Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com) F5 Science: Carbon Compounds Fat and its effects on the health 1.

Fat is essential food class 2. Fats originate from plant (palm oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, soya oil, corn oil, olive oil) and animal (butter, ghee) 3. Fats are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 4. Fats are classified into two types, saturated and unsaturated fats Saturated fats Similarities Both are organic compounds Both made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Saturated fats Do not contain double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain Sources States at room temperature Melting point 5. Fat are source of energy 6. Excess fat is stored as body fat (adipose tissues) 7. There are two type of cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high density lipoprotein) 8. LDL deposited on the wall of arteries causes arteriosclerosis, narrowing the lumen of arteries and increases the blood pressure 9. This leads to cardiovascular diseases (heart attack) and stroke 10. Let us recall back selective breeding of oil palm tree a. The structure of oil palm fruit consists of mesocarp, shell and kernel b. Mesocarp and kernel contain oil and mesocarp contains higher content of oil c. Mature oil palm produces fresh fruit brunch (FFB) 11. The extraction of the palm divides into main 4 steps: a. Reception and sterilization of the FFB i. FFB are weighted and recorded ii. FFB treated with steam for 75 to 90 minutes (steam is hotter than boiling water) iii. Sterilisation kills the microorganisms and soften the fruits Dura sp. + Pisifera sp. = Tenera sp. Differences Definition Unsaturated fats Contain double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain Unsaturated fats

Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com) F5 Science: Carbon Compounds b. Separation of the fruits from the brunches

c. Extraction and purification of oil i. The separated fruits are heated to 65C to 90C ii. The mesocarp loosen from the seed iii. The mesocarp is crushed and feed in to presser and the oil is extracted under high pressure iv. The extracted oil is sent for purification while the press cake are processed to recover the kernel v. The crude oil is pass through a vibrating screen to separate out the coarse contaminants vi. The dirt in oil is left to settle down in a tank vii. After that, the oil is pumped into a clarification tank

d. Recovery of the kernels i. The seed is dried and passed into nutcracker ii. The shell and kernels are then separated iii. The shell are conveyed to the boiler and used as fuel iv. The kernels are dried and kernel oil is extracted 12. The uses of processed palm oil, mainly for food application a. Candles b. Printing inks c. Cooking oil d. Chocolate and ice-cream 13. Nutritional value of palm oil a. Rich in vitamin E (Tocopherol) for healthy skin and prevention of cancer b. Rich in vitamin A (retinol) for good vision and lung. It also acts as antioxidant c. Cholesterol free d. Increase the good HDL and decreases the bad HDL e. Balanced composition of saturated and unsaturated fat makes palm oil easy to digest

14. Local research and development (R & D) of oil palm a. Production of alternative fuel and biodiesel to reduce the dependence on the fossil fuel b. Value-added products includes the extraction of vitamin E for supplement, use of palm oil by products for making plastics, surface coating, ink production and cosmetics

Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com) F5 Science: Carbon Compounds c. Production of high quality palm oil with balanced ratio of saturated and unsaturated fat which is stable at low temperature d. The development of biotechnology by breeding the high quality of oil palm tree with desired traits, high yield, high oil content, resistance to diseases. The use of tissue culture to maintain the good traits in young oil palm e. Disease control to prevent and cure diseases f. Integrated pest management to reduce of chemical control and replaced by biological control. Cassia cobanensis plant is planted to control bagworms g. Mechanisation of field operations by using total system approach. Aided pollination helps to produce more fruits and good drainage systems keep the trees healthy

15. The cleansing action of the soap a. Soap molecule has 2 compartment i. Long hydrocarbon chain that does not dissolve in water but dissolve in organic solvent hydrophobic ii. Ionic end that dissolve in water hydrophilic b. When the soap is added to water, i. Ionic end dissolve ii. Hydrocarbon chain repelled by water iii. A thin film of soap is formed on the surface of water with the hydrocarbon chain pointing outwards iv. This lowers the surface tension of water c. When the soap comes in contact with the oil on the cloth, i. Hydrocarbon chain dissolve in the oil ii. Ionic end remains dissolve in water d. The washing and scrubbing actions break up the oil from the cloth into small droplets. The droplets rinse off and leaving the cloth

The soap molecule

The soap molecule in the water

The soap molecules contact with oil

The formation of droplets

Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com) F5 Science: Carbon Compounds Natural polymers 1. Polymers is large molecule made up of the many small and repeating molecule called monomer 2. Example of monomer polymer Polymer Starch Protein Rubber polyethene Monomer

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3. Monomers are linked/joined together to form polymer by polymerisation 4. Polymers are broken down into monomer by depolymerisation

5. Natural rubber is obtained from the rubber tree a. 30-40% of natural rubber suspended in the latex from the rubber trees b. Natural rubber is flexible, elastic, impermeable to water, waterproof and electrical insulating c. Natural rubber is not resistant to heat, it melts and becomes soft at higher temperature

6. The coagulation and prevention of the coagulation of latex a. The long rubber polymer is covered by protein membrane with negative charges at the surface b. The negative charges repel each other, prevent rubber molecules comes in contact c. This prevents coagulation Ethanoic acid and coagulation of latex The natural rubber polymer

d. Adding of acid causes coagulation of latex or acid produced by bacteria overnight in the cup e. The positively charged hydrogen ions from the acid neutralize the negative charges on the surface of protein membrane of the rubber molecules

Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com) F5 Science: Carbon Compounds f. The rubber molecules collide with one another causes protein membrane to burst and releases the rubber polymer g. Prevention of coagulation by adding ammonium solution to provide negative charges Releases of rubber polymer

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7. Vulcanization of rubber a. Is a process of heating rubber and sulphur together to produce vulcanized rubber b. The sulphur cross-liked between the rubber polymers Vulcanisation of rubber polymer by sulphur

c. This make rubber i. stronger and more elastic ii. more heat resistant as more heat need to break the sulphur cross-links

d. Tyres, air conditioner hose, air filter, wiper, window seal, door seal e. The motorway of bridges are mounted on large blocks of natural rubber to allow the bridge to expand and contract when temperature changes