain hardening
+ Cold work strengthens
-Performed
l
metals (discussed
earlier)
by mill (e.g., H tempers in Al-alloys)
Grain size
l
Finer grain sizes strengthen
-Grain size control:
through working
(discussed
earlier)
during solidification
or
. Solid solution strengthening

+ Foreign atoms in matrix
resist slip - always
-Interstitial
l
or substitutional
Second phase hardening

4 Alloying leads to formation
of hard second phase
-Hard second phase resists
slip
-Example:
eutectic systems
% component
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
88
to Metallurgy
A- 46
S&T?
wag
mat Tkwam?nt
Application
properties
of heat to change or restore
+ One or more heating
Hardening
heat treatments
+ Precipitation
+ Quench
cycles
hardening
hardening
. Non-hardening
heat treatments
+ Annealing
(including
+ Normalizing
4 Stress relief
recrystallization
I
anneal)
89
Three
basic
steps
+ High temperature
heating
- Solutibn heat treatment or austenitizing
+ Quenching
- Prolonged
delay: no hardening
+ Low temperature
- Aging/precipitation
. Performed
0 Not all alloys
heating
treatment or tempering
by mill and/or
hardenable
user
by heat treatment
90
IVT Course
April, 1998
A- 47
. Age/precipitation
hardening
l Solution
heat treatment + quenching
age/precipitation
treatment
+ Used for
- Nonferrous alloys, (e.g., alloys of Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cu)
- Some steels, (e.g., precipitation hardening [PHI
and maraging steels)
l
Martensitelquench
l
Austenitizing
hardening
treatment
+ quenching
+ Used for all carbon-hardened

300M, 4340, etc.)
+ tempering
steels, (e.g., 4130,

91
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A- 48
Consider Al - 4% Cu alloy ingot

+ Ingot hot or cold worked
+ Heated at 520% (968OF) for a few hours
+ Slow
cooled to room temperature
Resulting microstructure
(a + p)
+ p: coarse, mostly on grain boundaries

-Blocks
l
only
few slip planes
(see next slide)
To increase strength
+ Must block more slip planes
92
Single
phase u
j3 phase particles
form on ccgrain
boundaries
more /I formed;
previous /3 grown
Al
2 4 6 8
Copper, wt%
93
IVT Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
A-49
Must have suitable

alloy
+ Single phase at some
temperature
+ Favorable
precipitation
rates
. Example:
AU%Cu
[close to
20241
0 Solution
treatment
at 520C
(968OF) for about 4 hours
+ Water quenching
6 Aging in the ambient
240C (464OF) range
. Purpose:
Temperature
experimenting
+ Affect
+ Avoid
Al
to obtain single
+ Must dissolve second

+ Hardening
proportional
dissolved
l
660.37O
2
4
6
Copper, wt%
8
94
phase (a)
phase (p)
to amount
and time optimized

to
by
adequate dissolution
undesirable
grain growth
- Very high temperatures

- Excessive
times at temperature
95
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-50
+ Quench
l
delays
Little
and/or slow cooling
rates
or no hardening
Alloy soft after quenching

+ Can cold work
-
Straightening
- Added
or forming
strength
(e.g., T8 temper
+ Softer than slow-cooled

-
No second
phase
in Al-alloys)
(annealed)
particles
to block
material
slip
planes
96
. At room temperature
l
Natural aging
- e.g., T, and T, tempers
in Al-alloys
. At higher temperatures
+ Artificial
l
aging
Properties
+ Aging
vary with
temperature
. Time-temperature
& time
dependence
+ Varies from property
to property
97
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-5 I
. Quenched
microstructure:
Unstable
(super saturated)
- Equilibrium
microstructure:
. Aging super saturated

precipitates
+ Mostly
-
within
a + p
a ==z+fine p
a grains
on grain
boundaries
. Fine p precipitates
within
Not just
c1
Block
more slip planes,
. Sometimes
equilibrium
a grains
increase
transition phases
precipitates
strength
form - not
98
. AW%Cu:
l
At given
hardness
aging
(or strength)
temperature-2
+ Hardness
increases
with aging time
- To peak hardness
l
Hardness
decreases
with
aging time (overaging)
. Maximum
possible
hardness
(H,) vs aging
temperature:
6 H, increases between
300c-110%
l
stages
130
$ 120
H, decreases between
1 30C-240C
g 110
d ,oo
2
6 90
ii
80
7.
I o.om
0.01
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000

Time, days
As-quenched
hardness
99
IVT Course
Introduction
April, I998
to Metallurgy
A-52
~~@~~~~C~~~~~~~~ff
l-h%m?ent
Micmstructwe
L
Changes
*All p phase particles formed

*Many slip lanes blocked
t P hardness1 t
1
*Strength
I
l p phase
particles forming
Gome slip planes blocked
Gtrength
t hardness t
r
5
..
. l .
.*;
.
. .
-
s
b
.*
.;
,.
-*
. *: . P **. .
..,I
. ..
. -.
,
,..
.:,$
,,
t
I
:~~a~i~~e~r~.~s~~~~~~~~g)
precipitate on larger particles

*Less particles present
aLess slip lanes blocked
Gtrength
P hardness t
s
*As quenched
*Single phase a
*Slip planes free
*Soft
Note: Cooring to room

