The Mcauley Catholic High School History Department

Modern World History Revision Paper 1

International Relations 1918 1939

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

Contents Table of Contents

Modern World History Revision Paper 1 .................................................................................. 3 Checklist for International Relations ......................................................................................... 5 THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ........................... 7 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS................................................................................................. 8 GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY 1933-39 .......................................... 9 APPEASEMENT................................................................................................................ 10 KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 11 THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND ................................................................................ 11 THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ...................................................................................... 11 KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 12 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ............................................................................................ 12 KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 13 GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY ......................................................... 13 KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 14 APPEASEMENT ................................................................................................................. 14 Past questions ........................................................................................................................... 15

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

Modern World History Revision Paper 1 IMPORTANT

1. PLANNING - be organised, make a realistic plan you can stick to and STICK TO IT 2. BE REALISTIC - do not attempt to revise for more than 45 minutes at a stretch - break up your revision with breaks and rewards. If you give yourself a 10 minute break between two 45 minute sessions you will be amazed how much more you will achieve 3. BE PURPOSEFUL - Don't give up - even a mountain of work gets smaller and more manageable once you start to revise 4. KEEP IN ALL IN PROPORTION Your GCSE's are important, but in terms of life the universe and everything they are not THAT important. Work hard but don't make yourself ill over it, you can live with the consequences if you don't get what you want first time! 5. SUPPORT each other in your revision - if you can find someone to revise with and to test you it is often a big help. it is also useful to have someone to talk to about it. TOP REVISION TIPS 1. Sort out the environment you are going to work in. MINIMISE STRESS make sure you have everything you need - files, books , pens, paper etc. readily to hand. Make sure it's a quiet place, not stuffy, enough light, refreshments close to hand - a place where you are comfortable. 2. Plan your time - make a revision timetable and stick to it as much as you can 3. Plan your folder - divide into sections that are ordered and structured - use the Medicine revision planner given. Divide Germany work into logical sections. STRATEGIES

Use "Memory Maps" for complicated topics - use pictures and symbols that spring to your mind. Place finished memory maps above your desk just above eye level 3

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

Regularly test yourself in exam conditions When taking additional notes remember to try and interact with your notes. Consider the topic title, ask yourself what the notes made you think of, make connections. Give yourself regular breaks - the average attention span is about 15 minutes!!. give yourself regular five minute breaks when you do something completely different e.g. listen to music, make a cup of tea -- you might want to use rewards e.g. I can have a chocolate biscuit if I learn this Memory map -- you'll get fat but it might help you learn Many people concentrate better with a little background music on experiment - does it help you? if yes then DO IT Mobilise a friend - revise together - use each other to brainstorm how you approach certain questions, test each other orally Always make sure there is a range of activities and aids to your revision. Auditory - things you can listen do - other people, you could make revision tapes if you find the spoken word more helpful than written revision cards Visual - things you can see - revision cards, memory maps etc. kinaesthetic- Don't just sit still all the time. many people learn well when they are moving - In the First Place game is very useful

MOST IMPORTANTLY START REVISING NOW!

What you need to know for Paper 1

For this you need to revise Germany and International Relations. It is a mixture of source questions and extended writing question. Examples of these questions will appear at the end of the book. Remember you need to organise your revision. On the next page is a checklist of what you need to know.

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

Checklist for International Relations

Please check your file to make sure you have completed this unit of work.
Havent got a clue! Nearly there. Please Got it sussed! Please

Key Question
1. Were the Peace Treaties of 1919-23 fair?

Focus Points
What were the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles? Why did all of the victors not get everything they wanted? What was the immediate impact of the peace treaty on Germany up to 1923? Could the treaties be justified at the time? How successful was the League in the 1920s? How far did weaknesses in the Leagues organisation make failure inevitable? How far did the Depression make the work of the League more difficult? Why did the League fail over Manchuria and Abyssinia?

Content Focus
The peace treaties of 1919-23 (Versailles, St. Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres and Lausanne); the roles of individuals such as Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George in the peacemaking process; the impact of the treaties on the defeated countries; contemporary opinions about the treaties.

Please

2.

To what extent was the League of Nations a success?

The League of Nations; strengths and weaknesses in its structure and organisation; Successes and failures in peacekeeping during the 1920s; other work of the League refugees; the impact of the World Depression on the work of the League after 1929; the failures of the League in Manchuria and Abyssinia.

