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Single-Phase Transformers
The transformer is one of the most widely used and useful electrical devices available. It can be used to transform an ac voltage or current in a circuit from one level to another and it can provide electrical isolation between circuits. By using transformers we can efficiently transmit electricity over a great distance at a high voltage and then reduce the voltage to safe level at the point of use (Q: Why is it more efficient to transmit electricity at a high voltage?). The voltage can then be further reduced and used to obtain the low voltage dc power supplies used in appliances such as computers, printers and CD players.
The transformer works by electromagnetic induction. If a sinusoidal ac voltage of is applied to a coil then it will produce a magnetic field where the flux will alternate at the same frequency as the voltage. Conversely if a coil is placed in an alternating magnetic field then a voltage will be induced in the coil that will alternate at the same frequency as the magnetic field. This is Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, which can be expressed as:
Where: e = voltage induced in the coil N = number of turns in the coil = flux within the coil in Webbers (Wb) = flux linkage = N (Wb) t = time in seconds If we now consider two coils that are closely coupled and we apply a sinusoidal voltage to one of the coils where the voltage is defined as: )cos(maxtVv= Where: v = the instantaneous value of the voltage V = the peak value of the voltage
max
= 2f The magnetic field produced by the first coil will induce a voltage in the second coil. This is transformer action. To ensure that the coils are closely coupled the coils should be wound on an iron core, which will provide a path for the mutual flux linking the coils (Q: Why will this be better than air?), to further improve the coupling the second coil should be wound on top of the first coil. For now the coupling between the coils will be assumed to be ideal. Apply Lenzs law to the coils gives:
Where: L = the self inductance of the coil = N /(reluctance) i = current producing the mutual flux C = a constant of integration that will be zero in this case The current that produces the mutual flux will be a sine wave that lags the
0
voltage by 90 , the flux will be in phase with the current. In the case of the ideal transformer the reluctance of the core will be zero ( = ) and the current
r
required to produce the mutual flux will be zero. With reference to figure 1and by applying Faradays and Lenzs laws, we can say:
(a).UPF Load:-The switch S2 open, the variac is adjusted so that the primary
voltage v1 is at its rated value.this value keep constant through the expirmebt for all load conditions. The secondary voltage v2 is noted . the resistive load is now put on and if necessary variac is adjusted to keep v1at its rated value . The readings of i1,i2,w1,w2 and v2 the secondary voltage under loading condition are noted .The resistive load is varied step by step ( and the above readings are taken) till full load.
54 331 465 491 1.402 3.395 3.58 3.67 0.1 0.62 0.878 0.97
2.31 2.1 2.07 2.16 4.54 4.53 4.55 4.85 220 220 220 220 111.9 113.8 114.8 118.6 517 407 334 39 484 375 303 3 -0.268 -1.933 -2.787 -5.9 0.889 0.727 0.58
We seen from the result of table 1( R only) that the regulation voltage decreased , the input PF increasing also the efficiency by the increasing of load current, while the load voltage (output transformer voltage) decreased from it's rated value ( at no load ) to its minimum value at rated output load current .
For RL Load at rated output load current the load voltage decreased
,while output PF increased by increasing L For RC load and at rated output current we seen that the load voltage increased also the output PF by increasing C and the regulation voltage is negative .