freezes micro-structure-no
temp. at any time

additional
changes
100
~~C~~~~~~~~~
cti@arf
~~~~~~~#~
Cans~derations
. Ab4%Cu alloy
. To obtain highest possible hardness
(about
123 Vickers)
-AgeatllO-130Cforov
. Very long artificial

aging times
+ Not practical
+ Expensive
(furnace time)
. Typically age at
190% for 24 hr
l
Accept lower
property values
As-quenched
hardness
IVT Course
101
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-53
AgeiPrecipitation
Hardening
Phase Oiagmms & A/lay Development

l
Foundation for development

hardenable alloys
l
Shape of phase diagram

-First
clue to potential
+ Only certain compositions

l
of age
hardenable
Examples
Al-alloys:
AI-Cu (2000 series), Al-Zn (7000
series), AI-Mg & AI-Si (6000 series)
+ Ni-alloy: Ni-AI, Ni-Ti
+ Cu-alloys:
Cu-Be
102
Steel Heat Tmtment

Fabrication
and Heat TWHment
. Steel ingots
+ Mechanicalwork
*mill
(wrought)
- mill productl
products
parts
Castings
. Heat treatment
+ Between and/or
l
l
at conclusion
of fabrication
operations
For cast and wrought alloys
Can be hardening
or non-hardening
- Hardening:
To increase strength
- Non-hardening:
To eliminate
effects or improve qualities
of fabrication,
or improve hardening response
103
1VT Course
Federal Aviation
introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-54
Steel Heat Tmtment

Steel Classitkatiotis
l
Carbon sthels
l
Low, medium,
Hypoeutectoid,
. Alloy steels
&high
carbon
eutectoid, & hypereutectoid
+ Low alloy (S 8 weight O/Oalloy content)

l
High alloy (> 8 weight % alloy content)
Eutectoid
wypoeutectoid
I
I
.0?8
I
~
*Irons
4.2
Or4
I+-+-+*
Low Medium
carbon
carbon
steels
I
Or6
steel
I
4-Hypereutectoid
I
I
4.8
t.0
I,.2
steel----.
I
.....
54 % Caw
... .
. . ..
High-carbon
Carbon Steels
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
104
introduction
Administration
April,
1998
10 Metallurgy
A-55
Steel Heat Thatment

Critical fempepipture Range
l
Heat treatment
l
Apply to carbon and alloy steels
Carbon
l
principles
steels easier to understand
Using Fe-C phase diagram
(see next slide)
- Each steel has different

upper critical
temperature
- All steels have one lower critical temperature
(1333OF)
105
Sfeel Heat Tmfmenf

Critical TemperaWe
800 vo600 Y-
008%C
,
Range, con&
i
,
0.8 1
Steels e
1
4-
Cast Irons
Carbon percent
Logarithmic
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
106
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-56
Non-hardening
Treatments
Effects of Slow Cooling

.IXI....
Development of a normal
hypoeutectoid
structure in a
0.40% C steel slow/y cooled
from above upper critical
a.
Original austenite
.I :,;:
.,,._.:,
. ..-.. :I,
grains
b. Ferrite appears at austenite

grain boundaries
c. Ferrite grains grow
d.
Eutectoid
temperature
is reached
e. All remaining austenite is

transformed
into pearlite
Note: At room temperature
Ferrite + pearlite
Ferrite called proeutectoid
ferrit
Non-hardening
Treatments
Effect
of Carbon Content
I
l
All hypoeutectoid steel (C c 0.8

transform in same manner
as 0.4% C steel
of proeutectoid
asC%*
In eutectoid steel (C = 0.8%)
only pearlite forms
In hypereutectoid steel
(C > 0.8% steel)
+ Cementite forms, then pearlite
Ferrite, a
108
IVT Course
April, 1998
A-57
i::
Non-Hanlening
Full Annealing
.,.
:.
..I
1.:; .&,,.1,.
Heat Tmatments
and Normalizing
. Full annealing
and normalizing
+ Heat above upper critical

l Slow-cool
to ambient
- In furnace (annealing)
- In air (normalizing)
~
l
Normalizing
4 Finer structure
& stronger
- Due to faster cooling

l
Overheating
l
rates
=w coarser
Poor mechanical
structures
properties
109
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
I998
to Metallurgy
A-58
Full Anneal, Normalizing,

Graphkal Repmsentation
and Overheating
.
A: Austinite, y
F: Ferrite, a
P: Pearlite (a + Fe,C)
Overheated Steel ,,.
Full Anneal & Normalizing

Effect of Carbon Content
.%Cff
+ More cementite
-Strength
to block slip
8 hardness
8,
p
z
g
gk
=
80
ft
.8 m
280
240
200
160
120
-..--.--.
ductility
fg
E;i
-Jr
=C
:si
Z
gii
:P
ii$
s
Normalized
Annealed
.8
% Carbon
Composition
111
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-59
Non-ham/e&g
Heat Tmfmenfs
Cementite,
Anneal
The Subcritical
l
Heating at 1000 - 13OOOF

for several hours
l
l
l
Fe& (Black)
Ferrite (White)
Cooling
rate not critical
Cementite platesespheroids
For cold-worked
steels
+ Subcritical anneals at -1 300F
- Also rectystallize
Spherodized
ferrite
4k
SDheroidized
structure
+ More ductile 8 softer

than pearlite
Heat Treafmenf
Isothetmal
. Essential
of Steel
Transfomations
to understanding
Molten salt bath
1425OF (774OC)
Austenitizing
hardening
. Perform
experiment
on
eutectoid (C=O.8%) steel

(see slide 106)
+ Austenitize
say 4 specimens
- By heating above 1333OF
+ Transfer
to bath at say 13OOOF
- Below 1333OF, :. subcritical
+ Hold for various

- Specimen
Cold water
Quenching
periods of time
1 shortest,
4 longest
+ Quench in water to stop reaction

l
Examine microstructures
Molten salt bath
1300F(704%)
Isothermalheattreatment
113
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-60
isothermal Transformation
, 0.8% c mm?oid)
$a%!~.
.I .. .
.37 ,, ,. , ,/,.
IVT Course
Introduction
April.
1998
to Metallurgy
A-61
Isothemal
Transformations
T7T Diwmms
. Repeat previous experiment
+ At several transformation
down to 1000F
-Obtain
isothermal
reaction curves
+ Use data to construct

- lTT:
l
temperatures
TTT diagram
Time-Temperature-Transformation
At lower temperatures
+ Transformation
+ Transformation
starts sooner
products finer
115
TTT Diagmn
0.8% C (Eutectoid
Steel)
A: Austenite
1700C: Cementite
B
800
0.1
Time, seconds
(Log. scale)
116
IV? Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-62
TTT Diagnims
Other Carbon Steels
l
Similar TTT diagrams

+ For hypoeutectoid
- Ferrite
forms
(C < 0.8%) steels
before. pearlite
+ For hypereutectoid
- Cementite
l
(C > 0.8%) steels
forms
before
pearlite
End result always

l
Austenite
transforms
-Equilibrium
phases
+ Finer & stronger

temperatures
to F + C
on phase
products
diagram
at lower
117
777 Diagrams
of Carbon
Effect
A+F+C
Time
HYPOEUTECTOID
W
I)
I)
I)
EUTECTOID
e
HYPEREUTECTOID
Carbon Content
118
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
I998
to Metallurgy
A-63
77T Diagrams
Tmnsfomation
Below OOWF
. Isothermal transformation
say 400F
+ Transformation
down to
starts sooner
- Down to 1000F
+ Below 1000F
-Transformation
-Finer, stronger
times increase
& more ductile products
0 Critical cooling rate

+ Rate to avoid all F+C transformations
next slide)
(see
119
77T IXagrams
Critical Cooliolg Rate
A: Austenite
F: Ferrite
C: Cementite
10
100
Time, seconds
777 Diagram
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
for a 0.40%
C Steel
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-64
that
Ti-eafrnenf of Steels
The Martensite Reaction

0.4% steel austenitized
+ Reach MS (martensite
- Austenite
and cooled at rate >critical

start) temperature
transforms
tomartensite
Reach M,(martensite
- Transformation
finish) temperature
ends
Complete 77T
curve for a
0.40% C steel
z...\,
.<x:
Martensite
____- - - E
M
I
0
Time. seconds
On
1
10
100
?!?O
I?,
Marfensife
tiardoless and Crystal Structure
l
Martensite
l
Hardness
hard & brittle

depends
. Crysta,I structure:
on C%
body-centered
tetragonal
cj/[/--0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
% Carbon
122
NT Course
April, 1998
A-65
.I.+-
I.
*..:
,.
.,t.
Heat Tmatment of Steels

Martensite & Retained Austenite
0
Martensite needles form instantaneously

+ No nucleation & growth
T,
T2
. Percent martensite depends

only on temperature
. M, and M, depend on C%
. Steels with C > 0.7%
l
M, below ambient temp.
- Retained austenite
- Between
martensite
- Eliminate
treatment
0
More retained
needles
@C
by subzero
T, >T2 >T3 >T4
austenite as C%*
123
The MartensHe Reaction

Effect of C%. Time. & Temroeratunz
0
F 900
$330
; 200
100
O
Austenite
$700
3
E 500
25%
_--------------------_-----------_____________~~I"O~76%
q
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.2
% Carbon.
(unstable)
Martensite
Martensite
1
10
100
lioo
Time, seconds
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
0.4
Martensite Formation
in a 0.40% C Steel
124
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-66
Heat Tmatmeht
Eikt
of AMoying Elements
. TTT diagram
l
of Steel
moves
right (longer times)
With increasing
carbon and/or
(except Al, Ti, Co, Nb, V)
. Longer times;
alloy
i.e., lower critical
content
cooling
rates
+ Milder quenches
required
for hardening
- Less risk of quench cracking/distortion
l
MS, M, pushed
to lower temperatures
+ With increasing
carbon and/or alloy content
(except Al, Co)
l
More retained
austenite
at room temperature
- Adverse effects on some properties
125
L
Heat Treatment
of Steek
HatienabiMy
. Cooling rate at center < at surface
. During
quenching
+ Pearlite
may form
in interior.
- Section will have
low strength
Hardenability:
Ability to harden
thick sections
+ Deep hardening
steels:
Low critical cooling
rates
+ Shallow hardening
steels:
Logarithm
high
critical
of time
cooling
rates
126
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-67
Heat Tmtment
of Steel
Depth of Hardening
a
Depth to which martensite
Increases
+ Higher
-Alloy
forms
with
hardenability
content
+ More severe quenches

- Quenchant
type, temperature
-Agitation
-Size
of quench tank
l
Smaller
section
sizes
127
Depth of Hadening
EiBct of Allov Content
Steel
Nominal
Total Alloy
%
Max. Hardenable
(Oil Quench)
4130 __msw___-wwm-_2.18 ~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~----~~-~~
Dia., in
0.50
4140 __~~~~__~~~~~~~
2.55 _____-______---___--___I________
1.00
4340 ______-__- ____-
4.20 ______________________________ccc_
2.50
3()0M -----I-
5.90 --~~~~----~----------I----
5.00
128
IVT Course
Federal
Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-68
Heat Thatmen?
Considerations
. Section
of Steel
in Hardening
size
+ Problem in carbon & low alloy steels

(see next slide)
l
Severe quench
Increase
Increase
l
l
depth of tiardening
risk of cracking/distortion
Use of higher alloy steels

l
Larger section hardenable

with milder
Less risk of cracking/distortion
More
quenches
expensive
129
Depth of Hardening
Effect of Section Size
Effects
of mass
Bar size
In,
1
2
3
Effects
Bar size
in.
1
2
3
(J,
kai
151
107
103
of mass
on typical
CJ~
.
aI
128
83
78
on typical
properties
Elong.
of heat-treated
in
Reduct.
.
18.0
20.0
22.0
55.0
58.0
60.0
properties
CT,
kai
(Jo
kai
Elong.
165
133
125
143
109
95
15.
18
19
in
2 in. %
of heat-treated
4130 steel
Surface
d. HB
307
223
217
4140 steel
Reduct.
Surface
in area %
hard. HB
50
55
55
335
202
293
130
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
I998
to Metallurgy
A-69
Heat Titedatment of Steel

Tempering
. Steels must be tempered
l
after quenching
To reduce brittleness
. In tempering
+ Steel heated to some temperature
- Below
lower
critical
+ Held for some time

-Typically
2 - 4 hrs
+ Cooled at any desired

temperature
rate to room
131
Tempering
E&c? on Prppeties
l
Tempering
accompanied
by
+ Reduction
in hardness & strength
+ Increase in ductility & toughness
+ Changes in other properties
l
Tempering
+ Strength
+ Ductility
temperature
and hardness
and toughness
%
4& (usually)
@(usually)
132
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to hletallurgj
A-70
Tempering
,Microstructure
l
Changes
In tempering: Martensite =&tempered

martensite
+ Tempered martensite: mixture of cementite & ferrite
+ Tempering
temperatur
- Size of cementite
part
- Strength
and hardnes
- Ductility
and toughnes
Black particles:
with tempering
Cementite
temperature
White background:
Ferrite
.:,.~;:.;;.:.:::,,
~
..:.!
..:j .:i.;.$y..
.:t. c.,
. ,..1
oj)
Tempering
TEM
133
Heat Treatment of Steels

,Temperin_qCurves
290,ooo
270.000
250,000
230,000
210,000
190,ooo
170,000
150,000
130,000
110,000
mm
70,000
50,ooo
400
5w
Normalized
NT Course
Federal Aviation
600
700
900
900 looo
1100
Tempering
Temperature,
OF
at 15GIPF, reheated
to 155oOF, quenched
1200
1300
in agitated
oil
134
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-71
hat
Tmatment
of St&s
Case Hatdenim
. To develop hard surface
retaining tough core
layer while
Methods
+ Chemical:
hardening
surface enrichment
elements
with
- Carburizing
- Nitriding
-Others
(carbonitriding,
+ Non-chemical:
-Induction,
boriding)
heating
flame.
laser,
surface
layer only
light
135
Case Wdening
of Steels
Cartwizin~
l
Heat to within
+ In contact
austenite
range
with carburizing
-Solid
(pack carburizing)
-Liquid
(salt bath carburiting)
-Gas (gas carburizing)
- most
l
Soak to achieve
Quench
Temper
desired
agent
widely
used
case depth
136
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
I998
to Metallurgy
A-72
Case Hardening
Nitnwna
l
of Sfeels
Harden and temper as usual

Heat to nitriding temperature
tempering temperature)
l
In contact
-Gas
with nitriding
agent
(gas nitriding)
-Liquid
(salt bath
nitriding)
Soak to achieve
desired
Cool to ambient
temperature
(lower than
Cooling
case depth
rate not critical

137
Case Hardening
Non-Chemical
l
Surface
of Steels
Methods
layer heated to austenite
range
+ By induction, flame or other method

+ Case depth controlled
by
- Heating
time
-Heating
parameters
(e.g., frequency
in induction)
Quench
Surface layer hardens
+ Unheated core: unchanged
Temper
138
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-73
Fabrication
Opwations
. Can affect microstructure

+ Due to processing
and properties
temperature
-Welding, brazing, adhesive

machining
+ Due to mechanical
-Forming,
abusive
working
forging
+ Due to reactions
-Welding,
l
bonding,
with filler metal
brazing
Must consider
or remedy effects
139
Include
+ Cleaning,
coating,
sealing
and inspection
Can affect
final product
l Acid cleaning,
plating: hydrogen embrittlement
+ Plating on aluminum or titanium: poor adhesion
+ Painting, thermal spray: exposure of base metal
to processing
temperature
+ Pre-penetrant etch: destruction

hydrogen embrittlement
l
Must avoid
or remedy
of surface finish,
effects
140
IVT Course
Federal Aviation
Introduction
Administration
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
A-74
Appendix B
Appendix B
Aircraft
Alloys
In the following appendices, some of the alloys used in the aircraft industry are s
presented. Designation system and chemical composition listings are included.
The listings are by no means exclusive and, as such, they do not include all the
alloys used in the industry.
CONTENTS:
Appendix B I--------------
Aluminum
Appendix B2--------------
Titanium Alloys
Appendix
B3--------
Appendix
B4-------------1
______ Carbon,
Alloys
Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels
Corrosion Resistant (CRES) Steels
Appendix BS-------------- Superalloys

Course
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
B
Appendix B
Appendix
Aluminum

B-l
Alloys
Course
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
Bl
DESIGNATION
SYSTEMS
FOR ALUMINUM
ALLOYS;
OVERVIEW
GENERAL
Aluminum alloys are identified by alloy designations,

processing details.