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

3. Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? What were the longterm consequences of the peace treaties of 1919-23? What were the consequences of the failures of the League in the 1930s? How far was Hitlers foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? Was the policy of appeasement justified? How important was the Nazi-Soviet Pact? Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany in September 1939? The collapse of international order in the 1930s; the increasing militarism of Germany, Italy and Japan; Hitlers foreign policy to 1939; the Saar, remilitarization of the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland; the Nazi-Soviet Pact, appeasement and the outbreak of war in September 1939.

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

GCSE HISTORY REVISION FILE

INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1918 - 1939

THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

BACKGROUND
By 1918 Russia was out of the war and the Germans were able to transfer all their troops to the Western Front. The Americans had entered the war against Germany at the end of 1917 but it would be some time before US troops arrived in France in large numbers. In April 1917, the Germans began a massive attack on the western front in a final effort to break through. At first, they succeeded and advanced to within 60km of Paris. By July, they were halted and the allies pushed them back. Over a million US troops were now in Europe, the British naval blockade was causing serious shortages of food and war materials in Germany and Germanys allies were on the verge of collapse. By November it was clear Germany could not win the war.

On November 8 1918 the Kaiser abdicated and fled to Holland. A Provisional Government was set up and they had to negotiate an armistice with the Allies. The Germans were promised that they would be treated fairly and that the final peace treaty would be based on PRESIDENT WILSONS 14 POINTS. At the peace conference at Versailles it soon became clear that the allies had very different views about how Germany should be treated Wilson wanted a fair settlement for all - national self-determination; international disarmament; a League of Nations to prevent future wars; no more secret treaties. Clemenceau of France wanted revenge. He wanted Germany to lose territory and much of her industry; pay for war damage; and be completely disarmed. Lloyd-George did not want to see Germany totally ruined, but he was forced by public opinion to go along with the idea of punishing Germany and making them pay. Under the Treaty of Versailles the German army was reduced to 100,000 men. No tanks, no air force and no submarines. Alsace-Lorainne was returned to France, all German colonies were taken away, Poland was given German territory and the Rhineland was demilitarised. Germany had to accept all blame for the war and pay REPARATIONS of 6.6 billion to compensate the allies for war damage. The Germans were not allowed to take part in the discussions about the treaty. They were very bitter about how they were treated. Even the Allies were not satisfied.

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

GCSE HISTORY REVISION FILE

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

BACKGROUND
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, the Allies agreed to form an international organisation to provide peace and security for all countries. This was one of President Wilsons 14 Points. The League of Nations was set up in 1920. It met in Geneva and was very popular with the people of Europe. The League had three main aims. To provide 1. 2. 3. COLLECTIVE SECURITY - all countries to help any member who was attacked. PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES - an international court at The Hague. INTERNATIONAL DISARMAMENT - all members were to reduce their armed forces. The League was made up of a number of bodies. THE COUNCIL / THE ASSEMBLY / THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE and AGENCIES such as the ILO. The League did much good work in resettling refugees, stopping the drugs and the slave trade, international traffic signs and settling minor border disputes. The League failed in its main aims because. Important countries such as the USA and Russia did not join. Germany joined in 1926 but did not trust the League. The League had no armed forces, which made it difficult to make aggressive countries back down. Collective security was a very vague idea. The League could apply trade and economic sanctions but these took a long time and were very difficult to enforce. International disarmament proved impossible in the 1920s. Each country was determined to look after its own interests the League could not get agreement even to have a conference. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. China appealed to the League, which sent the Lytton Commission to investigate. In 1933, it recommended that Japan should withdraw and Manchuria become a semi-independent state. Japan rejected this and left the League. The Leagues failure in Manchuria revealed how weak the League was and that Britain and France would not support economic sanctions if this threatened their national interests. In 1932, the League organised the Geneva Disarmament Conference but this broke up in 1934 largely due to Hitlers demands for equality for Germany, which France rejected. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The League applied economic sanctions but excluded important supplies such as oil. Mussolini threatened war if Italian trade was blockaded. Britain and France wanted to keep Mussolini as an ally against Germany and attempted to do a secret deal (Hoare Laval) that would give Mussolini most of Ethiopia. News of this was leaked and there was public outrage. In 1936, Italy left the League. In 1937, the League adopted a policy of non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War. This was ignored by Italy and Germany who helped Franco and the USSR who helped the Republicans. After 1937, the League was virtually ignored by the major powers.

