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DDI ‘08
Here I employ the broad definition of incentives used in the OECD handbook on incentive measures, covering both direct and
indirect incentives: “The incentive measures presented can be roughly categorised in the following eight groups: fees, charges and
environmental taxes; market creation and assignment of well-defined property rights; reform or removal of adverse subsidies;
regulations and access restrictions; environmental funds and public financing; information provision and capacity building; economic
valuation of environmental benefits and costs; and stakeholder involvement and institution building. Only the first five groups
actually comprise “incentive measures” as traditionally understood, i.e. the implementation or abolition of an administrative
act by an authority, usually the central government, with a legal grounding and the explicit objective to induce a certain
behaviour” (OECD, 1999, p. 73). In this discussion, I have included information provision, stakeholder involvement, economic
valuation, and capacity and institution building under the evolutionary approaches to incentive politics, while other approaches might
have chosen to group them under framework building (OECD, 1999, p. 97) or reflexive implementation processes (Ibid, p. 14; p. 73).
2. Alternative energy are 9 things, that exclude fossil and nuclear energy
Republic of Korea, 97 (“Act on the Promotion of the Development and Use of Alternative Energy.”,
http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/kor51024.doc)
1.The term "alternative energy" means other energy resources than petroleum, coal, atomic energy, or natural gas,
which fall under one of the following subparagraphs:
(a) Solar energy;
(b) Bio energy;
(c) Wind force;
(d) Small hydraulic power;
(e) Fuel cells;
(f) Energy from liquefied or gasified coal, and from gasified heavy residual oil;
(g) Energy from the ocean;
(h) Energy from waste treatment;
(i) Geothermal energy
2. Brightline limits; our sources clearly defines what is and is not alternative energy, best for
clarity and resolving jurisdiction
4. Topic education—get to the heart of the topic; we advance clash on "alternative energy" and
"incentives"
US is the 50 states
Random House unabridged, 6
United States -a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in
North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with
Alaska and Hawaii, 3,615,122 sq. mi. (9,363,166 sq. km). Capital: Washington, D.C. Abbreviation: U.S., US
B. Violation—
They don't increase incentives for alternative energy in the United States
1. Explodes the limits to increasing incentives in any country; can claim advantages off relations or
local issues of any of them
Other US Definitions
United States refers to Mexico
Britannica, 08 www.britannica.com/bps/search?query=united+states
United Mexican States : see Mexico
country of North America and the third largest country in Latin America, after Brazil and Argentina. Although there is little truth
to the long-held stereotype of Mexico as a slow-paced land of subsistence farmers, Mexican society is characterized by extremes of
wealth and poverty, with a limited middle class wedged between an elite cadre of landowners and investors on the one hand and
masses of rural and urban poor on the other.
B. Violation—the aff doesn't offer a reward, instead they (modify a law, promise punishment, ...)
1.8 Incentives may be broadly defined, as in “everything that motivates or stimulates people to act” (Giger 1996). What
is important about such a broad definition is that it allows for incentives to be of either a passive or an active nature. In the former case, we
can think of incentives as signals in the producer’s environment which influence decision-making about farming practices, whether
intended or otherwise. Many macroeconomic policies, being remote from the producer and targeted at objectives other than promoting
sustainable farming practices, would fit into this category. In contrast, the notion of ‘active’ refers to a government’s ability to actually
design or modify policies with a desire to bring about certain conservation outcomes. McNeely (1988), for example, refers to this concept
of incentive when he defines incentives as “any inducement which is specifically intended to incite or motivate governments, local people,
and international organizations” (p.38-39). We draw this distinction because of the need to consider both active and passive aspects when
assessing the importance of incentives for NRM. While governments may be most concerned with the design of good policies aimed at
improving NRM, they need to be cognizant of the sometimes counterproductive influence exerted by a poor incentive structure, in the
passive sense.1.9 McNeely (1988) also makes the useful distinction between incentives, disincentives and perverse
incentives. In contrast to incentives, which we have described above, disincentives are purposely designed to
discourage particular behaviours and can include taxes, fines and various other penalties or moral suasion.