to describe their chemistry. and by temper designations. to describe their
Alloy Desienations
A four digit system is used for wrought alloys whereas a three-digit one is used for cast alloys. In each category. the alloys are
grouped by major alloying element(s). Prefix X signifies an experimental alloy.
Wrought
Cast
Alloys
Aluminum,
r99.m%.
.............................
Aluminum
alloys pxpd
by M
rlkyial
ekmcnt(s):
Copl=r ..........................................
hlAn&u.
..................................
..........................................
Mmsium
.....................................
Msgncsium
and silicon .........................
zinc .............................................
Otbct elements .................................
Unused series .....................................
Ix.Lr
Aluminum,
Aluminum
Alloys
z99.m.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lua
alloys gouprd
by majw dbyin(
ckmmltr):
copper...:
....._..._...................,...,,..
2r.r.l
.:. 3ur
Sux
6ur
7xXx
&;u
9ur
Silicon. with addal copper l ndla

nqnesium
..................................
Silicaa .........................................
Magnesium
....................................
zinc ................
...........................
Tin.. ...........................................
Otbcr eknwnrs
................................
Unused tir
....................................
Irr~
4r.n~
JUJ
7rr.z
krs
PUJ
buJ
XxX.0: CASTtNCS
xXx.1,.2:
INGOTS
Temper Designations
Temper is identified by a letter or a letter plus one or more numerals: e.g., 606 I-F, 606 I -T6. 5052-H3. The basic temper
designations are:
I - F: as-fabricated
2- 0: annealed
3- H: strain hardened by cold \rork ( for lr-rought products only ). Letter H followed by two or more numbers to indicate level
of strain hardening.
4- T: Solution treated and aged. The letter T is followed by a number from I-IO to indicate heat treat specifics.
Notes
Wrought 2xxx, 6xxx. 7xxx (except 7072). some Sxxx, and cast 2xx, 3x,, 7xx and 7xx alloys can be heat treated to high strength
levels.
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
Composition
;=.
Ia3
IO40
104s
IOSO
IwA
lobs
lum
lml
la35
Ian
Km
lla,
Ill0
uNsk.m
.
APlOY)
A91015
API050
A91060
API@35
A9lOXl
A9lUa
A9l@S
A9lWO
A91 IO0
of wrought
Lsom.
..
..__.__... 0.35
.............
.............
Alw.5..
AlW.6..
.............
undloyd
0.6
0.Y)
0.r)
... .0.25
... .0.x
0.3
03l
z.9
035
03
aluminum
0.M
0.M
0.M
0.05
0.M
0.M
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.X
Alw.7.. ... .o.xl
AlW.8.. .... 0.13
0.L
.............
0.10
0.1:
.............
0.07
O.lF
.............
0.010
O.aM
0.95 (Si * Fe)
Alw.ocu
...
.... ........ or)
0.8
0.005
0.03-0.30
0.04
0.01
..
0.05
0.01
I.00 (Si + Fe1

0.10
O.rO
0.05
o.m-0.35
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.m
aluminum
--
%4#
Mn
C.
&IO
0.10
0.10
0.0
and wrought
0.M
cr
RI
0.M
0.M
0.0
0.03
0.03
O.Ol
0.01
0.02
0.01
L
OJJ
0.10
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.0
0.01
.
..
om
0.m
0.03
.
.
83
...
...
...
0.m
0.03
0.m
0.015 .........
O.,Q ......
.........
0.01
023
alloys
u-
0.M
0.M
...
...
...
0.0
0.M
0.05
0.M
0.M
...
...
...
0.02
(v
Ian
llrn
A91m
,.
Alw.0 .;....
... .._....,..
12x
A91230
Alw.3.. ....
0.70 1.5i + FCI
II35 A9llls
.............
0.60 ,Si l Fo
If35 A912ls
.............
0.65 ISi + Fen
1w
A91345
.............
0.15
03-030
.............
1145 A91145
035 (S + Fcr
I345 A91W
.............
or)
0.40
144.5
................
OJo(Si + Fcrbl
IIY)
................
0.45 tSi + Fe1
INO A91350
E-AI 99.5.. .. 0.10
O.AO
0.10
o.w.9
0.0s
0.02
.............
O.rO tSi * FCI
.............
0.30 1Si + FCI
E-AI 99.7 .... 0.10
0.X
0.M
0.03
0.02
lzdo
In0
13-m
A912&3c)
A911m
...
1175
127s
IIW
II85
l28(
II83
A91175
.............
................
.............
A9llBl
A9lms
.............
.............
A9lm
................
0.15 lSi * Fe1

0.08
0.1:
0.09
0.w
0.15 iSi + Fe,
O.%,d)
O.Qdl
0.05
0.1:
1189
IIW
APlIi%Y
..
.............
.............
0.M
0.05
1193
IIW
x01
APll%l(cl
APIIW
.
0.01
0.0x
0.1)
03$Q
030
0.11)
0.5
gg
:::
.
..
..
. .
ml
ml4
2214
2017
2117
Arnll
AJ9all4
A92214
ml7
A92117
Xl018
PI.4
2618
2219
2319
2419
2319
1021
AK018
Acml8
A92618
A97219
AmI9
A??,419
A92519
ml(c)
0.M
0.05
0.m
0.05
om
0.m
0.0
0.10
0.01
0.0
......
o.,lJ
......
o.,o
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0.01
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0.10
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o.owJ.al
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: li)
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w + li)
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(I)
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0.10
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-.
81-2
ALUMINUM
ALLOYS
WROUGHT
---
I
br
-
?I
0.15
0.U
0.15
0-m
. . .
o.mBi.o.&lJ
pb
ml
am
xl36
2037
a338
aD18
am
z
3102
3(m
3lu3
Ei
m
3104
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310
YLlb
XV7
3107
3xn
UJ7
Ku7
aDp
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WI1
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0.61.2
...................
0.10
0.12
A9am
................
0.x)
0.50
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................
0.m
0.50
A9aoyI
................
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0.6
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................
0.15
0.X
A9xm
...............
0.10
0.12
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.............................
03
A93m
i::
0.10
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................
0.Y)
0.7
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0.7
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0.7
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0.7
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0.7
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0.6
0.7
0.45
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030
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0.6
0.0
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0.40
0.7
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0.20
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0.7
0.6
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................
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0.8
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0.40
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0.7
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03
0.23
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0.40
0.a
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0.6
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0.7
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0.7
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................
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Alh4115inO
AlhQIJ
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0.7
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0.10
0.10
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0.M
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0.0
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0.M
0.0
0.03
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0.M
0.0
0.M
0.0
0.03
0.M
0.M
0.M
0.M
0.M
0.0
0.m
0.M
0.M
0.03
0.0
0.05
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0.0
0.0
0.M
0.m
0.M
0.0
0.M
0.M
0.03
0.M
0.0
0.0
0.M
0.M
0.0
0.0
0.05
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0.1s
0.15
0.u
0.1s
0.15
0.10
0-u
0.15
0.1s
0.10
0.U
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0.15
0.15
0.15
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0.15
0.15
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0.U
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0.13
0.U
0.15
0.1s
0.15
0.u
0.u
0.15
0.U
(curldad)
61-3
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
u--
r,------?I
z
3451
5052
5n2
5352
5.552
5m2
g
5454
5554
5654
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Ais.24
A95454
A95554
A956%
A95m
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5MI
5UI
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...................
A952s3
................
hpsml
AIM@.
A95151
................
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AlM52..
A95351
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A95154
A95M2
AIM&u
bs57s2
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A92452
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A%652
................
0.m
0.08
0.40
0.m
04
0.08
025
025
0.a
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........
AJq3J........
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........
0.10
0.10
0.7
bb
rc
1-FI.7
1.3-1.8
1.7-22
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1.7-U
1.622
l&U
2128
......
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0.M
029
0.u
0.u
0.m
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0.05
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0.10
0.10
o.pI
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0.0
0.10
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0.0
0.40
+ Fe)
0.40
2.mA
3.1-3.9
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o.u.Q35
o.wJJ5
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3.1-3.9
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0.10430
3.1-3.9
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...
0.m
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0.25
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0.12
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.17
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
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0.054113
0.w.m
0304.0
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0.15445
o.u-o.45
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4s5-5
4.7-55
4.7-53
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0.40
0.40
0.10
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0.12
0.15
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0.05
z
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518
m
5086
6101
6201
6301
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61133
day
MM
(I(15
4m
KO6
61%
Ma36
Ku7
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6110
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6017
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A.9713
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0.a
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A93111
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0.01 B
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0.m
0.0
003
Ode
o.uLl.qo)o.oy).u .........
,a,
I.0 (Si * Fe)
0.10
0.60.9
0.03-O.U
O.&l.0
03
03-0.0
0.10
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0.7
ca
0.8-1.7
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0.613
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Om.16
2~ 0.10
0.m
0.u
0.29:
zr 0.u
0.05
0.u
016
ALUMINUM
ALLOYS
CAST
Composition
of unalloyed
and alkyd
c=*-1
aluminum
castings
(rrr.0)
and ingots
(MN.I
capmm.
or rxr.2)
r(s
I!4 I
IJO I
160. I
170. I
201 .o
m1.2
ml.0
A201.1
8201.0
D31.0
201.2
2W.O
AOI~I
......................
IW
AOIJOI
AOldOl
AOIrnl
A02010
A02012
A12010
Alrnll
h2mto
AOZOIO
A01032
A02040
In#n
ln@M
In@x
S
ln#ol
s
lnpc
s
S
ma.2
2W.O
206.2
AT&. .O
Al032
m.0
m.1
x8.2
211.0
213.1
22.0
222. I
224.0
224.2
240.0
240. I
242.0
ho2042
AOZW
A02052
AI2E4
Al2062
AO?OBD
AO?CO I
AOZPZ
AOZl3O
A02131
AO22M
AO222,
A02240
A02242
A02400
A024DI
A02420
A199 J ...............
AIp9.8
..............
AM.7
................
......................
......................
.....................
.
.
._..............._.
..
.
,....,.._..__.____.
lJ22 hlCu4MnTi
RI64 AK&Ti
RZl47
AlCu4MgTi
......................
...
._ .................
....................
......................
....................
:42. I
242.2
A242.0
A242.1
A242.2
24J.&a,
243. I
31.0
295.1
9J.2
-36.0
296.1
-36.2
IO5 0
YIJ.?
AIOJ 0
A30J.I
h30J.Z
X&O
3w.l
3aI.2
119.0
A02421
A02422
A12CO
Al2421
AI2422
AO24)O
A02411
A02950
A029Jl
AO?9J?
A02960
A02%l
A02962
AOMJ4
AO,OJZ
AIM0
AI3OJI
AI3OJ2
AOWI(LD
AONI
AOX
A01190
119.1
119.2
h3I9.0
A01191
A01192
Al3190
._.
.
IryoC
....
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.....
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........
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IJZ? AICU(Ni?.Ug2
RI64
hKUCurSi?Mr:
...................
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.:
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...................
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......................
3J22 h.lSiJCu)
JJ2l AlSiSCulMa
3122 ALSiiu4
1J22 AJSaCu(Mn
RI64 ~JSIJCUJ
Rl6(
ALWCuJFc
RI64 hJsifLu4
.
lJ22
JJ22
IJ22
3J22
RIU
RW
RI64
h1SiJCu.l
AlSKdMn
hlSKti
AISi(Lu4Mn
AlsiJCUl
.dSiJCdFe
hlsibCu4
In
OF&&J
0.10
0.10
O.OJ
O.OJ
O.OJ
0.30
OX
S. P
Irisa
5. P
InpC
S. P
lnnn
S-P
Inpc
InLDl
5. P
lnloc
5. P
lnpl
S. P
Innot
S
lnpr
0.X
0.1)
0.10
0.10
O.OJ
O.OJ
2.L3.J
2.M.J
2.W
J
I.bJ.0
I .bJ .o
1.0
5. P
In&n
lnpn
5
ln~m
In601
S
IrUa
3
ln:ol
Ingot
P
ln@l
It,@,
S/P
Inp~
5. P
In#aI
1~
S. P
lnpc
Inp
0.7
0.:
0.6
0.6
0.6
o.3J
O.JJ
O.JJ
0.7-l
.s
0.7-I.J
0.7-l
.:
2.0-1.0
2.e1.0
2.04.0
4.sJ.J
4.J-J.J
4%J.J
4.LJ.J
4%J.J
J.&&O
J.U.0
J&6
0
5. P
ll?pX
lw=
J.ti6.J
J.J-6.J
J.M.J
2.0
0.M
0.02
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cn
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O.lJ
0. IO
0.10
0.07
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0.m
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0. I0-0.m
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0. IO
0. IO
0.01
::9
0.8
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0.9
1.5
2
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034
0.40
1.0
0.1
0.6
0.8
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0.6
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0.30
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0.8
0.8
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0.9
0.8
0.6
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0.20
0.15
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0.8
0.6
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ICI
O.OJ
.
...
4.6S.2
4.CJ.2
4.&J-O
45J.0
4.LJ.0
4.~J.J
4.bJ.2
ICJ
Id
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0.20430
O.ZO-O.JO
0.2lLWO
0.2&0.40
0.2O-O.m
0.20-030
0.20-0.30
...
...
O.IM.JJ
0.2W.JJ
O.IUl.3J
0.2Q4.3J
O.tM,)J
0.10
0.10
4.2J.0
4.24.9
4.2-J.0
4.:-J.0
4.2-J.O
4.LJ.0
M4.J
3.Y.J
1.Y.J
6.0d.0
6.W.O
9.2-10.7
9.2-10.7
4.J-J.J
4%J.J
7.0-9.0
7.M.O
0. IO
O.OJ
0.20-030
o.20-oo.Jo
O.ZO-O.JO
0 m-o.Jo
O.JO
030
0.30
0.6
0.6
0.m
0.m
0.2o-o.Jo
o.zw.Jo
0.30X1.7
0.3047
O.l~.JJ
O.ZW.JJ
O.IJ-o.lJ
0.2w.3J
O.lMl.3J
0.2w.lJ
0.10
0.10
0.03
0.10
0. IO
O.lJ-o.3~
0.~0.3J
.
U4.J
~h-66.J
1.J4.S
0.3J
OJJ
0.10
0.10
0.10
0. IO
O.Imo.lJ
O.IJ-O.lJ
1.2-1.8
1.3-1.8
1.3-1.8
1.2-1.7
1.3-1.7
l.Ll.7
1.8-2.3
l.!L2.3
0.01
0.01
0.01
O.OJ
O.OJ
O.JJ
0.10
J.J+J
l.J-4.J
3.7A.J
1.7A.J
3.74.)
1.M.J
3.Y.J
4.0-J.0
4.0-J.0
4.CJ.0