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

GCSE HISTORY REVISION FILE

GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY 1933-39

BACKGROUND
When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he was determined to make Germany the leading military power in Europe and conquer territory in Eastern Europe. His plan involved; Rearming Germany with modern weapons and increasing the size of Germanys armed forces. Creating a Greater Germany by bringing all German-speaking people in Europe into the Nazi state. A war of conquest in the East to provide lebensraum (living space for the German people) The main obstacle to Hitlers plan was the Treaty of Versailles. In 1919, Germany had been forced to agree to reductions in her armed forces, loss of territory, and was forbidden to unite with Austria. Britain and France were responsible for making sure Germany did not break the treaty. Hitler was very careful to avoid provoking Britain and France until he had made Germany strong again. German rearmament began immediately in 1933. At first, this was done secretly with the help of industrialists who supported Hitler. Production of new tanks, aircraft and other weapons began. In 1934, Hitler went to the Geneva Disarmament Conference. He asked for equality with the French army. The British agreed but the French refused. Hitler walked out and Britain and France blamed each other for the failure to reach agreement. In 1935, the Anglo-German Naval agreement allowed Germany to increase her Navy beyond the limits set at Versailles. The French were furious and believed the British were too soft with Germany. This further divided Britain and France to Hitlers advantage. Later in 1935 Hitler declared that he was increasing the German Army to 500,000. He also announced the existence of a German Air Force. These things had been forbidden at Versailles. In March 1936, Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland. This made Germany safe from a French invasion and strengthened his position in Germany. In 1938, Hitler threatened to invade Austria and Britain and France refused to help. The Austrian government was forced to agree to the Anschluss or Union with Germany. The British did not stop Hitler because: - Britain did not have a big enough army / a belief that Treaty of Versailles was too harsh / the public did not want another war / mistrust of the French / fear of bombing raids on Britain / a belief that ending Versailles would satisfy Hitler. After 1936, Hitler could not have been stopped without a major war. By 1937, Germany had the largest air force and the largest army outside of Russia. In Britain serious rearmament had not even started. Hitler was always careful to make it seem he only wanted fair treatment for Germany selfdetermination for all German people, equal armed forces for Germany and an end to the unfair Treaty of Versailles. By 1938, Germany was in a very strong position and when Hitler moved against Czechoslovakia, he was ready for war. Britain was not and would have a long way to go to match the German armed forces.

Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

GCSE HISTORY REVISION FILE

APPEASEMENT

BACKGROUND
After the Anschluss with Austria, Hitler was in a very strong position. Germany had the largest armed forces in Europe and Hitler was convinced that Britain and France would not be willing to go to war with Germany. His next target was Czechoslovakia. The Czech state was created at Versailles and contained 3 million Germans in the area known as the Sudetenland. Hitler wanted this area to be handed over to Germany. The Czechs had a good army, alliances with France and Russia and were willing to fight if necessary. However, they were betrayed and forced to give in to Hitlers demands. Everyone knew that Hitlers next move would be against Poland, as he wanted the Polish Corridor returned to Germany. In an attempt to prevent this Britain and France gave a guarantee to help Poland if Germany attacked. Hitler made a secret deal with Stalin and went ahead with his invasion of Poland. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. In May 1938, Hitler told his Generals, It is my unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia. At a meeting with the Czech President Benes, he demanded the Sudetenland be given to Germany. The Sudeten Nazi Party led by Konrad Henlein began to claim that Sudeten Germans were being persecuted. In fact, Czechoslovakia treated minority groups fairly and respected their rights. The Soviet Union offered to help the Czechs provided the French were willing to fight. The Czechs and the French began to mobilize their armies. German troops were moved to the Czech border. War seemed inevitable until the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain intervened. On 15 Sept at Berchtesgatan Hitler agreed to a peaceful handover of the Sudetenland. On 22 Sept at Ogdensburg Hitler told Chamberlain that he intended to occupy the area on October 1. Chamberlain returned to Germany for a third meeting in Munich. The British, French, Italians and Germans. They agreed to Hitlers demands and the Czechs were forced to give up the Sudetenland. In March 1939 Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia It was clear that Poland would be Hitlers next target. Britain and France were determined to make a stand and on 30 March, they promised to assist Poland if Germany attacked. In the summer of 1939 the German newspapers and radio stations began to put out anti Polish propaganda claiming that the Poles were persecuting Germans living in the Polish Corridor. Hitler believed that France and Britain would not move against him without the support of Russia. In August 1939, he made a deal with Stalin that contained secret plans for Poland to be divided between Germany and Russia. On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland. Britain and France sent an ultimatum to Hitler demanding that the German army withdraw. Hitler refused and on 3 Sept Britain and France declared war on Germany.

