SIMPLE WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Submitted by

K.Ravindra K.S.C.Manoj K.Shilpa

(101A40019) (101A40020) (101A40021)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS) (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Accredited by NBA and ISO 9001-2008 certified)

L. B. REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA District. 2010 2011

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS) (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Accredited by NBA and ISO 9001-2008 certified)

L. B. REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA District.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTUMENTATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICAT E
This is to certify that, K.Ravindra(101A40019),K.S.C.Manoj (101A40020), K.Shilpa (101A40021) students of I B.Tech (Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) II Semester, have successfully completed my Mini project, entitled SIMPLE WATER LEVEL INDICATOR at LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. This mini project report is submitted as partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelors degree of Technology (Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering)

Sri.M.Srinagesh
(Professor) PROJECT GUIDE

Sri.M.Srinagesh
(Professor) HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

EXAMINER-1

EXAMINER-2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my thanks to the support given by management in completing our project. I also express my sincere gratitude & deep sense of respect to the Director Dr. L.S.S.Reddy for making us available all the required assistance & for his support & inspiration to carry out this project in the Institute. I also take the privilege to record my thanks to Sri.M.Srinagesh Professor & Head of the Department EIE whose encouragement, cooperation and valuable support crown our success. I would like to thank Mr. M.Srinagesh, Project Supervisor, who has been an inspiring guide and committed faculty and gave relief moral support in every situation of engineering career. The encouragement and support by him, especially in carrying out this project motivated me to complete this project. I also take the privilege to record my thanks to Mr.M.Srinagesh, whose encouragement, cooperation and valuable support crown for my success. I owe my acknowledgement to an equally long list of each people who helped me in this project work. Our sincere thanks to the Librarian of LBRCE who helped me in getting many valuable books of actual editors. I am thankful to the teaching and non-teaching staff of EIE department for their direct as well as indirect help in my project. I am elated to avail ourselves to this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to my parents.

K.Ravindra K.S.C.Manoj K.Shilpa

(101A40019) (101A40020) (101A40021)

CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1

Principle

CHAPTER-2 Circuit Diagram CHAPTER-3 CHAPTER-4 CHAPTER-5 CHAPTER-6 CHAPTER-7 CHAPTER-8 CHAPTER-9 CHAPTER-10 Description & Functioning Transistor Resistor LED Transformer Maintenance & Applications Summary Conclusion

ABSTRACT
A simple water level indicator is that which indicates the level of water. That alerts you, if level of water is overflowed. It is mainly used at industrial or at domestic purposes. This water level indicator is indicated by the LEDs that glow at different levels at which the water raises in a tank. It is simple project that indicated the wastage of the water in day-to-day life. Its very useful in many other places where the level of water must be indicated. This is the circuit diagram of a simple corrosion free water level indicator for home and industries. In fact the level of any conductive non-corrosive liquids can be measured using this circuit. The circuit is based on 5 transistor switches. Each transistor is switched on to drive the corresponding LED, when its base is supplied with current through the water through the electrode probes.

Principle:
A low AC voltage is applied between the probe electrode and the tank wall (or reference electrode in case of insulated tank) with a step-down Transformer of 6V. When the water/liquid comes in contact with the electrode tip, a conductive path is established between the sense electrode and the tank wall/reference electrode. This current is sensed, amplified and made to operate a relay whose contacts in turn can be used for annunciation/control.

Circuit Diagram:

Description:
In the above shown circuit diagram all the components are connected such that R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 are connected in series and the ends of the resistors are connected to the emitters of the transistors. Similarly the resistors R6, R7, R8, R9, R10 are connected in series and their ends are connected to the terminals of the bases of the transistors. The LEDs D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 are shorted to the ground. These diodes are connected to the terminals of the collectors. A, B, C, D, E, F are the aluminum probes to which the connections are given. These are placed in the plastic tank. That indicates the level of the water. The power supply is given to the F probe.

Functioning:
One electrode probe is (F) with 6V DC is placed at the bottom of tank. Next probes are placed step by step above the bottom probe. When water is rises the base of each transistor gets electrical connection to 6V AC through water and the corresponding probe. Which in turn makes, the transistors conduct to glow LED and indicate the level of water. The ends of probes are connected to corresponding points in the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Insulated Aluminum wires with end insulation removed will do for the probe. Arrange the probes in order on a PVC pipe according to the depth and immerse it in the tank. However AC voltage can also be used is prevent electrolysis at the probes. So this setup works for a long period of time.

Components used:
T1 T5 BC 548 or 2N2222Transistors D1 D5 LEDs (color your choice) R1-R5 2.2K 1/4 W Resistors R6-R10 22K 1/4 W Resistors 6V Step Down transformer

Elucidation of the components:

Transistors Resistors Leds Transformer

Transistor:
Semi-conductor device, having three or more terminals attached to electrode regions, in which current flowing between two electrodes is controlled by a voltage or current applied to one or more specified electrodes. The device is capable of amplification, etc., and has replaced the valve in most circuits since it is much smaller, more robust, and works at a much lower voltage etc.

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.

Resistor:

LED (light-emitting-diode):
Light emitting diodes are the diodes (electronic components that let electricity pass in only one direction) that emit visible light when electricity is applied, much like a light bulb. When many LEDs are side-by-side, they can create pictures, such as the scrolling red LED signs found everywhere.

Transformer (step-down):
An electric transformer with a lower voltage at the secondary terminals than at the primary winding terminals.

Maintenance:
The water level indicator described in this project has very low maintenance requirements. There are no moving parts, as low voltage is used it is free from danger. Depending upon geometry of the tank volume of water can be calculated and indicated at the time point of LED installation.

Applications:
The water level switches work to maintain a constant water level avoiding material wastage in the process plants. Common applications also include switching pumps on and off to avoid overflow, dry running and indicating water level in an empty tank to avoid wear and tear and production stoppage.

Summary:
The use, construction, calibration, installation and maintenance of a simple, low-cost water level indicator to indicate the level of water was presented in this project. This instrument can be used to continuously indicate the water levels. It can be constructed of readily available parts, obtainable from most hardware supply stores. The components list and instructions for circuit connections were presented. The materials cost is estimated to be 5 to 20 per instrument. Calibration can be done accurately with no specialized equipment. The circuit connections can be given within a less period of time and even there is no much labor required.

CONCLUSION
The initial goal of this project was to built a indicate the level of water and to prevent the wastage of water in many places i.e., in industries, domestic and in agricultural fields. These include an ability to accurately measure the water level and to prevent water from wastage. Overall the hardware implemented foe this project successfully fulfils these goals. A number of different resistors, LEDs, transistors are integrated to form the final circuit. Low power consumption was considered to be a very important part of the design. In conclusion the testing carried out on the complete circuit shown in the above circuit diagram. It is able to accurately measure the level of water by glowing the LEDs at different levels as shown in the above circuit diagram.

References:
http://www.circuitstoday.com/simple-water-level-idicator http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae085 http://www.sapconinstruments.com/conductivity/water-level-switch.html