4.bJ.0
4.bJ.O
4.0-J.0
ISI-l.J
I&I.J
1.M.J
1.CI.J
I&1.J
4.CJ.0
4.bJ.0
4.0-J.0
I.040
ID-40
l.M.0
0.3J
0.3J
0.30
0.3J
O.JJ
0.30
0.X
O.OJ
0.10
0.10
O.OJ
024
030
0.30
O.JO
0.54
0. IO
s. P
i4l
ICI
ICI
id
...
...
...
O.OJ
O.OJ
O.OJ
O.OJ
l.Ll.7
1.3-1.7
0.10
0.10
O.OJ
0.01
O.OJ
0.10
O.JJ
O.JO
OY)
0.10
O.OJ
0. IO
0.05
I.0
I.0
O.Rl
2.J
2.J
0.8
0.8
o.Jb6.7
0.3bo.7
0. IO
0.10
1.7-2.3
1.1-2.3
1.7-2.1
1.8-2.3
1.62.3
la-Z.3
1.9-2.1
1.9-2.3
0.31
O.lJ
0.10
0.10
0. IO
0.10
0.M
O.OJ
0.3J
O.fJ
0.30
0.50
024
0.M
O.lJ
0.01
0.10
0. IO
0.01
1.0
I.0
030
O.OJ
0.01
0.11
0.3J
0. 3J
O.lJa2J
O.IJd.2J
O.l%o.2J
0.20-0.40
0.20-0.44
0.3J
O.JJ
0.u
0.10
0.10
..,
0.10
0.10
0.10
.
.
.
ICI
(Cl
Id
O.IyL.lJ
O.IY).lJ
O.IMkJS
O.IH.3J
0. lM.lJ
0.1so.2~4t)
O.IJ-O.lJW
O.OJ
0.01
0.2J
0.u
.
.
0.1)
0.3J
0.10
1.0
I.0
0.10
O.JJ
3.0
O.OJ
O.OJ
O.OJ
0.01
O.OJ
O.OJ
0.1~.30
O.lM.2J
O.IW.30,
O.IJ-o.2J
O.Iu).30
O.IJazJ
03
.
0.73
0.20
. .
0.2)
03
0.25
0.29
0.31
O.lJ
0.20
0.20
.
.
0.21
0.Y
0.20
0.074.20
0.07-O.Dl
0.o7-o.m
0.06o.m
0.ow.m
0.2J
02
0.20
0.2J
02
0.20
0.u
0.20
. .
0.20
0.20
t::
03
0.m
02
0.23
0.m
o.oxc~
O.OXCJ
0.0~~~
O.OYi)
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0.0~1)
O.OXIJ
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
O.lJ
0.m
0.20
w.JQ
W.Y
w
rem
nm
rrrn
rctn
rem
pem
rem
0.05
0.05
o.oJ
0.M
O.OJ
0.05
O.lJ
O.lJ
O.lJ
O.IJ
O.lJ
0.1s
OS0
tern
nm
nm
rem
rtm
RKI
rem
024
030
rrm
rem
030
030
0.3J
0.1s
0.10
0.10
O.IJ
O.IJ
Rln
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
R~I
0.13
O.IJ
O.lJ
0.1)
O.lJ
O.IJ
O.IJ
0.1~
0.11
O.lJ
O.IJ
O.lJ
O.lJ
O.IJ
O.lJ
O.IJ
O.lJ
O.lJ
0.11
030
0.m
0.54
rem
FC~
rtm
ran
feat
nm
Fcol
rrm
Rln
rem
rem
ran
i-cm
nm
rem
rem
ICEI
mn
rem
mm
Rm
rem
0.50
030
0.m
lcm
IEm
em
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O.OXmJ
O.OJ
0.03
0.05
O.OJ
0.05
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O.OJ
0.0~
0.0%(n)
0.0~3
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O.OJ
O.OJ
O.OJ
b.oJ
0.0s
.
.
.
.
..
Icontinued)
81-7
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
CAST
w-7
IL
U
-a
m9.
BlI9.0
8319.1
ID.0
120.1
hr.0
J24.I
124.2
11.0
31.1
112.0
Jl2.1
312.2
133.0
113.1
AJll.0
A33J.I
136.0
11.1
316.2
JB.0
339.1
l41.0
Y1.I
154.0
J)c.l
III.0
JJJ.1
IJJ.?
A15J.0
AlJJ.2
ClJS.0
C3JJ.I
CIJJ.?
I%.0
Kolbl
bmm.
I
Al3191
A2llal
A23191
A032m
A03201
AOIZY)
A01241
A03242
AO1m
AOlrnl
A01120
A03321
A01322
AoIlY)
AWJII
AIlIlo
Al3331
AOIW
A03361
AOJW
AO31m
AOl4JO
A03411
Mlno
AO3J4l
MIJJO
AO~JJI
n16.2
JJ7.0
lJ7.1
AJs7.0
A317.2
8157.0
BJJ7.2
cls7.o
Cm.2
DJJ7.0
I%.0
JY.2
JJ9.0
JJ9.2
Jmas)
In@4
S.P
lqol
.._ s. P
..ln#ol
P
lnrol
lngol
S
..lnp
I
__
P
"'............
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"'...............
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...
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...
..................
...
..................
...
..................
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...
..................
.....................
...
..................
.............
.................
..................
..................
la9c
12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lnpl
AIIJJO
AI3JJZ
ti3lJ2
A03JW
P
Insol
In@
P
., lnpc
D
lnpol
P
s. P
InpI
InpI
s. P
Into1
S.P
IfUOl
....
.......
.................
.................
.................
. .. . .
.
JJZ? AlSi7M:
..
AlSi7M6
.- lnpc
._....
S.
..................
AO3J6l
AOlJ62
............
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....
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All%l
All%1
rclJ.52
Ax&l
A2lJt.2
A3Jw)
A3lJ62
AblJm
lnpl
5. P
lfl6Ol
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s. P
Ingot
5. P
ln;or
S.P
b-1
s. P
ln@w
s. P
lrrpc
s. P
lnla
s. P
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A63J62
.......
......
A01570
A03J71
AlIS
AI3J72
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h?.Mn
AOhao
AOJWl
Ao3m
A03J92
AOMXw
....
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.
IW@
s. P
.......
R'l47AlSilOMI(O...
x0.2
Am.W
AJ60.1W
c60.2
IN.0
AOlfO2
Al!.6W
AIWIW
AlW'2W
A03610
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_._.............._
. .
.
._................
lnpl
.....
C.
l.U.0
l&4.0
lo-r.0
2.040
2.W.O
0.4Ul.6
0.4&0.6
0.4o-o.6
I.bZ.0
l&22.0
2.0-4.0
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El-10
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
Temper Designation
System for
Aluminum
and Aluminum
Alloys
Temper dcsigttatiot~
for wrought
prod.
UN that are sttcttgthcacd
by straio hrrdcning EonCat of att H follwd
by two or more
digiu. The 6nt di&il
following
the H indi-
The ~entprr Jesignatmn

system used in
the Cmted hater for aluminum and alumtnum alloys is used for all product forms
tboth wrought and cast). with the exception
of ingot. Tk sy~ctn IS based on the Yquences
of mechanical
or thermal treat.
ments. or b&h. used to produce the various
tempers.
The temper dcsignatlon
follows
the alloy dcsignaiion
and is separated from
it by a hyphen. Barx temper designations
consist of irntividual
capital Ic~tcn. Major
subdivisions
of basic tempers.
where rcquircd. arc ittdicated by one or more digits
following
tk letter. These digtcs designate
rpccific
sequcoccs of treatments
that pre
duct spcctfa combmations
of charactcristics in the duct
Variattons
in trtalment
conditions
within major subdivisions
arc
idcntilied
by additional
digrts. The conditions during heat treatment
Isuch as time.
temperature.
and quenching
t-ate) used IO
produce
a given temper in one alloy may
diflcr from those employed
lo produce the
~amc tcmpu in another alloy.
c&r
use
rrnin hardening rcntaining after the product

hu ken panidly
annealed.
HI,
ad Slahilized.
This
@es
IO products that an! StJain-hardened
vd W~OSZ t~~~hanical ptopettiu
arc slabihd by a lowmtempcraturc
lhcrma laxalmcnl
a as a tudt ol heat intraluced
during f&icab.
St&&at&t
uwally imptover ductilsy. T?tis dcsigmtbn
applies only to those
rlbys Ihal. unku
slabdid.
duauY
rgc
adlen at tmm tentpctaturc.
The digit Mow-
Strain-Hardmd
Basic Temper Designations

Designations
for the common tempers.
and descnptiis
of the sequences of opcta.
ttons used to produce
these tempers. arc
given in the following paragraphs.
F. &-t&k&ted.
This h spplitd to pm&
uctsshapcdbyoddwork&botwork+~
ittwhkhoos@alamaol
=WPt3xx thertualomditioruor
stmin turdckug is
emplqd.
For ~IGU&I
produa.
tkrc are
no-p?qxltylitlths.
0, Awdcd
0 applies to wrought pmduaa lhat UC annealed
to obtain Iwststrength
temper and10 U
products
that
arc anncakd
IO improve
ductility
and dinunsiond
stability. llte 0 may be loUwed
by a dir
atut than zeta
n, slnbwwght
Pducb
Otdy).
This indicates
products
that tuvc
been srrcn&eatd
by strain hardening. witi
or urithout
supplementary
thermal treatmm
to ptotlucc
some
rcductimt
in
strength.
Tk H is always folkvcd
by two
or tnore di&s, as discussed
ia the suztion
System
dm Strain-Hardened
this attick
Ptuluc~
W, Sdutpn
Htd-lrcatd
This is an unslablc
tcrnpcr applicable
only to alloys
whose
strcagth naturally
lspontancousty)
changes at room temperature
over a duration Of months or even years after solution
heat trcattmtt.
The dcsignaton
is spe&ic
only when the period of natural l gmg is
indicated
@T example.
W ti h). See &o
the diacussktt
of the L-51. Tk5?. and M
tcmpws
in tbc section System for HcrtTreatable
Alkrys in thir article.
1. b(Utio0
Heat-Treated.
This applies to
alloys whose strength ix stable within a few
weeks Of sdution heat treatment. The T is
always follaed
by one or more dipu. s
discussed
in the Mction Sptcm
lot HcrtTrca~able AlLays in this ankle.
the specific &quc~cc of-basic opcta-
tioas.
Hl, stircOnly. This applies to
ptoduc~
thaw arc strain hardened
to obtain
the desired suet@
without rupplcmcntrty
tltcrtd
matmeat.
The digit following
the
Hl indicates tbe degree of strain hardening.
n2, sltaln-andPUtMy&
mJed.
This pwuina
to ptoduas
IhI arc
rLtti-budcacd
more than the duitcd
fld
amout
and tbcn reduced in strcngrh IO rbe
duired
level by partial annealing.
The digit
lothAng
the H2 indicate4
degree of
ia
When it is desirable
IO identify
a vartatton
of a twodi@I
H temper. a third digit (from I
lo 9) may be assigned. fhc third digit is used
when the degree of control
of temper or the
mechanical
properties
are different
from but
close lo those for the twedigit
H temper
designation
IO which if .is added. or when
some other chatacrcnsttc
is signifKantly
affected.
The mintmum
ultimate
tensile
strength of a thrcedigtt
H temper is at least
as close IO that of the corresponding
twc+
dlgit H temper as it IS IO ctthcr of the
adjacent two-digit H tempers. Products in H
tempers whose mechanical
propcnics
ate
below those of HA tempers are assigned
variations
of HAI. Some threedigit
H remper designations
have already been assigned
for wrought products in all alloys:
Hz/f applies to products that incur sufC
cient sttain hardening
tier fitta~ artrtcaiing
to fail to qualify as 0 temper. but not so
much or so consistent
an &mount of stain
hardenmg to qualify as Hxl temper.
HI/2 petins
to products that may acquirc some strain hardening during working
at elevated tcmprrature
and for which thcrt
are mechanical
propcny
limits.
ing the H3 indkatcs

the dem
of sttain
hardening rmnaini~
alter subilizdi~n.
MdiIiotul
1-r
D+utiau.
For IIlays that age soften at room tempctature.
each Ht temper has [he same tnittimum
ultima~t tensile strength as the H3x temper
with the same second digit. For other alloys. each Hk temper has the same minimum uhimalc tensile sircngth a~ the HIx
with the same second digit. and slightly
higher elongation.
The digit following
the designations
H 1.
Ii!. and H3. which indicates the degree of
strain hardening.
is a nut~~t3l
from 1
through
9. Nurr~tal
8 indicates
1cmpet-s
with ultimate tensile strength equtvaknt
to
that ackved
by aboul 75% cold reduction
ivmpctatum
during reduction
not to exceed
50 T . or I20 R lollowinn
full annealing.
Tcmprn
between 0 (anrtc&d)
and 8 a&
designated
by numerals I thtuugh 7. Mated having an ultimate tcnsilc strength ap
proxtmatcly
midway between that of the 0
tempct and the 8 temper is designated
by
the numeral 4. midway between the 0 and 4
tempers
by the numeral
2. and midway
between the 4 and 8 tempers by the numeral
6 Numeral
9 dcvgnatcs
tempers
whose
minimum ultimate tcnslle strength exceeds
that ol the g temper by IO MPa (2 ksi) ot
more. For twwdigit
H tempers whose secund digits ate odd. the standard lirmts for
clrcngth
are the anthmctic
mean of the
rtandard limits for the adjacent two-d@! H
tempers whose second digits arc even.
For alloy5 that cannof be sufklcntly
cold-reduced
to establtsh an ultimate tensile
qtrcngth applxable
to the 8 temper (75%
cold reduction
after full annealing).
the 4.
lcmpcr tcnsilc rlrcnglh
may k established
by cold reduction
of approximately
S58
following
full annealing.
or the 4.tcmpcr
rens~le strength may tx crtabhrhcd
by cold
reduction
of approximately
35% after full
annealing.
Bl-11
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
System for lieal-Treatable
Alloys
The
temper
Jcsignauon
skrtcm
for
wrought and casl product\
IhaI arc Jtrengthcncd by heal IrcaImenI
employs the W and
T dcsignalions
described
In Ihc section
Basic
Temper DcJignaIIons
In [his ar11.
cle. The W dcsignalion
denotes an unslable
Icmpcr. whereas the T designation
denote,
D Jcable remper ocher Ihan F. 0. or H. The
T Is followed
by a numhcr from I IO IO. eact
numkr
indicaring
a Jpccfic
~qucnce
u1
basic IrcaIments.
11. Coded From UI Elevaled-tcmpralun
sJuPin8
Process and NaIuralh
Aged IO a
sU~*hlly
Stable Cmditim.
lhs
desIgna
IIon applies
lo products
rhar arc no, cold
worked afler an elcvrtcd~rempcr;lIure
rhrping process such as casung or exwu~~~n
and
for which mechanical
propcnies
have been
stabilized
by room-tempcnturr
aging. II
also applies
lo products
arc flattcncd
or
nnightcncd
afIcr cooling from rhc shaping
omccss. for which the effecIs d Lhe cold
wart Imparted by flattening
or straightening
are not accoumed
for in Jpccihcd D~ODCRV
limits.
12. Coded from an Ekvalcd-TemperaIure
Shaping Process, Cold Worked. awl Namrally Apl
to J Subrtrnlially
Stable Condilhm.
This varialion
refers IO producIJ
IhrI arc
cold
worked
Jpecilically
IO Improve
scrcngth aficr cooling
from a hoI+orkmg
process such as rolling or cx~ruJIon and for
which mechanical
propcr11cJ have ken JIabillzcd
by room-Icmprature
agmg. II also
applies
IO products
in which Ihe cff~~~ of
cold
woti.
impaned
by flancmng
or
sIr-aIghIening.
arc accoumcd
for In specified
properly
limirs.
13. blulion
Heal Treated. Cold Worked.
and NMurally
Aged lo a Subrtantiallv
Stable
Condillon.
T3 applies IO producIs
IhaI are
cold
worked
spccilically
IO improw
sIrcngth
afwr solution
heat Ircatmcm and
for which mechanical
prop&es
have been
stabilized
by room-IempcraIure
aging. II
also applies IO products
In which Ihc cffectr
of cold work.
imparted
by llartenmg
or
slnaighterung.
are accounred
for in JpccIfied
property
limirs.
14, sdutial
HCal lrclled
ud wI8rally
Aged ICI a Subrtantlally
Slabk
Corulll.
This Jignilies
products
that are no1 cold
worked lltcr solution heal Ireatmem and for
which mechanical
propenies
have been SObilized
by room-temperature
aging. If Ihc
producls
are llallencd
or siratghicned.
ilie
cffccrs of the cold work Impaned by flancning or sIraIghIcning
are no1 accounted for in
JpcGd
propcny
limirr.
15, Coded From an Ekvatd-TcmpraIurc
Shaping Process and AIMXally
Agd.
TJ
includes
producrs
1haI arc no, cold uorked
after an elevated-IcmpcraIurc
Jbaping process such as casting or extrusion
and for
which
mechanical
propcnIes
have been
JubJlanIially
improved
by preeipilalton
heat lrealmcnt.
If the producer
are flalIened or straighlcncd
afIcr cooling from
the shaping process. the effecIs of 1hc cold
work impaned
by llatlening
or straighwning art not accounied
for in JpccIIicd prop
crty limils.
16, Sdulion
Heat lnrled
and ArliIicWIy
A&
This group cncompasxs
prcducts
. . _
Ihal are no, cold worked aflcr solulion

heat
treatment and for uhIch mechanIcal
propxr[ICI or dimensional
JIrbiliry.
or boIh. have
b~cn subsmnlially
Improved
by prccipitauon heat Ircalment.
If Ihc producls
arc
flaIIeocd or stta&tencd.
the clTec~J of the
cold work ImpatIcd by llatlcnmg
or JIraighI.
cmng arc not accounted
for in JpeciIied
propny
limits.
77, nut
Trea1ed and omagmi
or Slaixd.
l7 appltes to wrought
pral1~1s th1 have been precipitation
heat Ireatcd beyond the pomt of maximum Jtrcngch lo
ptwde some rpccml chancteri,tic.
such as
tntunccd
rcsiswuc
IO JtrcJJ-coIroJion
cracking or cxfotia11on
corrosion.
II applies
lo a.51 product.5
char arc arIifmially
aged
lRcr solution
heat treacmcnt
to provide
dinwtsiorml
and SI~CII&I JtabiliIy.
18. Sohim
Heat Treat4
Cold Worked,
ad Artiliciily
A&
This designation
applies to prcducrs
lhat UC cold worked spc
ciF&ally IO Improve
strcngIh after solution
her1 rreaunent
and for which mccbanlcal
properties or dimensional
Jtabili~y. or both,
hyc been JubJunItally
improved
by preckitumll
kal
Lrcalmcnt.
The cffec0
of
cold work. including
any cold work imprrrcd by flattening
01 s~rening.
are ac%uIled