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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING

THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
QUESTION Why was Germany close to collapse by November 1918? Explain the events that led to the armistice of November 1918. How did the allies differ in their views about how to deal with Germany? the main What were proposals in President Wilsons 14 Points? What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Why were many Germans bitter and angry with the Treaty of Versailles? INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1900-1949 ANSWER NOTES

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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
QUESTION Why was the League of Nations set up and what were its aims? Describe how the League of Nations was organised. What powers did the League have to deal with aggressive nations? the main What were weaknesses of the League of Nations? Why was disarmament important in the 1920s? ANSWER NOTES

Why did the League fail to bring about disarmament in the 1920s?

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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING

GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY
QUESTION Why were the German armed forces very weak in 1933? Explain why Hitler was determined to increase German military strength. how Hitler Describe made Germany stronger during the period 1933-38. Why did the growing strength of Germany cause tension in Europe? Britain and Why did France fail to stop Germanys growing military what was Explain power? meant by a policy of appeasement towards Germany. ANSWER NOTES

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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1900-1949

KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING

APPEASEMENT

QUESTION Why did Hitler want to destroy Czechoslovakia? Why did the British government agree to Hitlers demands for Czechhappened to What territory? Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement? claim Why did Hitler Polish territory should be given to Germany? Why did Britain and France offer to help Poland if Germany attacked them? ignore Why did Hitler Britain and France and attack Poland in Sept 1939?

ANSWER NOTES

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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

Past questions

KQ 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919-23 fair?

1) (a) What did Lloyd George hope to achieve from the Treaty of Versailles? [4] (b) Explain why Germany was made to pay reparations. [6] (c) The following were all equally important reasons why Germany hated the Treaty of Versailles: (i) limitations on its armed forces; (ii) the loss of raw materials and industries; (iii) the loss of land. Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer, referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). [10] June 05 2) (a) What land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles? [4] (b) Explain why the Allies punished Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. [6] (c) How satisfied were the Allied leaders with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. [10] June 2006 3 (a) What were Lloyd Georges aims at Versailles? (4) (b) Explain why Clemenceau wanted the Treaty of Versailles to punish Germany severely. (6) (c) The following were all equally important reasons why Germany was dissatisfied with the Treaty: (iv) the reduction in armed forces; (v) the loss of territory; (vi) the imposing of war guilt and reparations. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). (10) (june 2008)

KQ 2 To what extent was the League of Nations a success?

1) (a) What was the structure of the League of Nations? [4] (b) Explain how the League of Nations tried to solve social problems during the 1920s and 1930s. [6] (c) How successful was the League of Nations at keeping peace in the 1920s and 1930s? Explain your answer. [10] June 06 2) (a) What were the main aims of the League of Nations? (4) (b) Explain how the League of Nations achieved some successes in the 1920s. (6) (c) How far can the failure of the League in the 1930s be blamed on the Great Depression? Explain your answer (10)

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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

KQ 3 Why had international peace collapsed by 1939?

1) (a) What was agreed at the Munich Conference in 1938? [4] (b) Explain why Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939. [6] (c) The following were all equally important reasons why there was a world war in 1939: (i) Hitlers aggressive foreign policy; (ii) the failure of the League of Nations; (iii) the policy of appeasement. Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer, referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). [10] June 05 2) (a) Describe the events in the Rhineland in 1936. (4) (b) Explain why Britain followed a policy of appeasement. (6) (c ) How far was the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 responsible for causing war in Europe? Explain your answer. (10) (June 2007) 4(a) What were the aims of Hitlers foreign policy? (4) 4(b) Explain how Hitler destroyed the Treaty of Versailles in the years up to 1938. (6) 4(c) The following were equally important reasons for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939: (iv) the policy of appeasement; (v) the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939; (vi) the invasion of Poland. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). (10) June 2008

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