MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

Assignment No.02

Submitted to:

SIR FAHAD AL GHAZALI

Submitted by:

NASIR MEHMOOD
(1109-MSc-008)

Department of Electronic Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) ISRA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD CAMPUS

1. Give the contents of AX after execution of following instructions MOV AX,1234h , MOV AX, 1234h MOV AX, 1234h MOV AX, 1234h MOV AX, 1234h MOV AX, 1234h MOV AH,12h MOV BX,1 MOV BX,1 MOV BX,1 MOV BX,1 ADD AX,BX ADD BX,AX SUB BX,AX SUB AX,BX AX=1234h AX=1234h AX=1235h AX=1234h AX=1234h AX=1233h

2. Define Cache memory Cache Memory is a memory placed near or on processor chip, during work processor store its temporary files on it like addresses of memory which used frequently, two type of cache memory in computer one is L1 and other L2 L1 is built on processor chip and L2 built on mother board near processor, cache data washed automatically when we shutdown the Computer. 3. Define program memory and program counter

a. Program Memory A machine code program is a sequence of instructions manipulating values in memory, memory consist generally of the following elements Processor register The stack A data segment (static allocation) The Heap (dynamic allocation)

b. Program Counter Program counter hold the address of either the byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of
2 1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University

multibyte instructions which not fetched. In both cases it gets incremented automatically one byte one as the instruction bytes get fetched also program register keeps the address of the next instruction.

4. Define the Arithmetic Co-processor. Co-Processor is a processor that is used with main processor to share its processing load. Arithmetic co-processor is a type of co-processor which helps the main processors in mathematics or arithmetic processes or calculations. Main processor transfer all arithmetic processes to this processor because this processor specially designed for arithmetic functions. 5. Define the Multiple Core processing. Multi core processing mean to built more then 1 processor on single core or chip. In this process 2 or 4 processors manufactured on single chip and in one packing. All processor work parallel and share whole work load. Through fast and parallel processing resultant speed of system increased. 6. What is meant by Fabrication Technology ( nm, um) Fabrication Technology (nanometer, micrometer) mean manufacturing of transistors on a single chip. Nanometer or Micrometer is the size of a transistor on chip. 7. List down types of I/Os with examples. INPUTS OUTPUTS I/Os Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner Monitor, Printer, VGA Port RS232, Floppy drive, CD-ROM, LAN Card

8. Types of Memories.
3

Static memory Dynamic memory ROM(Read Only Memory)

1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University

RAM(Random Access Memory) Flash Memory EEPROM(Electrical Erasable Programmable Read only Memory) SDRAM DDR RAM

9. Types of interfaces PCI Interface Serial Port USB Interface RS232 VGA Port

10. Real Floating point format. Give its format with example. What is the difference between single and double precision.

1 bit S

8 bits exp

23 bits Fraction

If S=0 Exp=00000001 Fraction= 10000 then

11.
4

What is meant by 32 bit processor?

1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University

32bits microprocessor is a processor that can process 32bits at a time, its data bus and address memory both have 32 bits. Processor 80386 was first 32 bit processor.

12. Was the first microprocessor a 64 bit processor? If no? What were the needs which prompted to create 64 bit processor?

First microprocessor was only 4bits processor not 64bits processor. 64 bits processor can process 64bits data at a time. Speedy and large amount of data processing and market trend promote the engineers to manufacture a 64 bit microprocessor.

13.

Define Moores Law.

Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware whereby the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. In 1965, Gordon E. Moore, the co-founder of Intel published a paper predicting that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their invention. The numbers of transistors on a chip will double every 24 months or every 18 months. Quote from the 1965 paper: "This allows at least 500 components per linear inch or a quarter million per square inch"
5 1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University

14.

What is meant by Endianness?

Endianness shows the sorting of data stored in memory, like most significant bit or least significant bit or data length like short or long. To represent short it take two byte. If the most significant comes first then its called big endian, In other word programmer decide memory register size through endianess mean how much memory register required to store Byte=8bit Half word=16bits or Word= 32bits

15.

What is the purpose of MRDC pin in the microprocessor?

MRDC means Memory Read Control microprocessor use this pin to read the data from memory, before reading data microprocessor locate its required data through address bus after locating data microprocessor send read request through MRDC pin for reading the data. 16. Give an example of a 4 bit processor from any device that is used in the present day. In present days 4 bit microprocessor used in electronic calculators for calculating or arithmetic functions.

17.

Define Transient Program Area.

Transient program area holds the DOS or basic main operating system and some other programs that help the pc in during boot,
6 1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University

18. What was the frequency of the first Pentium launched and how many instructions per second did it deliver? Clock frequency of first Pentium was 60MHz & 66MHz.first Pentium can deliver 110M instruction per second. 19. What is meant by CISC and RISC architecture? Give their differences. CISC means Complex Instruction Set Computer RISC means Reduced Instruction Set Computer CISC

RISC have complex

CISC system instructions Multi clock

RISC system reduce number of instructions Single clock Reduce instruction only Register to Register

Complex instructions Memory to Memory Load and store

20.

Load and store What was the specialty of the 80486 Microprocessor?

80486 was released almost in 1989 its has these specialties over old versions or processors

Highly integrated package Have two processors one main and an other co-processor for arithmetic functions (floating point operations) 8kbyte cache Memory

21. Draw a block diagram showing the connectivity of a general Microprocessor with Input output units and Busses. P
7 1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University ROM RAM Keyboa rd Printer

Address Bus

Data Bus

22. Pentium Pro uses three execution engines at a time. What do you understand by this statement? Pentium pro processor uses three execution engines at a time Mean it can execute 3 instructions at a same time in parallel. 23. Draw block diagram of the memory map of the personal computer showing the distribution of System Area, Extended Memory and TPA.
MS-DOS-Program TPA

COMMAND.COM Device Driver Mouse etc MS DOS Program IO.Sys Program DOS Com Area BIOS Com. Area Interrupt vector

24. What is meant by a thread with respect to Microprocessor? In term of microprocessor a thread is the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled by an operating system. The implementation of threads
8 1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University

and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process. Multiple threads can exist with in the same process and share resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources.

1109-MSc-008 (MP & MC) | ISRA University