for in Jpccilicd
propcny
limilr.
19, Sdution
Hut
Treated.
Mificially
Aged, ud Cold Worked.
This grouping
is
comprised
of products
1ha1 arc cold
worked
J~ecilically
IO improve
slrcngth
after they hove been Precipitation
heat
treated.
110. Co&d
From an EkvaIed-Temperahut shapiv
PmeJJ.
cdd
WorLcd,
4nd
Mifwially
Agd.
TIO tdcntifies
producrs
that arc cold worked specitically
IO rmprovc
s:rcngIh allcr cooling
from a hot-worling
pmcor
such as rolling or cxltusion
and for
which mechanmal
propcnies
have been
substantially
improved
by prccipttauon
heat
wcauncrn. The effcc~s ofcdd
work. includirg my cold work imparted by flattening or
Juaigl~lcning.
arc accounted
for in Jpccifted
projx?~
limits.
Ad&hod
1 Temper Vaiatiau.
When i1
is desirable
IO Identify a wiation
of one of
he Ien nujor T Iempen
described
above.
additional
d&J.
the firs1 of which cannot
k LCI~. ntay bc ad&d IO Ihc dcJignaImn.
Specific
KCS of additional
di(pIs have
been assigned
lo Jlrcss-relieved
wrough1
pmduc,,:
Sttcn Rtlirvrd
by. Strrrching.
Comprrrrkg. or Combination
of Strrtrhing
and
Comprrrring.
Thus designation
applies
to
Ihe following
products
when stretched
to
Ihe IndIcaIed
an~oun~s aflcr solution
hut
treatment
or atkr waling from an elevatedlcmpmafurc
shapmg process
4 TISI apphec
specIfIcally
:o @ale. lo
rolled or cold-Iinished
rcmj and bar. IO die
or ring forgmgs. and to rolled rings. These
producrs rece1w no funher
Jwal~lenlng
her stretching
l
T1510 apphcs
IO cx~rudcd
rod. bar.
shapes and Iubmg. and IO dnwn tubing.
producrs In this temper rccmvc no fuunhcr
slraIghlcning
aflcr svcIchq
l TIS I I refers IO products
Ih! may receive
minor Jtnighwning
afw
urcIching
IO
comply ;viIh srandard ~olcnt~cs
This variation
compressing.
involves
stress
relief
by
Tr52 applies IO products

thl arc SIICJJ
relieved
by compressing
after solulion
heat lrca1mcnl
or after coding
from a
hot-workmg
process to produce
a permanent se1 of I to 5%
The nex1 desIgnaIIon

is used for produas
tha1 are SWCSJ rclwvcd
by combining
stretching
ud compressing.
l
TIJJ applies
relieved
by
die. llhese
M-may
k
to die forgings that are stress

restriking
cold in ik fmish
same digi,51. 112. and
added IO Use designation
W
IO Indicate unstable soluwn-heat-Ircated

and sIrerr-relieved
Iemprrl
Tcmpcr designalions
have been assigned
10 wrounht
heal treated from the 0
~I
raroduc1J
or Ihc F Icmpcr IO dcmonrwatc
rcrponsc IO
heal Ircatmcnl:
0 TX means solulion
heat uuIcd
from Ihc
0 or the p Iempcr IO ckmonswa~e
rcJponsc to heat IrcaImeaI
and plurally
aged IO a JubsIamia.lly
s&k
condiIion
l T6? means sdution
hca1 ~ratcd from the 0
or rhc F temper IO deCtY5pXlStfO
heal imatmcnt anti anit%aDy
aged
Temper designations
TX and T Q also
may be applied IO wmught
products
heat
Ircarcd from any Icmpcr by the user when
such hca1 treatmen
msult~ in the mechanical properties
applicable
IO lhesc Icmpers.
System for Annealed
Pm&c&
A digit folkwit!g [he 0 &icams
a pralucr in annealcd condition
habq
spcial charac~crisrics. For eurnplc.
la heat-~u~ablc
alloys. 01 indiCaleS a protlducr thal has been
heal ~rctwd a1 approxinwcly
the sarr~ lime
and Iemprruurc
required
fa solu~nm kat
Ircalmenf
and Ihen au cooled to room ternprature:
[his designaumn appirs
IO prcducls
01a1 arc to be machmcd pm to solulico hear
trmmcm
by tk user .Merhanical
property
limits are nc4 applicable.
Designation
of Unregirltrrd
Tmpers
Tk IcIIcr P has ken asrtgratd ~oderu~e H.
T . and 0 temper vatiatons
tk+t M ncgcktcd ktwecn
manufacturrr
and pwchaw.
The
lcrter P follows the temper de5igwion
that
rrms1 rmrl) pcnams. Tk use of lhI5 1ypc of
deJignaIion
includes situaouts
where:
0 The use of the temper is vlffIcienlly
Itm.
iIcd IO prccludc its rcgisrntion
0 The ICSI conditions
arc dilTcrcn1 from
[hose rcquwed for rcg~stntmn
vuh 1hc
Aluminum
Associalion
l The mcchamcal
propn)
limils art noI
established
on Ihe same basis as required
for rcgwraoon
wrh ihe Atuminum
Asso
clarion
El-12
Appendix B
Appendix B-2
Titanium
instructional Video Teletraining

Alloys
Course
Introduction
April, 1998
to Metallurgy
B2
DESIGNATION
DESIGNATION
SYSTEMS FOR TITANIUM
ALLOYS
SYSTEM
There is no standard designation system for titanium alloys. Alloys are designated by:
1. Alloy content: e.g., Ti-6Al-4V, . . .
2. Trade names: e.g., Beta C, Transage, . . .
3. Specification: ASTM, AMS, , . ,
The same designation is used whether the alloy is wrought or cast.
CLASSIFICATION
Titanium and its alloys are classified into four groups:
1. Commercially Pure (CP) Titanium
2. Alpha/Near Alpha Alloys
a) Major alloying elements: Al, Sn, Zr
b) Minor alloying elements: V, MO, Nb, Ta, Fe
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-8AI-I V- I MO,
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
3. Alpha-Beta Alloys
a) Major alloying elements: Al, V, Zr, Cr, Mn, MO
b) Minor alloying elements: Sn, Fe, Cu
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-6Al-4V,
Ti-6AL2Sn-2Zr
4. Beta/Near Beta Alloys:
a) Major alloying elements: V, Cr, MO, Nb
b) Minor alloying elements: Al, Sn, Zr, Fe
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-1 SV-3Cr, Beta C,
Ti- 1OV-2Fe-3A1
82-l
WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS

C.P. TITANIUM
Comparison
of various
specifications
for
commercially
pure
titanium
mill
products
,-
mh
JIS Class I..

ASTM ~mdc I IUNS
R500250, _............
0.10
DIN 3.7023 ...........
0.08
COST BTlX$ ..........
0.05
ES l%27Uin.-.
............
JIS Class 2..
ASTM endc : ICNS
RJo46ol ..........
0.10
DIN 1.7035 ...........
0.08
COST ET14
........
0.07
BS 23.35th
JIS Class 3..
ASTM Me
3 ILNS
RI3001
__...........
0.10
ASTM @ride 4 tUNS
R507001
0. IO
DIN 3.7055
0.10
ASTM -de
7 IUNS
R524fm
..__.__.
. ..O.lO
ASTM grade I I ICNS
R5??.W1
0.10
ASTM grade I: tC.SS
RS34001 .._.......
0.10
n
O.Ol.(
cwdd~lkm.~au
3
0
0.15
0.03
0th
Tad OtblJ
0.20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.10 max
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.30 mu
0.18
0.10
0. IO
0.03
0.05
0.0,
0.20
0.05
0.3
0.20
0.20
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.30
0.0:
0.30
0.25
0.30
0.20
0.30
ICI
0.35
0.0.
0.30
ICI
0.013
040
0.3
0.05
0.06
0.50
0.30
...
...
ICI
0.3
O.O!
0.30
0.12-0.25
Pd
ICI
0 I8
0.03
0.20
0.I24.23
0.3
0.03
0.30
IC)
0.013
O.OW
0.0125
0.015
IC)
0.013
0.010
0.0125
0.01s
0 01:
,..
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.25
...
...
leek
u-Mh
t75A-410
40-w
240
295-410
295
285410
343-S IO
;:
190-MO
382-530
480-617
55-77
70-90
440
64
Fe+dkml
rym-@1
MR
16Sfb)
2Ub)
170-310
175
2-5
25.5
195
2IUbJ
28
31(b)
27-10
245
4040
35.5
285
3431b3
-1
.*
27
41
U)(b)
3n-sm
55-75
SW
u&m
a0
67-85
a4
323
70
47
343
30
275410
4040
20
Pd
240
35
170-310
24.5-45
24
0.2-0.4 MO.
O.&O.9 Hi
480
70
380
53
I:
82-2

ALPHA/NEAR ALPHA ALLOYS
Compositions
of various
alpha and near-alpha
IPIdan rprcilblim
Impurlly
Bars IAECMA
slandards
prEN?J?I
and XII
._ ._...
.___, 0.05
Sheet w strip 1prEN2128)
and
forgings 1prEN2522
and 2531..
.O.O!
fl-SAI-L.SSSa
IUHS daiglurkil
II
titanium
-iiizzY
Fe
,*I
*ooriw yai
.ICIN
MO
Ckk
0.08
001
0.2
0.2
0.4 total others
2.0-J au
0 08
0.01:
0.2
0.2
0.4 total olhers
:.w.au
0.08
0.08
0.02
0.0:
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
O.OOSYIb)
0. IO
Impurity limits same as AMS 4910

0.02
0.4
0.2
(bl
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
lb)
0. I5Si
4.cG6.00
4 w-6.w
0.0125
0.2s
0.12
0 + Fe = 0.32.
O.o05Y, 0.05
each. 0.3 ronl
0 + Fe = 0.32.
otherrIb,
0. I5Si
4.So-5.75
tUNS da@rutioa
R54521,
sheet. srnp,
.O.Ol!
0.05
.O.O?.(
0.03
0.0125
0.25
0.12
0. IO
0.015
0.30
0.02
VTJI ,U.S.S.R.,
..O.O
2.0-3.0
2.ocr1.00
4.OCt.w
4.00-6.00
0.013
0.015
Tl.JAI-2.SSn.ELI
AMS 4924 [bars. fcqmgsl
4.G6.0
4.5&5.7S
0.10
0.10
AM.5 4909 fplak.
0. I?a.TPd
?.aJ-3.00
:.wml
2.00-3.00
ILNS RMlOl,cl
AECMA.
Ti.PM
_.
AMS 4915. 4916. 4911 lnnllsl.
4955
,wrc,. 4972 (bars. lo&&.
4973
lforgingsl
...................
.o.o.c
ML-R-81588
lnng. wire1 .........
.0.01
TI-6242
mm.orb
Rw2ol
DIN17851 lalloy WL3.7llS)

. ..O.OJ
AM 4910 ,platc. sheet. strip,
.O.O.(
AMS 4926 lbars. rings) and AMS
4966 lforgmgs,
ASTM B 265 lp+.
shcc,. slripl
.O.O!
ASTM B 348 ,brr. bdlct, and
ASTM B 381 ,forgingr).
.O.OJ
3420-TA7 IChincscJ..
.O.OJ
TI-gAl-IV.l.Wo
alloys
Uaia -15 w
Impurity
limlls not available
0.08
O.OI.(
0.01s
O.OOJ
0.30
0.20
0.1:
0. I?
O.lWJY. lb1
0.1 lotal
Id). 0.15.
O.ooSY
0.13s~. 0.1 mar
orhcrr
IV
0.75-1.25
0.7Sl.25
O.?Cl.LcV
0.7>1.1V
,UNS RS462OHcr
.AYS 4919. 4975. 4976
0.0:
O-O?
ul:!
0.2
0 I!
L S govcmmenr
0.04
0.0s
uutc
0.2.
0.15
.O 0:
..O.O!
0.03
0.0s
0.012
0 0125
0.1:
03
0. IO
0. IO
0.4 lOllI
.0.04
.O.CU
0.W
0.04
0.003
0.013
0.12
0.12
0.17
0.1s
lb). O.OOJY
0.012J
0.10
001:
0.20
lmdlnryl
TI-6AI-2.Yb.ITa-0.8
Typlcai..
C.S. govcmmcnr
J J0-6.50
I&?.!
3.M.4
I .b. - -
S.SO4.JO
l.lC.2
3.644
I .bX
MO (CSS R562101
lmilinryl
._.
. .
6
H-&s
0.8
0%I.00
?Nb. ITa
,.cXOKb.
O..GI..cTI
Tl-679 IUNS Rs790)

Typlcal.
AMS 4974 Ibars. lorgingsl
Brmsh TA.18. TA.19. TA 2:. and
TA.26
British
TA.20.
TA.27
Tid?4ZS,cNel..
.._.
Ti-5Al.5%?Zr-?Mdfl
TibAl-2%.l..Zr.IMo..
IMI 685
lMl829
_.. ._..._.._...........
IMI BY
_.
._.
.O O !
.
0.05
00125
II
1o.w I.5
5
4.0-60
I
0.8-1.2
O.?SL ncm
0. I w.17Si
2.025
10.5-l I.3
4.u.o
0%I.2
XL2.3
10.>11.5
4.0-6.0
O.bl.?
0.1-0.s.% 78.M
li m m
&me as TA.:
4
3
3.5
4.5
I.5
!
3
4
I
0.S
0.25
OS
0.4
6
5
6
6
5.5
5s
6
O.CbSi
03Si
0.3JBi. O.lSI
02SSi
INb. O.ISl
0.7hb. 0.4%
O.&C
0.43Si
B2-3
WROUGHT TITANiik
ALLOYS
ALPHA-BETA ALLOYS
TyplCal
41loy Ti-P6J m AECMA

jnndard
prEN25M
for bars.
,411oy Ti-PM m .AECMA
,nndard
prEN25 17 for sheer.
wlp. plate
DIN 17851 Catby WL3.71651,.
,4MS 4905 lplarel
.AMS 4906 fshccr. wip,
.4MS 491 I fplalc. sheet. smp8.
4MS 4920.4928.
4934. and J967
lneg5. forgmgs. wires)
,4MS 4954 Iwlrel
ASTM B 265 iplate. sheer,.
4STM F 467 IIWISI and F 468
IbollSl
lv6.G4V-ELI
IL%
.4YS A979 ibars.
0.3
0.2
0.0,
tbt
0.3
0.2
0.4 local
5.5-6.75
J.5-4.5V
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.01:
0.01
0.01
o.o,y
0015
0.3
0.3
0.25
0.10
0.30
0.2
0.2
0.12
0.20
0.20
0.4 lOlaI
ICI. O.caJY
0.4 mral
kt.
o.m5y
5.5-6.75
5.56.75
5.6-6.3
5.5d.75
5.5-5.75
3.54.5V
3.Y.5V
3.lw.4v
I.Mu.5V
l.ti.JV
0.05
0.03
0.05
0. IO
0.05
0.10
0.01:.
0.015
0.01.
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.18
0.20
ICI. O.u)5Y
ICI. 0.005Y
IC)
5.5-fl.75
5.%x75
5.5-6.75
3.Y.5V
3.u.5v
3.J-J.JV.
O.I:-O.?JPd
0.05
$1 IO
oo,:.
0.40
0.20
ICI
5.5-6.75
0.0.
O.&I
0.01
008
0.10
0.08
0.01:5
0013
0.01:.
0.25
0.10
0.25
0.11
O.IM.I9
0.13
ICI. O.W5Y
(dl
5.5-6.75
5.56.75
5.5-5.75
0.05
o.10
o.ol:!
04
0.20
1U.O
?).O
0 01
001:
0.35-1.0
0.35-1.0
0.20
0.20
tc,. O.c!mY
5&o
2
1.5-2.5
0.M
0.0.
0.01
0.3.%l.O
0.20
ICI
5 o-6.0
1.5-2.5
0.0.
O.O!
0 01
0 (u
0 03
l.utl
0 :o
UIU
n.o
u.u.(
O.Ol!
o.n13
0.011!
0.012!
OOI.
0.50
0.30
0.15
0.10
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.11
0.14
0.0:
0u.c
0.01:
0. IO
0.12
3..u.5v
0.1 max
0.1 max.
0.1 max
5.5-5.75
J.Iu.JV
3.Y.5V
J.Y.JV
3.J-r.JV
IUNS US66201
Trpical
4MS J918. 4936. 4971.4978
(Mn
0. IO
~I.08
Rs64a1,
.aMS J907 and 4930..

,4MS 4996 fbdlell
.4STM F I35 fbar,
_.
.4STY F 467 tnu~rl and F 468
Iboll5l.
Ti-6Al-6V-2%
0.05
0.0.
O.O4
I.. o.cu
forgings,
0.7Ku. ev
0.35-I .sccu.
5.0-6.OV
Same a5 aboe
a-f3 alloy5
LNS iAOl?Otin AYS J908l

css 5670 I, AM.5 J9701..
T&a6 I tiNS R562bOl
T1.17 lscc also Table 5~1..
TI~AI-~S~.?Z~.:C~-~~O..
I.vl-551..
Tt.JAI.Z..(V tin A.MS 49431
IHI 550...
,.
IW 679.. ..................
IMI ml.. ................
Tld.4l.lMo-IVIe
..........
8.OMn
7
6
5.2&s
,:
0.05
UM
0 0:
O.OlC
O.Ol1!lr,
0.30
0.25
0.12
0.1:
0.3 total
4
2.5-1.5
J
2
6
a
M-6.5
6
-3
1
1.7i2.25
4
I .7:2.25
4
2
II
I II-t.2
2
4
6
4
1.75-2.25
4
. ..
4
5
3.ti.r
.
4
I
.
I
IX-?.?
7
r.ocr
O.,W.?ISi.
1.7~2.25cr
O.JSi
?.&J.OV
0.25Si
ICu. O.?Si
IV
OcmSI

BETA ALLOYS
Compositions
beta
titanium
AMS 4917
AMS 4959 Iwirel
MIL.T-9006.
MIL.R-815.98
MIL.T-9047:
MIL-F-83142
High-loughntrr
grade
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.02s
0.030
0.025
0.35
0.35
O.ls-o.3~
0.05
0.05
0.023
0.35
0.01s
0.01
0.008
MIL.T-9U46.
MIL-T-9017.
and
MIL-F-83142
Beta C (UNS R58MOl. Same as above
Beta Ill..
_.
AMS 4977. 4980
ASTM: B 348. B
26). B 337. and B
338
Ti-IOV.?Fe-3AI..
Forgmg alloy
Tel53 ..,........
Shecl alloy
Ti-17ldl..
Engme com~rcrv~r
4#OY
Tnntage
175
Hiph-clrenglh.
clcbaledlcmpnlre
Tnnsage
134,.
High-strcngrh
allo)
Ttansqc
I29
.:..
0.0s
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.0s
0.05
0.10
0.05
003
0.05
Ti-I3V-I
tUNS
ICr-3AI
580101
Ti-BMc-8V-2Fc.3AI
(UNS R588201..
of various
alloys
0.17
0.17
0.17
(bl
(bl. 0.005Y
0.4 IOUI
0.17
2.L-3.5
2.5-3.5
2,>),)
2.343
2,M.J
12.s14.sv.
I2.5-l4.W.
I2.~14.SV.
0.lItma.a).
O.OBtnom)
IC)
1.6-2.4
0.16
0.4 tocal
2.6-3.4
0.01s
0.020
0.30
0.35
0.12
0.18
0.4 roral
0.4 IOUI
3.M.0
0.0:
0.03
0.0:
0.015
0.015
0.0125
1.C2.J
0.30
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.084
I3
IC)
ICI
IC)
2.>),)
2.5-33
4.M.5
2.s3.5
1.62.4
1.62.4
0.03
oa!l
0.015
0.20
0.1.
IbYe)
:.2-l.:
6.5.7.5
1.5-2.5
O.O?
008
0.01)
0.20
0.15
tbre)
xL3.0
2
1s2.5
ss6.5
II
3.7M.23
3.545
4.w.s
10.&12.Kr
IO&l2.W
IO.&l2.CCr
12%I4.W.
IO.&l?.Kr
12.~14.W.
IO.@-12.CCr
7.sa.J
7.J-B.JV
3.Y.5
lO.&l3.0
7.5-&5V
3.543
9.2%10.75V
IL16V.
2.5-3.5Cr
3.5433
I?&l4.OV
.
.
I I.&l3.OV
II.W
82-5
CAST TITANIUM
Comparison
of cast
*lbl
. .
.
.
TidAIdV
TidAIdV
ELI(b).
Commercially
pure Iitanium
Igrade 2).
.
TibAl-2Sndt.2Mo
titanium
bladd
mhdWI
d&
8596
ALLOYS
alloys
Nadd
?(
II
1%
6%
0. I8
0.11
0.25
0.015
0.010
0.015
0.04
0.03
0.03
O.W6
O.W6
0.006
6
6
7%
0.10
0.010
0.03
O.W6
AI
,I
umpdkm.
nr
v cr
sr
o,,,
0.10
0.1)
,
4
0.15
. .
0.1s
...
6
3
Cl%
0. IO
0.03
0.006
Ti-MI-L.SSn
....................
Ti-3AI&&rdZrdMo
t&U-C)
Ti-ISV-JAI-3Cr-3Sn
(Ti-13-3). .....
Ti-II00 .........................
C I%
C 1%
Cl%
Cl%
0.16
0.10
0.12
0.07
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.006
o.ax
0.006
O.OW
5
3.5
3
6.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.02
...
a.5
15
...
M-834
Cl%
0.10
0.01:
0.06
0.006
s.a
0.02
...
T&l
.............
........................
...........................
. . .
.
. . .
WL
. . .
28
..3
.
3
0.010
TibAl-ZSndZr4Mo
.
. . .
Ma
2.5
3
2.75
4
. .
0.4
4.0
0.J
,
.
. .
.
4
0.7
. .
4.0
.
.
. . .
0.45
3.3
0.35
1
w
poprtlr(nn)
Ccned
prposc
Crywcnictarghmss
Comsiofi
=rismC
Elcvawd-rcmpmurc
C=P
Elevated-rcmperuure
rIren8Ih
Cryogenic
toughness
RT strength
Rfr~n#h
Elevated-tcmpcruurc
propenies
Elevated-kmpcmrurc
properties
IOOQ
826
Appendix B
Appendix B-3
Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels

April, I998
B3
Steels
Classification
Steels can be classified
in more than one \\;ay:
l- By composition:
Three classes are identified
a) Carbon
Steels- No intentional
alloying
elements
added.
b) Low Alloy
Steels- Total alloying
element
content I 8%
c) Alloy
Steels- Total
alloying
element
content
> 8%; stainless
steels excluded,
2- By end product
Spring
Steels, Tool Steels, Bearing
Steels. Gun Steels,...
3- By properties
High Strength
Low Alloy
Steels (HSLA).
Ultrahigh
Strength
Steels, Electrical
4- By processing
Carburizing
Steels,
Nitriding
see appendix
Steels,..
Steels
Designation Systems
Classification
by composition
is the most
Carbon
and Low Allov
