Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

Theory of Machines and Mechanisms Unit III

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Gears Gears are machine elements, which are used to transmit motion from one shaft to another or between a shaft and a slide. A gear or a "gear wheel" is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque. Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to other drives, i.e. belt, rope and chain drives. Advantages1. The teeth of a gear prevent slipping. 2. It transmits exact velocity ratio. 3. It may be used to transmit large power. 4. It may be used for small center distances of shafts. 5. It has high efficiency. 6. It has reliable service. 7. It has compact layout. Disadvantages1. Since the manufacture of gears requires special tools and equipment, therefore it is costlier than other drives. 2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation. 3. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it, for the proper operation of gear drives. Classification of Gears The gears or toothed wheels may be classified as follows: 1. According to the position of axes of the shafts. The axes of the two shafts between which the motion is to be transmitted, may be a) Parallel b) Intersecting c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel. 2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears. The gears, according to the peripheral velocity of the gears, may be classified as: a) Low velocity b) Medium velocity c) High velocity. 3. According to the type of gearing. The gears, according to the type of gearing, may be classified as: a) External gearing b) Internal gearing c) Rack and pinion. 4. According to the position of teeth on the gear surface. The teeth on the gear surface may be a) Straight b) Inclined c) Curved.

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

(Email:infinitorajkrk@hotmail.com Mob: 9752716726)

Characteristics of Each Type of Gears

1 Spur Gear Teeth are straight & parallel to shaft axis. It transmits power & motion between rotating two parallel shafts. Features: Easy to manufacture There will be no axial force Relatively easy to produce high quality gears. The common most type. Application: Transmission components. 2 Helical Gear Teeth are twisted oblique to the gear axis. The hand of the helix is designated as either left or right. Right hand and left hand helical gears mate as a set. But they have the same helix angle. Features: Have higher strength compared with spur gear. Effective in reducing noise & vibration compared with spur gear. Gears in mesh produce thrust forces in the axial directions. Applications: Transmission components, automobile, speed reducers etc.

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

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3 Rack The rack is a bar containing teeth on one face for meshing with a gear. The basic rack form is the profile of the gear of infinite diameter. Racks with machined ends can be joined together to make any desired length. Features: Change a rotary motion into a rectilinear motion. Applications: A transfer system for machine tools, printing press, robots etc. 4 Internal Gear An annular gear having teeth on the inner surface of its rim. The internal gear always meshes with the external gear. Features: In the meshing of two external gears, rotation goes in the opposite direction. In the meshing of an internal gear with an external gear the rotation goes in the same direction. Care should be taken to the number of teeth when meshing a large (internal) gear with a small (external) gear, since interference can occur. Usually internal gear is driven by external (small) gear. Allows compact design of the machine. Applications: Planetary gear drive of high reduction ratios, clutches etc. 5 Bevel Gear One of a pair of gears used to connect two shafts whose axes intersect, and the pitch surfaces are cones. Teeth are cut along the pitch cone. Depending on tooth trace bevel gear is classified: i. Straight bevel gear ii. Spiral bevel gear I. Straight Bevel Gear A simple form of bevel gear having straight teeth which, if extended inward would come together at the intersection of the shaft axes. Features: Relatively easy to manufacture. Provides reduction ratio up to approximately 1:5 Applications: Machine tools, printing press etc. especially suitable for a differential gear unit. II. Spiral Bevel Gear Bevel gear with curved, oblique teeth to provide gradual engagement & bring more teeth together at a given time than an equivalent straight bevel gear. Features: Have higher contact ratio, higher strength & durability than an equivalent straight bevel gear. Allows a higher reduction ratio. Have better efficiency of transmission with reduced gear noise. Involves some technical difficulties in manufacturing. Applications: Automobile, tractor, vehicles, final reduction gearing for ships

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

(Email:infinitorajkrk@hotmail.com Mob: 9752716726)

6 Miter Gear A special class of bevel gear where the shafts intersect at 90 & the gear ratio is 1:1. 7 Screw Gear A helical gear that transmit power from one shaft to another, non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts. Features: Used in a speed reducer and/or a multiplying gear. Tends to wear as the gear come in sliding contact. Not suitable for transmission of high horse power. Applications: Driving gear for automobile. Automatic machines that require intricate movement. 8 Worm Gear Pair: Worm is a shank having at least on complete tooth (thread) around the pitch surface; the driver of a worm wheel worm wheel is a gear with teeth cut on an angle to be driven by a worm. Features: Provides large reduction ratios for a given center distance. Quite & smooth action. A worm wheel is not feasible to drive a worm except for special occasions. Applications: Speed reducers, anti-reversing gear device making the most of its self-locking features, machine tools, indexing device, chain block, portable generator etc.

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

(Email:infinitorajkrk@hotmail.com Mob: 9752716726)

SIGNATURE INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

Terminology

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

Terms Used In Gears

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1. Pitch circle It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same motion as the actual gear. 2. Pitch circle diameter It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also called as pitch diameter. 3. Pitch point It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles. 4. Pitch surface It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have replaced at the pitch circle. 5. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. 6. Addendum It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth. 7. Dedendum It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth. 8. Addendum circle It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with the pitch circle. 9. Dedendum circle It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called root circle. 10. Circular pitch It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. 11. Clearance It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle. 12. Total depth It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum. 13. Working depth It is radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears. 14. Tooth thickness It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle. 15. Tooth space It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along the pitch circle. 16. Backlash It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured on the pitch circle. 17. Diametral pitch It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimeters. 18. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. Face of the tooth. It is surface of the tooth above the pitch surface. 19. Top land It is the surface of the top of the tooth. 20. Flank of the tooth

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Theory of Machines & Mechanisms

By Rajesh K.R. Khodre Sir

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It is the surface of the tooth below the pitch surface. 21. Face width It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis. 22. Profile It is the curve formed by the face and flank of the tooth. 23. Fillet radius It is the radius that connects the root circle to the profile of the tooth. 24. Path of contact It is the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from the beginning to the end of engagement. 25. Length of the path of contact. It is the length of the common normal cut-off by the addendum circles of the wheel and pinion. 26. Arc of contact It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth. The arc of contact consists of two parts, i.e. (a) Arc of approach It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the engagement to the pitch point. (b) Arc of recess It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of the engagement of a pair of teeth.

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