A. Interpretation
B. Violation—the plan mandates an increase in alternative energy, rather than offering optional
incentives
1. Ground—they moot mandate counterplans, mechanism counterplans, and econ and politics
disads with links off incentivizing the private industry
2. Topic education: mandating the mechanism moots the word "incentives" in the resolution,
decreasing unique value of this year's topic
3. limits—there's only 1 case topical: mandating increases in alternative energy. We'd be debating
one case the entire year, not learning about anything new
Rather than define economic incentives, scholars employ a conventional dichotomy that contrasts "command and control"
regulations (rules that dictate precisely how a polluter must clean-up) with economic incentives.5 They claim that command and
control regulations work inefficiently, discourage innovation, and fail to provide continuous incentives to reduce pollution, but
that emissions trading and other economic incentive programs overcome these problems.
Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, 07 (North Carolina State University,
http://www.dsireusa.org/faq/faq.cfm?&CurrentPageID=9&EE=1&RE=1)
The term “incentive” is used instead of “subsidy.” Incentives include subsidies in addition to other
Government actions where the Government’s financial assistance is indirect. A subsidy is, generally,
financial assistance granted by the Government to firms and individuals.
1. Predictable limits—they open the floodgates to allow any kind of incentive; it's our case list
times infinity
2. Case list—we allow financial incentives for solar, wind, geothermal, or hydropowered energy.
They allow giving ponies to companies that use wind power; putting CEOs of gas companies in
jail; shooting people that burn coal in their homes
3. Focused topic education—we get in-depth about alternative energy, rather than useless
mechanism debates
4. Unpredictable ground is the same as no ground—we have no links
Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable
energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.
A. Ground—our disads link to switching off from non-renewable energies; their aff moots these
disads
B. Topic education—renewable versus nonrenewable is the heart of the topic; aff must affirm
renewable energy
C. Predictable limits—they allow alternative uses of coal, oil, and gas; not neg burden to indict
fossil fuels
D. Case list—we allow 5 cases; they allow oil shale, reprocessing fuel; gas efficiency; synthetic
hydrocarbons; methane hydrates, and other sketchy things
Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable
energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.
alternative energy. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass, which create less
environmental damage and pollution than fossil fuels, and offer an alternative to nonrenewable resources.
Renewable energy: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but
limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal,
solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action. (EIA Glossary)
Nonrenewable fuels: Fuels that cannot be easily made or "renewed," such as oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear.
Alternative energy is renewable energy – excludes uranium because it’s a single use resource
ABS Alaskan, 08 (“Alternative Energy Information”, http://www.absak.com/library/alternative-renewable-energy)
The term "alternative energy" (also: renewable energy) encompasses a variety of power generation sources. Generally,
it refers to electrical power derived from "renewable" resources such as solar or wind energy, as opposed to "single-
use" resources such as coal or uranium. The most common forms of alternative energy available for homeowner use
today are solar power, wind power and "micro-hydro" power.
Alabama Power Lawmakers are considering a bill that would extend tax breaks to alternative energy power plants - particularly those
favored by Alabama Power Co. - but the head of the state's influential teachers union says he is worried the measure might hurt the
cash-strapped Education Trust Fund. The bill, sponsored by state Rep. William Thigpen, D-Tuscaloosa, would give noneducational
sales tax breaks to those building coal gasification, coal liquefaction or hydropower projects started between 2012 and 2018. Thigpen
said Wednesday that the legislation would be a "positive influence" on the state's school budget. "For the last 15 years, Alabama has
had the door open for industrial development," Thigpen told the House Education Appropriations committee. "It's brought a lot of
money into the ETF." Committee members delayed action on the bill Wednesday over concerns about its potential impact on the
Education Trust Fund. The bill is part of a larger legislative package from the Joint Legislative Committee on Energy Policy. It
specifically defines "alternative energy resources" as coal gasification or liquefaction, nuclear and advanced fossil-based generation.
Solar, wind, geothermal and other power sources are defined as "renewables" in the legislation and would not qualify for the proposed
abatements.
A. Interpretations
___ Alternative energy excludes nuclear
U.S. Code, 4/25/08, TITLE 26. INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, 26 USCS § 7701
(D) Alternative energy facility. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for
producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear
power.