Steels
The AISVSAE
designation
system
cast or wrought.
N-AA
fypaOf#&dd
dwu
8ofAiMl
CarlmE
23xX
25Xx
mad
and rephoaphw
St&a
. . . .Ni 3.50
. .Ni 5.00
Steela
. . . .Ni
.Ni
. . . .Ni
. . . ..?Ji
1.25:
1.75;
3.50:
3.00;
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
0.65 and 0.80

1.07
1.50 and 1.57
0.77
steels.
The same
AUO~
content
Sted~
. .N;.&82;
Cr 0.50 and 0.80; MO
UBVXX
.Ni 1.82;
0.25; V
. . .Ni 1.05;
0.35
. . Ni 0.30;
. . . Hi 0.55;
. .Ni 0.55;
. .Ni 0.55;
.Ni 3.25;
. .Ni 0.45;
. Ni 0.55;
. .hi 1.00;
Cr 0.30: .Ho 0.12 and

0.03 min
Cr 0.45; MO 0.20 and
47XX
.
.
.
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
0.400;
0.50;
0.50;
0.50;
1.20;
0.40:
0.20;
0.80:
MO
MO
Ho
MO
MO
MO
MO
Ho
50xX..
51xX
designation
systems
is used whether
are as follows.
the steel is
TypOOflrerlAd
nomid
Chromium
rlloy
woteot
SteelA
WXXX
SlXXX
52XxX
.Cr 0.50
.Cr 1.02
.Cr 1.45
c 1.00 mill
Chromium-Vanndium
61Xx
0.12
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.12
0.12
0.20
0.25
Steela
.Cr 0.60,0.80
and 0.95; V 0.10
And 0.15 min
Tungsten-Chromium
Steel
72XX
. . .W 1.75; Cr 0.75
Silicon-Mangfmere
92XX
9xX
Steele
.Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn 0.55.0.82

and 0.85; Cr 0.00 and 0.65
High-Strength
Low-Alloy
.VAriOuA
hmtl
. . . .Ni 3.50; MO 0.25
Chromium
designation
NuQltrAh
end didtr
PypcOf~lAd
nomhl
433xX
48xX
SteeL
t%WUhEl*MO~ybdCllUl
The corresponding
Nickel4folybdcnum
Steela
16XX....N;&85and1.82;Mo0.2Oand
.Mo 0.20 and 0.25

. . ..MoO.40
and 0.52
41xX
and low alloy
dldta
81XX
86xX
87Xx
88Xx
93xX.
94Xx
971xX
98Xx
Steel,
Molybdenum
40XX
44xX
(Mn 1.00%
.hIn 1.75
Nickel-Chromium
31XX
32XX
33xx
34Xx
for steels.
NlckelCbrodum-Molybienum
carbon (max Mn range1.00 to 1.659)
13xX..
for carbon
A&
.PlAin
Mangaacme
Nickel
eontent
Steeb
..
used system
NumerAla
Auoy
lOXX(a)
. Plain carbon
11xX..
* .ReAulhuircd
12XX . . . .Fk.Jiui
15xx
is used
widely
sti
Steelr
@AdAA
!h?dA
XXBXX
B denotea
bomn
fuel
leaded
steel
.%dA
.Cr 0.27.0.40.0.50
and 0.65
. . .cr3fp7.
0.92. 0.95. 1.00
Lmeded
XXLXX
Sccclr
.L denotee
SkdA
. .Cr 0.50.0.80
and 0.95; MO 0.12.
0.20. 0.25 and 0.30
Occasionally,
industry;
e.g.,
a steel
D6-a,
will have no AISUSXE

HY 80 and 3OOM.
designation
. In such
cases, the steel
is identified
by the trade
name
assigned
by
Alloy Steels
Alloy
steels
are strictly
identified
by trade
names
assigned
by industry;
e.g., HP-9-4-30
and Marage
300.
83-l
CARBON STEELS
composltioa
roqos and limits (or
AlSl4A.M motuboa+
quality rwois
c-poswoa
SA1 standard
mogos
and
msulharlxod
AISI-SAE
UNS
dcrilnatioa
,O.lO
0.25-0.60
0.04
0.05
Ml010
Ml012
Ml015
Ml017
.O.Oi-0.14
.0.09-0.16
.0.12-0.19
.0.14-0.21
0.25-0.60
0.25-0.60
0.25-0.60
0.25-0.60
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Ml020
.O.l?-0.24
.0.19-0.27
0.25-0.60
0 25.0.60
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
-0.20.0.30
.0.26-0.36
.0.40-0.50
0.25-0.60
0.25~0.60
0.25-0.60
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
Ml023
Ml025
Ml031
Ml044
max
GlllOO
1117
Ill.9
....
1137
. . .
1139
..
1140
1141
1144
1146
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
..
..
. . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
..
0.08-O. 13
0.30-0.60
0.14-0.20
0.14-0.20
Cl1370
0.32-0.39
0.35-0.43
1.00-1.30
1.30-1.60
1.35-1.65
ran~ea
and iimlk
fee AISI.SAI
earboa
Hooh
with a maximum
manganow
l xsoodiag l.lo%-aoatlfinisbad
proawes for forging
roliod
aad cold flaisbod
bmrr,
win
rod and seamlosr
1513
1522
1524
1525(b)
1526
1527
1536(b)
1541
1547(b)
1548
1551
. .
. . . .
.
.
1552
1561
1566
hot
rubimg
AISI-SAE
designation
smu
F0mr
Am-SAE
dcrl#tuUon
0.10-0.16
0.15-0.21
1.10-1.40
0.040
0.050
1.10-1.40
0.040
. .
Cl5220
0.18-0.24
1.10-1.40
0.040
0.050
0.050
Cl5240
0.19-0.25
0.23-0.29
1.35-1.65
0.80-1.10
0.040
0.040
0.050
0.050
1024
Cl5256
G15270
Cl5360
Cl5410
G15470
Cl5480
G15510
G15520
Cl5610
0.22-0.29
0.22-0.29
0.30-0.37
0.36-0.44
0.43-0.51
0.44-0.52
0.45-0.56
0.47-0.55
0.55-0.65
0.60-0.71
0.65-0.76
1.10-1.40
1.20-1.50
1.20-1.50
1.35-1.65
1.35-1.65
1.10-1.40
0.85-1.15
1.20-1.50
0.75-1.05
0.040
0.040
Cl5720
CorrporHion
rosalhwisod
Pmu
Cl5130
G15180
Cl5660
1572(b)
Ma
Cl5250
mm
and
UNS
dcrignatioa
0.08-0.13
0.13-0.20
CODHO*
HeatzgF;;uqw
1518(b)
.65
0.37-0.44
0.70-1.00
0.08-0.13
0.37.0.45
1.35-1.65
0.08-0.13
0.40.0.48
1.35-1.65
0.24-0.33
0.42-0.49
0.70.1.00
0.08-0.13
1151 . . . . . . . . . Cl1510
0.48-0.55
0.70.1.00
0.08-0.13
'aJLimitonpho~phonueonrent1~~~eninTable1~chccrpiulvaluci~O.D(W
maximum
phwphoma.
BcuuroTtheadvcrsee~~tol~ilieo~on
machinability
~teel~liadinthti
~bl~~~gcnerallyno~dco~idi~cdilh
rilicon.Steelli~vdin
thirub<;canbcpmdu&u
!+d
~~ll.t~ic~llycon~lning0.15
toO.JS'i lerdand
identified byinwningrheletvr
L in the designation-llL17.
0.05
UNS
dwignarlon
1.35-l
0.08-O. 13
0.08-0.13
o.oe-0.13
. Cl1400
. Cl1410
. Cl1440
. Cl1460
hmposhiom
standard
AISI.SAE
dcalgnacioa
umit.,~.,
S
Cl1170
Cl1180
Cl1390
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
AISI.
st00h
Hc~ceo~~~o&ionrange.u,d
C
Mn
dtQnation
1110
Ml008
ilmlts
for
carbon
0.85-1.15
1.00-1.30
ad
limha
ropbosph&xod
for
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
. 4
..
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
1027
1036
1041
1047
1048
1051
1052
1061
1066
1072
AiSl.SAl
stmndad
tarboa
stools
Hc~mpolition-er~ndUml~~*I
MI3
c m.*
0 60-0.90
0.07-0.12
0.10.0.15
0:13
1211
c12110
O.iO-1.00
0.07-0.12
0.16-0.23
0.13
121?
,::
Cl2120
0.70-1.00
O.Oi-0.12
0.24.0.33
0.13
1213
Cl2130
0.15
0.65-1.15
0.04-0.09
0.26-0.35
12Ll+b,
Cl2144
0 75-1.05
0.04-0.09
0.26-O 35
Cl2150
0.09
1215
'11 &cauuoFthc
ad\cru
ck~ofc~l~conon
machinsb~lity.srcelsltr~ed
in thlrtablc
are
generally not deondxred wrh rilicon ~b'Cont~ns0
15 10 0 35i lead. other steels ItsId III
th,, able can be produced wth the same lead content.
83-2
CARBON STEELS
Hrrt
AISI.SAE
drmrion
comporidon
rrrqcs
and limu. %.l
C
.Wn
CM
drumanon
1005
loo6
IO@..
1010
IOllfb,
C1OOsO
c1w6o
CIWW
GlOloo
GlOllO
006mar
0 08 mar
010m.a
00.9-0.13
0.08-0.13
OJ5max
0 25.0 40
030.050
030.0.w
360.09o
1035
103;
1036..
1039
1040
1012
1013bl
1015
1016
1017.
Cl0120
G10130
Cl0150
Cl0160
Cl0170
0 10.0.15
0.11.0.16
0 13-0.16
0.13-0.16
0 15-0.20
o 3o.o.M)
0.50-0.80
o 50.0.6o
0 60.0 90
0 30.0.60
GlOleO
Cl0190
GlO2oO
Cl0210
Gl0-220
0.15-0.20
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.18-0.23
0.16-0.23
0.200.25
0.22.0.28
0 22.o28
0.2.5-0.31
0 26-034
:.
1OlS
1019
1020
1021
IO-22
1023
1025
1026
1029
1030
.::
Cl0230
GlO25o
c1026o
Cl0290
1 G10300
loo6
1008
1009
1010
1012
1015
1016
101;
1016
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1025
1026
lo30
lo33
lo35
lo37
Glow3
C10080
GlW9O
GlOlOO
c10120
GlOl50
GlOI6o
Cl0170
GlOl6o
Cl0190
Cl0200
Cl0210
Gl0220
Cl0230
Cl0250
G 10260
G103W
G 10330
G10350
Cl0370
Hea1 compowi(Ion
nngt.
wbd IimiU. WnI
C
Mm
AISI.SAE
UN9
dr~i#nntionderi~tion
0.32-O 36
032.038
0.35042
0.37.o.44
0374.44
0 6o.0.90
0.7O-1.00
0.60490
0.i0.1.00
0.6o.o.90
10741bl
10751bl
1076..
1080
lo64..
Cl0740
Cl0750
Cl0760
Gla6Qo
Glow
0.7O-OSO 0.5O.O.Bo
0.70030
0.40-0.70
0.72.o.S5
0.30-0.60
0.750.88
0.6o.O.90
0.8o4.93
0.6o.o.w
lo42..
1043..
1044
lo45,.
lo46,.
Cl0120
Glo430
Cl0440
G~om
Clo46o
0.4o-0.47
o.UM.47
g30.5o
o.43-0.50
0.434.5a
0.604.90
0.7o-1.00
0.30-0.6o
0.60-0.90
0.7o.1.m
108Ybl..
Lo66..
low.,
1095..
Cl0850
Cl0860
Cl0900
G10950
0.6O-093
0.800.93
0.850.96
O.wl.l.o3
060.0.90
0.70-1.00
0.300 60
0.60-0.90
0 TO-1.00
lo49..
LOW
1053
1055
1059lCl
Cl0490
GlOSOO
Cl0530
Clan
GlOS9o
0.46-0.53
o.cBo.55
0.4M.55
O.~.&lJ
0.55.0.65
0.6&0.&l
0.600.90
0.70.1.60
I)~~.~
0.50-0.80
03o.o.60
0.30-0.60
o.6o.o.w
0.60.0.9o
0.6~0.90
1060
106(,
1065.
106Stb~
1070
G lo6@)
elm
C106.50
0 550.65
o.60-0.70
O.W.70
O.@J~.~
o.~~.~
060-0.90
G1p6w
GlO7oo
045-0.75o.404.70
0.08 msx
0 10 max
O.lSmax
0.0.9-0.13
+10.0.15
0 12-0.16
o 12.0.11
0 14-0.20
~1.14.0 20
0 14.0.2U
0 lY.O.23
o 17-O 23
O.li-0.23
0 19-O 25
0 22-0.29
0 22.0.2.5
0 27-0.34
0.29-0.36
o 31-0.38
o 31-0.X
_.
.
0.25-0.45
0.250.50
06Omu
0 30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.30-O&o
0.60-0.90
0.30.0.60
0.60.0 90
0 TO-1.00
0.30-0.60
0 60-0.90
0.70-1.00
0 3O-0.60
0.30.0.60
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.X. 1.00
O&O-0.W
O.:O-1.00
0x5-075
G1036o
Cl0390
ClOIoo
G1042o
G10430
GlO450
G IO460
G104U)
GlO5OO
GlO550
GlO6W
GlO640
GlW
c1o:M)
ClOTI
cIo:&l
Cl080
Glo640
Cl0650
GlO.wl
0.6o-o.w
0.34.oo.42
0.360.44
0.36-0.44
0.39-0.4:
0.39-0.4:
0.42.0.50
0.420.5O
0.45.0.53
0.47-0.55
0.52-0.60
0.550.66
0 594.70
0.59-O 70
0X54.76
0.69-0.80
0.72.0.66
0.140.88
0.80-0.94
0.80.0.94
0.80-O 94
0.70.1.00
0.30-050
0.60.0.90
0.30-0.30
4.1 Lmiu on phe

ld &
mntenY al?
rwain%M*
I;wPA~~J~~O~-.
mum PhVPhO~
ad o.wQ -mum
fur
when allcan rrngc3 01 IiilU m m mlumd. h
values in Table I qp. St+ lised In tha Ubl*
un k pdd
-I
ddiuonr d kad or bmn
Lradrd MII onially
mnum O.lS u) OJs-* leti
~~+ntifidbfl-ryIhkur
L lnths
dargNuon-IlLI
: berm meeLcul be expecwd
ro~nu~n0.0005rO.OMbprmudrrsIdrnuId by tnrnm
the IeturT
mtkdew
Ition15B41.
abl S~.#sad.,d+dy
ICI &I sun.
dwd #Tw&only.
0.60490
0.7o-1.00
0.60-0.90
0.64-0.90
o.io-1.00
0.60&90
0.7O-1.00
0.6o-a9a
0.6a-o.90
0.60-0.90
0 6O-C.90
o.5o-mo
0.6a.490
0.60-0.90
0.5O-C.60
0 3O-MO
060-0.90
0.6a-a.90
0.7Ol.W
0.3w.w
1090
lo95..
15241bl
15271 bl
15361 bl
1541(b)
15481 b,
15521 b,
Cl0900
Cl0950
Cl5240
Cl5270
G15360
Gl%lO
G15W
Cl5510
o&-c.98
0.9@l.o4
O.lbo.25
0.22.0.29
0.30.0.38
O.W45
0.~3452
0.46x.55
0.60.0.90
0.30-0.50
1.30-l 65
No-1 55
1 m-1 55
1.30-l 65
1.051.40
120-1.55
mm&?derkr~
H.sl~,PO&&~
UNS
wrroo
Hem mmpo~ition
asrr
and limiu. ?I*)
C
Mn
LX9
dc,l~tba
G10350
Cl0370
G10380
GlWso
Glo4oo
I.
compoMa~adulck~A9uIEIu
ALSLSAE
detioo
AlSI.SAE
de,i#wtion
AISI.SAE
Mm
0.5o-1.00
lO36H.
H1038O
0.34x.43
0.42.o.51
o.s-1.00
1OISH..
HIM50
1.00-1.50
1522H
H15220
0 17-O 25
0.18-(3.26
1.25.1.75
1524H
H15240
l.oo.1.50
0.21-O 30
1526H
HlJ26O
1.25.1.7s
0.35-O 45
154lH
:
Hl5410
We I tab*
,, , h,,,,,, On pkoqhorus .,,d ,ulhr aonunl w
only
rq..ad
ID corirun 0 ooO5 *a O.OK 4 mm. c APSI de
91
0.15-0.34
0.15-O 30
0 15-0.30
0.15.0.3(
0.15.0.30
0.15-o.30
I: tm,u~ hnw
de-don
lSB21Hlbl
lSB35Hlbh
lSB37Hlbn
1584lHb.cJ
15646Hlb.c,
15Es62H~br
WV o MW
UN9
dedirioa
H15211
H1535L
H15371
HI5411
Hl5481
Hi5621
muimum
pbwhoma
Haleompaiboa
dumiwWLI
Lb
u.17.0.24
0.31.0.3s
030.0 39
0.35-0.45
0.43-0.53
0.54.0.6;
l nd 0 m
rams
o.Io-1.10
0.70.1.20
l.w.1.50
1x.1.75
1.Wl.M
l.o&I.50
W.=II=U= ~fw.
Si
0.15430
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.4o-o.60
b, Can bc
83-3
_--.
LOW ALLOY STEELS
1330
1335
1340
1345
4012
..........
4023
4024
4027
4028
4032
.........
..........
.........
..:.
.: :::
..........
..........
Cl3300
Cl3350
Cl3400
Cl3450
G40120
0.28-0.33
0.33-0.38
0.38-0.43
0.43-0.48
0.09-0.14
1.60-1.90
1.60-1.90
1.60-1.90
1.60-1.90
0.75-1.00
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
.
0.15-0.25
G40230
G40240
G40270
G40280
GUI320
0.20-0.2s
0.20-0.25
0.25-0.30
0.25.0.30
0.30.0.35
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
4037 ..........
4042(c)
........
4047 ..........
4118 ..........
4130 , .........
c40370
G40420
G40470
G41180
c41300
0.35-0.40
0.40-0.4s
0.45-0.50
0.150.23
0.28-0.33
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.40-0.60
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.40-0.60
0.80-1.10
4135tc1
4137
4140
4142
4145
........
..........
..........
..........
.........
G41350
G41370
G41400
G41420
G41450
0.33-0.38
0.35-0.40
0.38-0.43
0.40-0.45
0.43-0.48
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.X1-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.30-1.10
0.80-1.10
0.80-1.10
0.80.1.10
0.80-1.10
4147
4150
4161
4320
4340
.........
........
.........
..........
..........
G41470
G41500
G41610
G43200
G43400
0.45-0.50
0.48-0.53
0.56-0.64
0.17-0.22
0.38-0.43
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.45-0.65
0.60-0.80
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.80-1.10
0.80-1.10
0.70-0.90
0.40-0.60
0.70-0.90
E4340tdJ
.......
441%~)
.......
4422(c)
........
4427lct
.......
4615
.......
4617(c)
4620 ..........
46211~1
4626 .. .:I.:::
47181~)
........
G43406
G44190
G44220
G44270
G46150
G46170
G46200
G46210
G46260
G47180
0.38.0.43
0.18-0.23
0.20-0.2s
0.24-0.29
0.13-0.1s
0.15-0.20
0.17-0.22
0.18-0.23
0.24-0.29
0.16-0.21
0.65-0.85
0.45-0.65
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.45-0.65
0.45.0.65
0.45-0.65
0.70-0.90
0.45-0.65
0.70-0.90
0.025
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.025
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
034
0. s-O.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.70-0.90
4720
4815
481i
4820
50151e1
G-47200
G48150
G48170
G48200
G50150
0.17-0.22
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.12-0.17
0.50-0.70
0.40-0.60
0.40-0.60
0.50-0.70
0.30-0.50
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.160.30
0.35-0.55
50B40(c.e1
...
..
50B44ie)
...
50461~1 .......
50B46e1
.......
5OBSOjet .__._.,
G50401
G50441
G5wjo
G50461
G50501
0.38-0.43
0.43-0.48
0.43.0.48
0.44-0.49
0.48-0.53
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.75100
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.040
.O.MO
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.40-0.60
0 404.60
0.20.0.35
0.2OKk35
0.40-0.60
5060~1
.......
SOB60er
.........
5115tc1
........
Sllirfl
........
5120 .........
G506~
0.56-0.64
0.56-0.64
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.17-0.22
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
kontinued)
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.40-0.60
0.40-0.60
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
..........
..........
.........
.........
.........
..........
........
G51150
G51170
GSl200
0.040
0.035.O.O50db,
0.040
0.035.O.O50(b,
0.040
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
.
. .
0.35-0.5s
0.30-0.50
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20430
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.2CbO.30
0.08-0.15
0.15-0.25
0.15*0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0. n-0.25
.
1.65-2.00
1X5-2.00
1.65200
.
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.2s
0.25-0.35
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
.
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.652.00
1.65-2.00
0.70- 1.00
0.90-1.20
0.20-0.30
0.45-0.60
0.35-0.45
0.35-0.45
0.20X1.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.15-0.25
0.30-0.40
0.90-1.20
3.25-3.75
3.25-3.75
3253.75
0.15-0.25
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
LOW ALLOY STEELS

. -..
-mdYIIkADSO-SAJB
d8T
ewb--
buboo.
-4*1-l
03341
03M).u
043445
om-090
010.090
070.090
0035
0035
o-335
046.05,
01M).sJ
05,455
056obl
o.sl-ob4
070.095
0104m
om4Ym
0.15.l.a)
O.l5.,ca
0.035
oal5
003,
0035
0035
099.1.10
096110
09bl.10
0 154.1,
0.4b.o.s3
0150,5
0w.u
owu
0.50410
oma.9o
om.5
0025
oom
0055
owl5
o.,ao,5
ou.md
Olaol8
0 L5.020
O.lMI.zl
070490
0.7CIoo
om.090
0 7m.90
07oom
oaY5
0035
o&a5
0.0%
0035
02oa28
ozY4.m
OWJO
omou
0lso.a
0100.90
070490
0104.90
o.m.am
0.75*.m
0035
0033
0035
0035
0.m
oabou
ow.45
0.~045
ou9.a
044.053
0.151.00
075100
076lm
0.7s.I
00
01.5.1.00
oca5
OatI
om.5
0.035
om5
0514.59
ow.064
019.023
