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NATURAL CONVECTION Heat Transfer & Metrology Lab

Name : Anil Chejara Roll No. : 9003022 Group : 5

ME-314

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IIT-Gandhinagar

BACKGROUND: The mode of heat transfer between the surface and adjacent fluid is called convection. The transfer of heat from one place to another will be by the bulk movements of fluid particles. If this motion is mainly due to density variations associated with temperature gradients within the fluid, the mode of heat transfer is said to be due to free or natural convection. Convection can be "forced" by movement of a fluid by means other than buoyancy forces .if this motion is induced by an external agency such as fan, blower or pump. The basis of convective heat transfer is Newtons law of cooling, which states that amount of heat transferred from a hot surface to the surrounding fluid is proportional to The temperature difference between the surface and the surrounding Area in contact with fluid. Natural convection is observed when density gradients are present in a fluid acted upon by a gravitational field. In this phenomenon, the heated vertical plate exposed to air which, far from the plate, is at rest. Near the plate the air is heated, and the density of this heated air becomes less than that of the ambient air. The gravitational force acting on an infinitesimal control volume of fluid is therefore less, while the buoyancy force, which is due to the hydrostatic pressure gradient, remains the same as far away from the plate, resulting in a net upward force. And now of cooler air from outside the boundary layer replenishes the rising fluid (entrainment). A steady state situation will be achieved when the temperatures of the plate and the ambient fluid are held constant. In this flow, thermal and velocity boundary layers exist and the velocity and temperature fields.

Newtons law of cooling can be represented in the equation form as Q = h*A*T h is the local heat transfer coefficient Considering the case of natural (free) convection from vertical surface, the free convective heat transfer coefficient h will depend upon the variables listed in the table below. In contrast with fluid velocity U, which is caused by external agency in case of forced convection, in case of free or natural convection fluid circulation is caused by buoyancy force, which comes into play because of density variation due to temperature difference.

Serial No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Variable Fluid density Fluid viscosity Specific heat of fluid Thermal conductivity of Fluid Volumetric coefficient of Expansion of fluid Acceleration due to Gravity Temperature difference Significant length Heat transfer Coefficient

Symbol Cp K g T L h

ME-314

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IIT-Gandhinagar

The natural convective heat transfer data can be represented in non-dimensional form as Nu = (Gr, Pr) Physically the Grashoff Number represents the ratio
Bouyancy force x Inertial Force (Viscous force )^2

= gTl3/2

And it plays the same role in Natural convection as is assumed by Reynolds Number in forced convection. The Prandtl number is defined as Pr = Cp/k The average value of Nusselt number for a vertical plate of length L is given by

Where, NuL= Nusselt number based on length of the plate L. In many applications, one deals with fluids having Prandtl numbers of the order of unity (majority of gases and thin liquids). In such cases, for the range 0.7 < Pr < 3.0, the following simpler equation, which agrees well with the theoretically derived equations, may be used.

Where, Gr * Pr is called the Rayleighs Number

AIM: To determine heat transfer coefficient, by natural convection to the ambient stagnant air from vertical cylinder. APPRATUS: Cylindrical test section in the vertical position having electrical heater fitted inside. The test section is surrounded by rectangular duct, with acrylic window in the front side, to protect the test section from the movement in the ambient air. (Movement in the ambient air, by any external force, will change heat transfer mechanism from natural to forced convection and will enhance the heat transfer coefficient.)

ME-314

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IIT-Gandhinagar

Natural Heat Transfer Experiment Equipment Seven thermocouples to measure the temperature of the surface of the test section at various heights and eighth thermocouple to measure the ambient temperature. Voltmeter and an ammeter to measure the amount of heat supplied to the test section. PROCEDURE: First of all make sure the zero position of all digital devices before switching on it. Switch on the power supply to the heater keeping the dimmer-stat knob at lowest possible position, slowly rotate the dimmer-stat knob in clockwise direction and set the voltage at the required level. Allow sufficient time for steady state to be achieved by the test section. Steady state is indicated by the constant temperature readings by the seven surface thermocouples. After 30 Minutes start recording the temperature of various points at each 5 minutes interval. If temperatures readings are same for three times, assume that steady state is achieved. Record the final temperatures. Note down the temperatures indicated by all thermocouples as well as voltage across the heater and current drawn by it. Repeat the above procedure for different supply voltages sufficiently apart from each other.

OBSERVATIONS: Diameter of the test cylinder (d) = 0.038 m Length of the test cylinder (L) = 0.50 m Ambient temperature during the experiment: V = 123 volt V = 170 volt T = 28 0C T = 29 0C

ME-314

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IIT-Gandhinagar

OBSERVATION TABLE: Voltage (volt) 123 170 Current (Ampere) 0.89 1.24

Sr. No. 1 2

T1 161 217

T2 161 218

T3 163 220

T4 167 225

T5 168 226

T6 166 223

CALCULATIONS: V = 123 volt T = 28 0C

Amount of heat dissipated by test section Q = Vx I = 123*0.89 = 109.47W Temperature difference between surface of test section and ambient air, T = Taverage Tambient = 164.14- 28 = 136.14 0C h = AT Area = d l = 0.05966 m2 h= 109.47x/0.05966/136.14 = 13.478 W/m20C
Q

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

Cp of air = 1005 J/kgK = 24 x 10-6 kg / m s. Thermal conductivity k= 0.035 W/mK Prandtl No. = Cp/k = 0.69 g= 9.81 m/s2 = 1/ Taverage= 1/437=0.00229 K-1 Kinematic viscosity of air = = 30 x 10-6 m2/s Grashoffs number=g Tl3/2= 424773817.5 Nusselts Number = NuL=0.56 (Gr *Pr)0.25=73.27 Heat transfer coefficient = h = NuL* k/l = 5.13 W/m2 0C

Sr. No. 1 2

Voltage Across heater(V) 123 170

Current through Heater(Ampere) 0.89 1.24

h experimental (W/m2 0C) 13.478 18.43

h theoretical (W/m2 0C) 5.13 5.48

ME-314

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IIT-Gandhinagar

CONCULSIONS: The heat transfer coefficient has been calculated both experimentally as well as theoretically. The theoretical value varies greatly from the experimental value.

ASSUMPTIONS AND ERRORS: Heat transfer due to radiation is neglected. Temperature of tube is not same at each point and taken average of all points temperature. The heat transfer is not purely natural convection there is a little forced convection is present due to unavoidable circumstances. The limit of digital temperature meter is 1 degree.

READING:

ME-314

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IIT-Gandhinagar

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