0.3M).u
omY.5
051.059
05,059
owe4
076,ca
016100
070090
0 70.,.m
0.76,rn
0.6&050
0.70495
0.15.,00
oLu5
00s
0035
0.035
0035
0035
0.055
oal5
OoM).IJ
0 13-O 15
0,542o
o.2bou
040.a65
0 16,.00
0.751.m
015100
0025
0.035
0035
ool5
LOW ALLOY STEELS

Heat
css
deaprution
AlSl.SAE
denignacion
compoairion
Mll
ran#cn
and
Si
limiu.
% 1.1
Cr
Si
Yo
1330H
1335H
1340H
1345H
4027H
HI3300
HI3350
H134W
HI3450
H40270
0.27.0.33
0.32-0.36
0.37-0.44
0 42-0.49
0.24-0.30
1.45.2.05
1.45-2.05
1.45-2.05
1.45-2.05
0.60-1.00
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.20-0.30
4028Hlbl
4032H
4037H
4042H
4047H
H40280
H40320
H40370
H40120
H404fO
0 24-0.30
0.29-0.35
0.34-0.41
0.39-0.46
0.44-0:51
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.60-1.00
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0 30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20.0.30
0 20-0.30
0 20-0.30
4118H
4130H
4135H
4137H
4140H
H41180
H413W
H41350
H41370
H414W
0.17-0.23
0.27.0.33
0.32-0.38
0.34-0.41
0.37-0.44
0.60.1.00
0.30-0.70
0.60.1.00
0.60.1.00
0.65-1.10
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.30-0.70
0.75.1.20
0.75-1.20
0.75-1.20
0.75-1.20
0.08-0.15
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0 15-0.25
0.1 j-0.25
4142H
4145H
4147H
4150H
416lH
H41420
H41450
H41470
H415W
H41610
0.39-0.46
0.42-0.49
0.44-0.51
0.47-0.54
0.55-0.65
0.65-1.10
0X5-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.75.1.20
0.75-1.x)
0.75-1.20
0.75-1.20
0.65-0.95
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.25-0.35
4320H
4340H
E4340HI
4419Hlcl
4620H
H43200
O.li-0.23
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.35-0.65
0.65495
0.65-0.95
H434W
H43406
H44190
H46200
0.3i-0.44
0 37-0.44
0.17-0.23
0 li-0.23
0.40-0.70
0.55-0.90
0.60-0.95
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
462lHlcl
4626Hldl
4718H1cl
4720H
4815H
H46210
H46260
H47180
H4:2W
H48150
0.17-0.23
0.23-0.29
0.15-0.21
0.17-0.23
0.12-0.18
0x0-1.00
0.40-0.70
0.60-0.95
0.45-0.75
0.30-0.70
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
4617H
4820H
50B4OHtel
50B44Htel
5046H
H48170
H462W
H50401
H5044l
H50460
3.14-0.20
0 17-0.23
0.33-0.44
0.42-0.49
0.43-0.50
0.30-0.70
0.40-0.80
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.30-0.70
0.30-0.70
0.13-0.43
50B46H1e1
50B5OHtet
H50461
H50501
H50601
H51200
H513W
0.43-0.50
0.47.0.54
0.55-0.65
0.17-0.23
0.27-0.33
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.10
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.13-0.43
0.30-0.70
0.30-0.70
0.60.1.00
0.75-1.20
5140H
5145Hlc1
5147H,c*
H51320
H5 1350
H514W
H51450
H514;O
0.29-0.35
0.32.0.38
0.37.0.44
0 42-0.49
0.45.0.52
0.50-0.90
0.50-0.90
0.60-1.00
O&O-1.00
0.60-1.05
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.65-1.10
0.70-1.15
0.60-1.00
0.60-1.00
0.80-1.25
5150H
5155H
516OH
5186OHtej
6118HIF
H515W
H51550
H51600
H51601
H61180
O.li-0.54
0.50.0.60
0 55-0.65
0.55-0.65
0.15-0.21
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.65-1.10
0.65.1.10
0.40-0.80
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.60-1.00
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.60-1.00
0.40-0.80
6150Htgr
8lB45Hael
H61500
Ha1451
0.47-0.54
0.42-0.49
0.60-1.00
0.70-1.05
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.75-1.20
0.30-0.60
bl
50B6OHle1
5120H
5130H
5132H
5135H
II) Typical
limna
on phosphonu
grade
only.
(d) AISI
nandmd
mmimum
vanadtum
and
grade
sulfur
only.
contenu
lee Can
M
h
0.035%
expected
0.30.0.60
0.30-0.60
kmntinued)
mu~mum
10 contain
phwphowand
0.040%
O.CW5
to 0.003%
boron.
1.55-2.00
1.55-2.00
1.55-2.00
maximum
It7 Cantainr
sulfur.
Electric
lb)
0.10
0.158
1.55-2.00
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.45-0.60
0.20-0.30
1.55-2.00
0.65-1.05
0.85.1.25
0 85-1.25
3 20-3.80
0.20-0.30
0.15-0.25
0.30-0.40
0.15-0.25
0.20-0.30
3.20-3 80
3.20.3.80
0.20.0.30
0.20-0.30
0.15-0.45
0.06-0.15
furnace
vanadium.
steel.
tgl
lel SAE
Conrslru
standard
0.15%
83-6
LOW ALLOY STEELS

AISI.SAE
Heat
CSS
dcsignwion
designation
Yn
compwition
Si
range@ and limits.

Cr
9 101
Ni
wo
Hd6200
Ha6220
Ha6250
Hd6270
H86300
H66301
Ha6370
0.14-0.20
0.17-0.23
0.19-0.25
0.22-0.28
0.24-0.30
0.27-0.33
0.27.0.33
0.34-0.41
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60.0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.70-1.05
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0. IS-O.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.X-0.75
0.35-0.x
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.7s
0.35-0.75
0.3so.75
0.35-0.75
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15.0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15.0.25
8640H
8642H
8645H
86845Hlem
8650H
H86400
Ha6420
H86-450
HB6451
HE6500
0.37-0.44
0.39.0.46
0.42449
0.42-0.49
0.47-0.54
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35.0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.7s
0.35-0.7s
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.70
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15.0.25
0.15-0.2s
M55H
866OH
8720H
.974OH
8822H
H86550
H86600
HE7200
H.Si400
HE8220
0.50.0.60
0.55-0.65
O.li-0.23
0:37-0.44
0.19-0.25
0.70-1.05
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.30-0.40
9260H
9310Hlbl
94BlSHlet
94B17Hlea
94B30Hle.
H92600
H93100
H94151
H94171
H94301
0.55-0.65
0.07-0.13
0.12-0.18
0.14-0.20
0.27-0.33
0.65.1.10
0.40.0.70
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
1.70-2.20
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15.0.30
1.00.1.45
0.25-0.55
0.25-0.5s
0.25.0.55
2.95-3.55
0.25-0.65
0.25-0.65
0.25-0.65
861iH
8620H
8622H
R625H
____..
8627H
8630H
86B30Hte
663iH
H861iO
:::
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.60-0.95
0.70-1.05
0.08-0.15
0.08-0.15
O.O&O.i5
0.08-0.15
la) Typical limirs on phosphow and sultur contenu M 0.035% maximum phosphorus ud 0.040% maximum wlfur. (bl Electric fvrna~ Noel. ICI Sti, srandud
grade only. cd8 MS1 WNMJ& mdc only IC) Can be expcvd u) contain 0.0005 u) 0.0039 bomn. IO Containa 0.10 v) 0.15% vuud~~m. W Contam 0.15s
minimum vanadium
Heat
SAE
design&on(b)
cmax
comporltion
lhnk
9(a)
Mnmu
942x
945A
. 0.21
0.15
1.35
1.00
945c
0.23
1.40
, 0.22
0.15
1.35
945x
950A
. .
HelMCOiCO~(~~
PMX
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.22
1.30
1.30
0.04
950B
950C
0.25
1.60
0.04
0.04
SAE
deriunation(b)
950D
950x
955x
960X
965x
970x
980X
C mm
..
..
.
0.15
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
Mamax
1.00
1.35
1.35
1.45
1.45
1.65
1.65
PIMX
0.15
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
CaJ Maximum
conrcnuofrulhrrandsillcon
forall
grader:
0.050% S.O.9oQ
Si:tb)Secondand
thirddi
Uof
deoqnation
lndxate
minimum
eld strength
in ksi. Suffix Xindicatee
that the steel contains
nio E hum.
vanadium.
nitrogen
or other al r oymg elemenrs.
A second rtix
K indicates
that the steel is produced
fully
killed
using fine grain
practice;
otherwise.
the steel is produced
scmikilled.
High Strength Low Alky
MISCELLANEOUS
ULTRA
iiL&Y
STEELS
HIGH STRENGTH
STEELS
Compsilion.
rmigMlkm
or
trade
Medlumcsrbon
AFl4lOtbl.
HP )-I-MC).
air-hardening
toughness
\la
o.xul.33
0.X-0.43
0.3wJ.43
0.314.38
O.J&O.J6
0.424.48
0.48-0.53
0.38-0.43
..........
..........
..........
..........
_.
Si
Cr
rtlmb
Xi
MO
co
rle&
..........
..........
HI 1 mod..
.
HI3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High fncture
low-alby
Jl30 ........
4140 ........
4340 ........
AMS 6434 ...
3OOM .......
D-6a ........
6150........
8640
Medium-alloy
O.JO4.60
0.7-1.00
0.6bO.80
0.6&0.80
0.6.4).90
O.W.90
0.7&0.90
O.i.~l.oo
o.x-O.3s
0.1Oa3.35
0.:0-0.3s
0.20-0.35
l.J5-1.80
0.l.co.30
0.1u.35
0.1&0.35
0.8&1.10
0.80-1.10
0.7&O.w
0.65-0.90
0.7Oa.95
0.9cLl.20
0.8&1.10
0.40-0.60
0.x4.JO
0.3&0.50
0.80-I.00
0.80-1.20
4.75-5.25
4.75-5.50
0. IO max
0.10-0.35
0.10 man
0.20 max
I .8&2.?0
0.90-1.10
._
I .65-2.00
I .6.5-2.00
I .65-2.00
0.40470
0. I~cg.25
0. Is-o.25
0.x-O.30
0.30-0.40
0.3Oa.45
0.~1.10
0.40-0.70
O.lSO.25
0.17423
0.05 min
0.05-o. IO
0.I5-0.25
steels
. . .
0.37-0.43
. . 0.32-0.45
1.?&1.40
1.10-1.75
0.40-0.60
0.8&-1.20
SIC&
_.
0.13-0.17
0.2W.34
MARAGING
lSNit200)
.
__ __ _. _.
ISNi(250)
. .
_. .__ _.
lSNi(300)
. . _.
._.
lSNi(350)
.. .
. . . ._.
ISNiEast).
.
_.
... .
12-S-3( 18OMc).
. .
Cobah.free
sod brsobah
Cobalt-free
Cobalt-free
Lowtobalt
Cobalt-free
lSNitC0j..
ISNIIYO).
lShi(Z50).
lSNio(X)).
Ia) All pdcr

Cr
comain
_. _.
. 18
_.
..
18
__.
.
18
__ _.
. . I8
_.
. I7
.
I?
bearing
. _.
.
.
0.90-I.
0.90-I.
IO
IO
o.w-0.
I?
IS%-II..%3
4.2.u.:5
STEELS
3.3
5.0
5.0
4.?(b)
4.6
3
8.J
8.5
9.0
I2.J
10.0
.
0.2
0.4
0.7
I.6
0.3
0.2
0. I
0. I
0. I
0. I
0.1
0.3
3.0
3.0
2.6
4.0
. . .
0.7
I.4
I.2
I .85
0.
0.
0.
0.
gmda
_.
.
.
.
9.50-10.50
7.0-8.0
.
.
18.5
18.5
IS.5
18.5
no more than 0.03% C. (b) Same produccn
ux a comb&lion
2.0
.
014.8%
Mu and 1.4% Ti. nominal.
I
I
I
I
0.1
.
(cl Comams S%
83-8
Appendix B
Appendix B-4
Corrosion
Instructional
Video Teletraining
Federal
Aviation
Administration
Resistant (CRIB)
Course
Steels
Introduction
April,
1998
to Metallurgy
EM
CORROSION
RESISTANT (CRES) /STAINLESS
STEELS
TYPES
There are five types of Wrought
of stainless
steels; viz., austenitic,
ferritic,
martensitic,
duplex
(ferrite-austenitic)
and
precipitation
hardening(PH).
The same types exist for cast alloys; some cast alloys can not be classified
as steels. The
martensitic
and PH steels/alloys
can be heat treated to high strength
levels. Most of the steels/alloys
described
here can be used
for applications
involving
elevated
temperatures
and/or those requiring
ambient
temperature
corrosion
resistance.
Some
compositions,
however,
were specifically
designed
for best performance
in only one type of application.
WROUGHT
Wrought
alloys
are classified
into two
groups,
standard
ALLOYS
and nonstandard
grades
Standard Grades
Standard
standard
stainless
steel grades are of the austenitic,
ferritic,
martensitic
and PH types; there are no standard
duplex
grades have been assigned
the following
designations:
I- 2xx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr-Ni-Mn;
Austenitic
2- 3xx ... ...... ..... ..... ...... ........ ........ ..... ....... ...Cr-Ni; Austenitic
3- 4xx .... ...... .... ..... ...... ......... ....... ...... ...... .. Cr; Martensitic
4- PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precipitation
Hardening*
l Only
four standard
grades exist; viz., PH 13-S MO, 15-5 PH, 17-4 PH and 17-7 PH. The first two digits indicate
the third digit the Ni%.
Nonstandard
grades.
The
the C&J
and
Grades
Nonstandard
grades cover all types of stainless
steels; austenitic,
ferritic,
martensitic,
duplex
and PH. There is no standard
designation
system
for these grades.
Instead,
the grades are identified
in one of three ways:
a- By trade names assigned by industry;
e.g., Custom
455 and E-Brite.
b- By composition;
e.g., 2 I-6-9 and PH 15-7 MO.
c- By parent standard
grade designation
followed
by the particular
modification;
e.g., 3 16 Cb meaning
the standard
3 16 plus
Cb additions.
CAST ALLOYS
Designation System
A special designation
system has been assigned
by the Alloy
Casting
Institute
(ACI).
The designation
followed
by one or two numerals
and one or more letters, as follows:
First Letter
Either C or H
C: Steels for liquid
corrosion
service;
include
Cr, Cr-Ni
and Ni-Cr
steels.
H: Heat resistant
alloys;
include
Fe-Cr,
Fe-Cr-Ni
and Fe-Ni-Cr
alloys. Note that many of these alloys
as steels but are listed as such for convenience
only.
Second
Letter
A letter, A through
Y, to indicate
nominal
Cr and Ni contents
per the graph shown.
U)
I
d
1
The Numeral(s)
; .?a -o.Ei--,-\
To indicate
the maximum
carbon%
x I00
z
=
,r
8
The Last Letter(s)
E 2o 0
1
To indicate
the presence
of alloying
elements
other than Ni and Cr.
.?
E
?lO-
corrosion
service;
F: 19%
Cr-9%
Ni; 8: 0.08%
carbon;
M: MO
1
I
not
I
!
; p!
IT-
10
20
be classified
1 N
letters
wxy
I
0
for liquid
of two
should
i
:
Example
CF-8M
C: Steel
consists
lo
Nulckel
40
COntent. %
50
60
10
WROUGHT
STANDARD
ml
........
10:
ms
........
:
JO1 ......
lo?
...........
302B
..........
303
..........
301sc
.......
JM
JMH
.........
JfuL
...........
JMLN
.........
mzcu
..........
.......
305
3x
...........
lw
............
309s
...........
310
..........
)Io.s
..........
II4
...........
316
............
JlbF
...........
316H
...........
J&L
...........
Jl6LN
.........
........
Jl6N..
317
..........
317L
..........
321
............
...........
330
..........
347
...........
347H
.........
Mn
...........
J48H
..........
Ia
............
JMN
............
J?IH
Fewilk
............
...........
...
.....
...........
.......
.....
..........
419
44:
444..
.........
......
.....
at...
:.::.
003
0.08
0.1:
0.1:
0.12
n.1:
0 I:
0.12
i.m
l.m
1.m
1.m
I.25
I.25
lo)
tm
l.m
1.m
l.m
I .m
l.m
1.00
1.00
1.00
Il.>l4.5
10.5-I
1.75
I4 O-16.0
l6.o-18.0
16.0-l&0
16.kl8.0
16.0-18.0
16.0-18.0
0.0
0 :o
0 0:s
i.m
100
im
I.00
i.m
1.m
Il.&l9
l8.&23.0
17.Sl9.5
o.:o
l.5O
1.m
:3.0-27.0
SJ?Qu
020
I.00
0.7s
2J.CL28.0
s40,m
YlcccJ
s4lJm
sl16OO
S416:J
YxoI
YXVO
0.1
0 I
0 is
0.1.
0.15
0.1
rn,
n 15 ml
0.m-o
:5
0.x
0.W.
0 TW.95
0.9.Li
.:n
1.00
I.00
l.m
I.23
I.2
1.00
1.25
I.00
i.m
I.00
i.m
l.m
0. .Yl
i.m
1-m
I.00
l.m
l.OO
l.m
0.75
im
l.m
1.m
i.m
11%13.0
11%Il.5
II.S-13.5
l2.crl4.0
I2&I4.0
I2.LI4.0
lx-14.0
II LIJ.5
I5 o-17.0
l6.o-18.0
16.0-18.0
lb&l8.0
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.w
020
I.00
i.m
I.00
0.10
100
i.m
1-m
YJO!
SAC00
.:s4.u00
.........
Dupk~
s&ulm
tkritk-ticakl
............
Muauilk
403
410
414
416
4lb.k
42o
42OF
422
431
4lo.4
4400
UK
y0.m
Ys409ca
Yxm
YJam
Y.u).x
SIJO:!
Sam
s.mm
IO
IO
IO
IO
I4.n-I!
:m
2.00
2m
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.m
2.m
200
2.00
:.m
2.00
:.a,
2.m
2.m
2.m
2.00
2.m
2.00
2.m
2.00
2.m
2.m
2.m
2.00
2.m
:.m
:.m
200
:.a,
2.00
2.m
00
i.00
1.m
i.m
1.m
1.m
im
Z.&IO
i.m
1.00
1.00
lm
I.00
I.00
i.m
i.m
I.00
l.m
I.00
too
IX
I JO
I.LJ.O
i.m
1.00
i.m
i.m
i.m
I.00
I.00
l.m
i.m
1.m
0.7.&I
.c
i.m
i.m
i.m
I.00
l.m
IO.&18.0
17.n-I9
16.~l8.0
I6.C18.0
17.kl9.0
l7.o-19.0
I7.o-I9
17.0-19.0
l.S.O-20.0
18.0-m.0
18.&20.0
i8.h20.0
17.w19.0
1.9.&?0.0
17.e19.0
19.0-2
I .o
22.0-24.0
22.lW4.0
24.0-26.0
24.C26.0
23.0-26.0
16.0-18.0
16.0-18.0
lb.&l&O
16.Gl8.0
l6.0-18.0
16.&18.0
18.wo.O
I&o-20.0
17.&19.0
17.0-19.0
i7.cm.o
17.&19.0
17.&19.0
17.o-19.0
17.0-19
15.0-17.0
I.!-J.5
0.0
u4.0
I o-l.75
6.04.0
R.&IO.0
8.0-10.0
8.o..IO.0
8.o-IO.0
8.O-I0.J
8.&lO.J
8.a-12.0
.9.&12.0
8.0-10.0
11.kIO.5
IO.%-13.0
lO.o-12.0
I2.&IJ.O
I:&15.0
19.w2.0
19.&22.0
19.~22.0
lO.&l4.0
IO&14.0
10.0-14.0
lO.&l4.0
10.0-14.0
lO.&l4.0
ll.LIJ.0
Il.o-IJU
9 &I?.0
P.bl2.0
34.617.0
9.&lJ.O
9.0-I)
0
9&lJ.O
9.0-Il.0
17.0-19.0
OWJ
0.06
0.045
O.MJ
0.0111
0.20
0.20
O.MJ
O.MJ
0.04s
O.MJ
OSUJ
0.015
O.MJ
O.MJ
0.015
0.045
O.MJ
0.045
O.MJ
0.045
0.20
0.01s
O.MJ
0.015
0.045
0.045
OLN
02 N
0.X4 40 N
0.045
O.MJ
0.M
0.015
O.MJ
0.015
O.MJ
O&J
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.15 In,
0.M
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0. IO min
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.045
0.M
0.01
0.06
O&
OM
0.01
0.03
O.MJ
0.03
0.03
0.1s min
0.0
0.03
0.03
0.M
0.01
0.01
0.01
0 03
0.03
0.M
0.03
0.3
0.040
0.030
I .ur2.m
O.MJ
0.6 Mdb)
O.l! mm se
0 10-0
3.040
O.lm
lb N
cu
I6 N
?.&I.0
MO
1.7K.J
MO
2.0-3.0
MO
2.e3.0
MO
2.GJ.O
Ho:O.IW.l6
X-3.0
MO: 0.1~).16
J.U.0
MO
3 (Y.0
MO
J I W
min Ti
5 x SC min Ti
N
N
IO I SC mm Nb
IIr%Cmm-l.OmuNb
0.2 Co: IO * Lit min Nb:
0.2Co:8~%Cmm-l1.0muNb:O.IOTa
0.10
Ta
l~p
40s
u9
429
430
4JOF
4JOFSc
434
rltd
329
n.tq
n I!
n 12n.z.c
0.1:
0 I!
&I!
0.15
O.l!
0.08
0 ou).
0.01
n.03
0.W
0.m
0.12
0.08
0.X
OOR
0.2.
0.08
0.25
0.08
009
o.wo
0.03
0 03
0.08
O(*I
0.03
0.W
0.M-n
04%
0.08
0ola10
0.W
0.0.
0.W
..
..........
5.5-T !
7.ClO.11
s:nlm
sm2m
: smsm
sJolm
: s302m
sJn?l!
s303m
SJOJ23
SJoa-ll
SJWJ9
SJn4aJ
SJN!J
s3tun
SJt-ht!I
sJnxa
SJRJm
SJWno
SOWS
SJlca
SJlKc3
SJIM
s316m
SJ1620
SJl@B
SJl603
SJl6!J
SJIL.cl
s317m
SJIIOJ
s32lm
SJZIW
NOW330
sJ47m
534709
SYSM
SJuIW
SJLYM
CRES STEELS
0.50
0 JO
1.00
0. IW.30
Al
mm - 0.75 mu
6 I SC
0.6 Udbl
0.1: min Se
o.:%I.Y
MO
Mo: 5 x X-C min
0.7LI.25
Nb
O.IJ
Al:
1.7>2.%
RN1
II
* %C min
- 0.70
mu
- l.iOTi
MO:
0.03
N: 0.2
min
0.S
Ti
li
* 4 l%C
l
Nb)
vp
:.5cu.m
MO
t,pa
...........
............
............
............
.......
............
..........
............
.......
...........
...........
...........
w-m
wim
sum:
yuu?
suca
Prdpllalka~iIq
PH IJ-EYo
....
........
15-J PH
I74
PH
........
.......
17.7 PH
l.?J-2.50
0 h-1.0
I zs-2%
0.04
0.01
0.M
0.06
0.06
0.M
0.M
0.M
001
0.04
001
OM
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.15 min
0.0
0.01
0.15 min
0.01
0.0)
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.M
0.M
0.M
O.OC0
0.03
0.03
0.M
0.6 Hdbl
0.13 mm se
06
Udbl
O.:Ll.2sMo:O.-~I.U
w:0.15-0.3v
o.:s
0,:s
0,:s
MO
MO
sio
type
S138m
SIJ.XXI
S17401
Sl77m
12.:~13.:!
I4.&lJ.5
IJ.L17.J
16.618.0
7.1uI.J
3.SJ.J
J.&!.O
6.5-7
75
2.C.J
MO: 0.~l.33
Al:
2.Y.5
Ca: O.l~.4J
Y.&J.OCu:O.lti.45
0.75-1.5
Al
0.01
Nb
Nb
84-2
NON STANDARD
-.I
WROUGHT CRES.STEELS
.- I,__,-,,,,,
-I., 8--._-I..-.._
. I .
ID
B4-3
CAST CRES STEELS

Compositions
CA.15.
CA.lJM.
CA40
CA&IF
CB.30
.,
and
tvical
microstructure
of ACI corrosion-resistant
cast
steel5
1,
II j-l40
Il.!-IJU
I I J-14 II
I, !-I40
IR.OZ.0
26 O-30.0
..:
KU
..:
?A~NM
CA.l.aMWV
A,,.
u:
10.5-l:.!
ll.L14.0
Il.&l:.5
_.
CE7CW2
CWMCu
CE.JO .............
CF.&cl
............
CF.JM,cl.
.........
CF.lMN
............
CFUel..
..........
CFdC
............
..........
CF.10
..............
CF.IOM..
............
CF.IOhlC.
........
CF.IOSMnN
.........
CF-1%.
.......
CFdM
CF.16F..
CF.20..
CCdMMN
0.08
0.03
0.03
o.ouJ
IO
0.044
IO
I.50
I.50
3.5043l
:.a)
I.50
:.al
303
0.16
?02
o.:o
0.06
CH-IO
...............
CH-20.
..........
CK.JMCuN
.......
CK.20..
J,O
Lt.&I
.4.0-12.0
W-12.0
9.Wl3.0
s&l
9.0-12.0
9.0-12.0
8.0-I
9.&12.0
I3.C16.0
8.&9
9.CI2.0
JO4
347
116
!I7
_.
,.
26.&lO.O
17.cIl.0
17.&21.0
l7.cGl.O
18.CGl.O
II.CL2I.O
l&o-21.0
18.0-21.0
11.~21
.o
IJ.O-18.0
16.&1.9.0
I8.C?l.O
2.m
2.00
0.20
0.01
0.07
0.07
O.OW.15
...
Compositions
-
.cIHA ....................
HC. ................
...............
HD.,
HE ..............
HF ...............
HH ..............
HI ................
/410,:::
:::
of ACI heat-resislanl
:::.::
HK40 ..................
HL ................
HS..
...............
HP ...................
...........
HP..Y)wZlc,.
H- .................
HTIO
................
HL
..............
HW .................
HX..
......
........
::
I,=
192605
JPJCO5
JPJ403
I92603
JPl.WJ
J94003
Jplzf4
JW
I94213
JMWS
A 217
A.W.A608
A297.Aea
A291.Ata
A.P.AbOB
A137..4608.AU
A297.A!-47.A2 g.
A 3Sl.
A 151
A 297.
A 297.
A297
A -37.
A 351
A 297.
A 297.
A-37.
7
A 608
A 6011
A ml
151.
A 567.
A613
A boo
A ta
A6cd
m,
am Ik UlRI n MI JNlllc.n,.
,b, Rlrn Fe I *I
I.8 ,sTII
&ml
I rti WLflu
,Cl,uHC.I.!SE ,~D.ml.?lorlkolh1110,1.
U mLl,mYm
I, ,.DntdI,
ak4vnl
r 1 HA. .blch h, O.pDl
I.%T?
N #ma,,
ICI USOOCDOUIN
8 ,tta
Iv. 0 I to 1.m zr. l ndO.ON%
s lma.8
2.00
18.0-21.0
I8.C!l.O
20.~II.5
B.O-II.0
I I.5-II.5
I.50
2.m
1.x)
2.m
9.0-Il.0
IO&11.0
12.e15.0
12.615
I?&I5
17..Cl9.5
2.00
I.03
l8.&21.0
Lot-3.0
22.W6.0
X.&26.0
22.W6.0
I9 5-20.5
z.00
2.00
:3.e:7.0
19.0-3.0
1.m
l.M
J.mw
0.5&1.1x)
zO.O-22.0
19.~22.:.0
IS.O-20.0
IP.&:I
23.0-27.0
27.~2QS
22.0-25.0
Jl.O-34.0
.,.I
0.20 mu
0.50 rm .
0.50 mu
0.20-0.x!
0 ma.40
0.20-O ..W
0.~
..m
;-s,$
0.15-o0.45
O.ZWMO
0.:&O
..W
0x-0.7!
0.4.W.~
5
0.Js0.7
0.2Y).Y
O.J.5-0.
O.JU-o.75
0.JU.75
<unautm,.
cmtmt~oOlCi
ror other .O,I
.%I Slmrll
Cr
&IO
2&Y)
X-Y)
26M
I%23
x-28
s30
?C28
21 e27.0
23.0-27.0
s-1:
1%II
:c:a
:A-28
l&17
I? c-l7.U
17-:I
l&14
ISI9
...
4max
c7
S-II
%I2
II-14
ICI8
IS-2
19crE,o
l9.k2.0
lb22
23-Z?
!J-J7
II-37
JJ-?7
53.0-57.0
3741
554:
64-69
0.cl.OM.3
0.~l.25Mo:
O.tl.?JW:
O.&o.~V
Z.LJ.?Cu.
O.mM.55Nb:
0.05N
ma
?.Sl.?Cu:
0 .B-O.lJ
0 05N INI
,.75-2.25Mo:
2.7M.LICu
1.0
?.&J.OMo
2.C-J.OMo:
St-;
i.m
2.m
:.a,
2.00
2.m
2.00
2.M
;:$
I .75
2.m
200
2.m
2.50
2.50
1.50
2 ..m
:.JO
2.50
Y.w*Y
cumcn,:
0.1% 10 UbY-5 lu HA.
IM.lIV
Jl0.A
P.WYZ.
Yl,bkrl
I, Y, .I a)51 uo HH aI* LUII.,,
0 -3
0.104.2ON
1.0
Nbcfl
?.&-J.OMo
1.0
9.e12.0
Zoo
I.W
alloys
A 547.
I.54
2.00
2.00
2.m
1.50
I.50
I50
I.50
I.50
I.20
2.m
I..%
I.33
0.15-133
casting
ASTM grHolbl.b
2.00
I 50
rawal
0.03
0.1:
0.08
0.04-0.I0
0.20
0.0:s
_.
.._....
4.7Jd.0
I.50
I.50
I.50
I.50
I.50
I .JO
I.50
I.SO
I.50
I.50
7.Ork9
al
I.50
CHd ..............
CN-JM..
CN-7M
CN-7MS
Cr.I5c
25.G26.5
0.10
0.03
0.01
116
..I..
.
4.5-5.5
JI:
JO4L
IIbL
._...
CGdM
CG-I2
5.6-4.6
I4.0-15.5
I.M
0. IO
..........
15.5-17.7
l.Ul
I.00
0 JOMtndl
0. I c I .coM.J
0.5MuldI
6.040
13U.J
0.5&l.O0
I.00
0.04
0.0)
1.0
I I,
1.0
I
0
Lo
2 &3.OMo
I.75--:.?.cMo
O.llS4.18N
?.O-3.OMO
I.U)MO
max:
0.2o-o.JJSc
Ix-3.ooMo.
0. IO&Y)Nb:
0. IO-IOV:
3.04.OMO
O.X-4ON
0
0
6.&7.OV:
0.50-l.cuu
0 I.3-0.24N:
. .
4.5-5.5Mo
?.o-l.OM.3:
2.5-J.OMo:
O.S,.JV
l.~.Ku
I.>:.oCu
Nb:
Appendix B
Appendix
B-5
Superalloys
Instructional
Video Teletraining
Federal
Aviation
Administration
Course
Introduction
April.
I998
to Metallurgy
B5
GENERAL
is a collective trade name assigned to a group of Fe, Ni, and Co-based alloys that are
characterized by excellent thermal performance up to 80-85% of their melting points, making
them suitable for jet engine components and other high temperature applications.
Many
superalloys are heat treatable to high strength levels. In the alloy listings, presented in the
following pages, some of these heat-treatable superalloys will be identified by asterisks.
Superalloys
DESIGNATION
SYSTEM
There is no standard designation system for superalloys. Alloys are identified by trade names,
usually assigned by the original inventor. These trade names have become sort of an industry
norm that is recognized internationally.
FORMS
Superalloys
are available
Wrought Alloys
Three types of alloys are
1. Fe-base (e.g., A-286,
2. N&base (e.g., Inconel
3. Co-base (e.g., Stellite
as wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy
products.
available:
Incoloy 903, and Pyromet CTX)
7 18, Nimonic 80, Udimet 700, and Pyromet
6B, Elgiloy, Haynes 188, and MP 35N)
600)
Cast Alloys
There are three major categories of cast alloys:
1. Polycrystalline
Cast Alloys. These are Ni or Co-base alloys.
a) Ni-base: Some of these have the same compositions as, and bear similar trade names to,
their wrought counterparts (e.g., IN 718, IN 625, Rene 41, and Nimocast).
Others are
strictly cast compositions (e.g., MAR-M 246 and Inconel 713).
b) Co-base: Strictly cast compositions (e.g., HS 21, MAR-M 302, and WI 52).
2. Directionally
Solidified@S)
Alloys. Ni-base alloys specially developed for directional
solidification
(e.g., MAR-M 247 and Rene 80H). These alloys are mainly used for vane and
blade applications.
3. Single Crystal (SC) Alloys. Ni-base alloys with adjusted compositions to suite single crystal
growth (e.g., PWA 1480 and Rene N-4). These alloys are mainly used for vane and blade
applications.
Powder Metallurgy
(PM) Alloys.
Some compositions, intended originally as cast alloys, were selected for PM applications. The
main use of this technology is for the production of components made of Stellites, a group of
wear-resistant alloys. Another application that is gaining commercial acceptance involves the
production of dispersion-hardened
alloys. Superalloy PM involves the production of ingots by
conventional ingot metallurgy, followed by powder production, from the ingot, by techniques
such as atomizing.
El-1
WROUGHT
Nominal
compitionr
of urouphf
nickel-Iwe
SUPERALLOYS
rllovr
0,
aw
I*
I4 I)
:o
:.!
:*.0
IJ
t:..c
?O
90
PO
.J
0.:
1.1
.Y
:.s
:h
I
:.a
:s
I.!
1.:
:.I
!.I
2.3
1.:
: 0
!
1,
:.s
: r
!.Y
I
I.0
10.
so
SP
4.0
1"
b"
! !
0!
10
DJ
composilionr
!7
3s
il
.?
Ub
0.3
0.J
0.30
01
01
0
J.U
:.I
IO
of wrought
C,
1
0.:
.?o
I
I,. I
I,
100
iron-base
alloy5
t.
0003
0.0s
0.012
0 OJ
002
IA
0.0:
44
OCOJ
0.00,
0.003
O.rnJ
0.160
Ou)I
0.010
0.03
00x
0.010
0.010
0.001
0010
OK@
Omb
OCOJ
o.oY)
0.020
0031
O.OlJ
0.036
0.m
~.~
0.04
0.02
0:
0 01
0.10
I s Ta
.
c-.
*h
0.:
u:
0.2
0.:
0.q
I, s
O.?
I, J
1
0.1
I.!
(0
17.0
IS.0
14.1
10.0
Il.?
Nominal
.
03
0.0,
OI
0 OJ
0 7
00s
001
004
OW
.I!
11.10
0.00
0 0
II
.lJ
0.m
0 0)
O.OJ
!
0.0
O.J
up
.I!
Oob
OOU
.OJ
O.OJ
003
0 07
0 01
ow
a3
.I
.
n
*.
S4.0
.!AI,
.!L.O
.u
,h
44s
&a
:!
(*k
O.,J
n.mJ
001
I..!, cu. 0 01 s
l.N
1.0
13
2s
:.J
1
1.0
!
O!V
2.0 C
O.O! L.l
10
0.1
Heat treatable
0 IJ
so
alloy
OS07
I.0 cu
1,s cu
CAST SUPERiLL&
Nominal
compositiom
*Br
IN-718 .._...........,
Y..
and
Tc
C,
0.04
I8.J
19.0
2I.S
12,s
12.0
12.0
10.0
16.0
16.0
12.7
22.4
8.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
Rcrd
MO
................r... 0.03
INIT5 ......................
0.06
IN-713C ....................
0.12
IN-713LC
...................
0.05
IN-713 HI (MM Ooo .........
OOS
IN-100 ......................
0.18
IN-736C ...................
0.17
IN-7ILC
..................
0.11
IN.792 ....................
0.21
IN-939.: ....................
0.1s
B-19W.. ....................
0.10
B-1900 HI IMM 037, .........
0. IO
B-1910 ......................
0.10
MMllUZ
....................
0.1s
MAR-M 200 ................
ITIS
MAR.M 200 HI (MM 009, ....
0.14
MAR-M 246.. ...............
0.111
MAR-M 246 Hf (MM 0061 ....
0.1s
MAR-M 247 (MM 0011) ......
0.16
CM 247LC .................
0.07
RcnC41..
.............
p ... 0.08
Rcn4 77.. ...................
0.08
Rcn.680.. ...................
0.17
RcnC8OHf..
...............
0.111
RcnC 100 ....................
0 IS
Rent l2J HI IMM 00s) ......
U.10
Nimocasl 7s.. .............
0.12
Nimocasl 60 ..........
4.
0.0s
.............
..+.
;.;
Nimocat
9S
......
.....
Nimocasl lo0
0.20
Ldlmel m ............
..............
:
n.lM
l!dimel 700 ..........
0.08
Udinw 710 ......
.....
0.13
31
c I30 ..................
C 242. ...............
t.:
C 263 ...................
0.06
c 1023 .............
0 IS
Has~clby X ..........
: : 0.08
Haalloy
S ...............
0.01
0.06
OW
O.On
U I!
0 IS
0.07
0.02
Ill!
0.18
U I4
U.lS
0.W
0.14
0.W
compositions
iC
Hs-?I IMOD Vlrallium~

HS-31 1X-u)).
HS-2S 1L.60Sr
ML.1700 ._..__
.._
WI.S?
MAR.M 30:.
.._
MAR-M 322
.._...
.
MAR.t.4 So) .___.
AiRcsirl
I3
_.
AiRcrisl
?IS
._.
__.
F 7S
FSX4I4..
._
x4
II 2i
U !I,
Il. IO
0:
I, 42
U.J<
I U
U60
U.4S
U.3S
U.:S
0.2s
0.3
II 0
1u.s
14.1
IUU
:1.s
X.0
:o.u
IS !
!I.U
lb.0
10.0
Ih ..
14.
I! U
..
IO.0
-33 0
10.0
I ..
IY.0
I2.J
..
26.0
4h
4h
Vh
!.I)
IJ.5
!.ll
IOU
0.:
20.0
..
1Il.U
20.0
of sekled
MO
12.0
...
...
...
...
IS.0
8.5
8.S
9.0
IY.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.3
I0.S
l.3.S
9,s
9,s
IS.0
I0.U
.....
.....
I;:;
l.c.0
8.0
I! 0
s.0
hl
Y.9
I!.0
I I.0
Ih.0
(-....
vs
1s.n
I! !
20.0
:o .(
20.0
CMSX-hul.
Nominal
co
:.;
8.1
19.0
IS.0
14.0
14.0
9.S
YU
20.0
)P ..c
I;:;
Nimocasl
90.
waspdoy
.......
..... +
NX IBB ....................
SEL .....................
CMSX.?lal
.........
......
GMR-23:
..............
CLISX-Jlal
...........
cwsx-&I.
......
............
...
CMRZJS
....
......
SEL.1.r..
..........
....
.
UDM Y ...............
M-22 ..................
IN-731.. ..................
MAR-M 421.. .............
MAR-M 432 ..............
MC.102..
.................
Nimocart 242. .......
.....
tiimocxst
263 ...............
1.1 Sin* cfyul
densities
JO
I.2
8.S
4.2
4.3
4.s
1.0
I 7S
1.7s
2.0
..
6.0
6.0
1.0
..
..
...
2.S
2.S
U.6S
0,s
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applications
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CM 37
LC..
sx alloys
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3
3
85-4
Appendix C
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Instructional
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Federal
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Introduction
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I998
to Metallurgy
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Introduction to

Developed and Presented by

Federal Aviation Administration

IVT COURSE ORIENTATION

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Airframe Engineering Curriculum

What Does the

Within the context of the AIR Training Program, the Airframe

Promote standardization throughout the organization in task

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Reduce significantly the time required for newly-hired

Establish and maintain appropriate, effective, and

In addition to the Service goals, the Airframe Engineering

FAR airworthiness requirements that are the purview of

The resulting Airframe Engineering Curriculum structure

The Two-Week Job Function Course uses an instructor-led,

Lnstructional Video Teletraining

Airframe Engineering Curriculum

High-level overviews of ten technical subjects are presented by

An initial live three to four hour IVT satellite broadcast with

Basic concepts and FAA-specific applications and examples

Composite Materials (Design/Certification

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Airframe Engineering Curriculum

Structural Test Methods

Design and Construction

Repairs and Modifications

Each technical subject overview is designed to not only

As a follow-on to the Overviews of Technical Subjects, the

Stress Analysis and Structural Test Methods,

Repairs and Modifications

These core technical subjects are essential to the technical work

IVT Course Orientation

IVT Course Orientation

is one in a series of ten Overviews

Interactive Video Teletraining, or IVT, is instruction delivered

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

IVT Course Orientation

This course is designed for:

New and experienced FAA airframe engineers who are not

Dr. Tarek (Terry) Khaled, has more than 25 years of

Instructional Video Teletraining

IVT Course Orientation

How Will This

After completing this course you will have a basic

The nature of metals.

Deformation and mechanical working.

Effects of fabrication and finishing operations on properties.

After completing this course, you should be able to:

and ingot structures.

The following topic outline is intended to give you an overview

The nature of metals

Atomic and crystal structures

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

IVT Course Orientation

Cast/ingot microstructure control

Fabrication methods - overview

Mill products and mechanical working

Cold and hot working

Primary and secondary working

Solid solution strengthening