___ This may seem obvious, but incentives are not DIS-incentives
Geller, E S. Working Safe: How to Help People Actively Care for Health and Safety. CRC P,
1996. Google Books. 2 July 2008
Incentives vs. disincentives
Activators that signal the availability of a consequence are either incentives or disincentives. An
incentive announces to an individual or group, in written or oral form, the availability of a
reward. This pleasant consequence follows the occurrence of a certain behavior or an outcome
of one or more behaviors. In contrast, a disincentive is an activator announcing or signaling
the possibility of receiving a penalty. This unpleasant consequence is contingent on the
occurrence of a particular undesirable behavior
B. Violation – the plan __(modifies law, changes tonnage limit, regulates)__ for nuclear energy
1. All forces fall into either incentive or disincentive, allowing disincentives opens the floodgates.
Unpredictable ground is the same as no ground.
2. Real world—our definition is from US Code, it's normal means for policymaking
3. Trade-off and politics disad links are specific to alternative energy; using nuclear moots neg ground
Aff: NUCLEAR IS AE
The G8 defines alternative energy to include nuclear and hydrogen
NationMaster encyclopedia, 06 "32nd g8 summit" http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/32nd-G8-summit
Because the Group of Eight is primarily an economic forum between the global economic powerhouses, the focus of the G8 Summit
is discussion of economic issues. Some of the pressing items on the agenda: [3]
• Open trade between Russia and the United States, including discussion of Russian entry into the World Trade Organization
• Multibillion dollar aircraft manufacturing contracts, in light of strategy shifts at Airbus and Boeing and worsening airline
business performance
• Free energy markets, especially regarding Russia and former Soviet republics, as well as petroleum from the Middle East
o Nigeria, Venezuela, and the Persian Gulf regions have all had reduced energy exports in the past weeks due to
various political and technical issues
o Rights for exploration and exploitation of natural gas in Russia and the North Atlantic Ocean / Baltic Sea
o Alternative energy forms, especially relaxing nuclear power regulations; and development of hydrogen as an
economically viable energy platform
First, the court said that the ordinary meaning of the word “increase” is “to make something greater,” which it believed should
not “be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual has previously been charged.” 435 F.3d at 1091.
Yet the definition offered by the Ninth Circuit compels the opposite conclusion. Because “increase” means “to make
something greater,” there must necessarily have been an existing premium, to which Edo’s actual premium may be
compared, to determine whether an “increase” occurred. Congress could have provided that “adverse action” in the insurance
context means charging an amount greater than the optimal premium, but instead chose to define adverse action in terms of an
“increase.” That definitional choice must be respected, not ignored. See Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 392-93 n.10
(1979) (“[a] definition which declares what a term ‘means’ . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated”). Next, the Ninth
Circuit reasoned that because the Insurance Prong includes the words “existing or applied for,” Congress intended that an
“increase in any charge” for insurance must “apply to all insurance transactions – from an initial policy of insurance to a
renewal of a long-held policy.” 435 F.3d at 1091. This interpretation reads the words “existing or applied for” in isolation.
Other types of adverse action described in the Insurance Prong apply only to situations where a consumer had an existing
policy of insurance, such as a “cancellation,” “reduction,” or “change” in insurance. Each of these forms of adverse action
presupposes an already-existing policy, and under usual canons of statutory construction the term “increase” also should be
construed to apply to increases of an already-existing policy. See Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101 (2004) (“a phrase
gathers meaning from the words around it”) (citation omitted).
Nelson Education, no date, Glossary, Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective, 2nd edition
http://www.environment.nelson.com/0176169040/glossary.html
alternative energy. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass, which create less
environmental damage and pollution than fossil fuels, and offer an alternative to nonrenewable resources.
AE HELPS ENVIRON
Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable
energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.
RESOLVED DEFINITIONS
Resolved requires a definite course of action
WordNet 06
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, adj.)
determined; "she was firmly resolved to be a doctor"; "single-minded in his determination to stop smoking" [syn: single-minded]
Dictionary.com 06
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, adj.)
firm in purpose or intent; determined
MSN Encarta 07
(http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861700940/resolved.html, adj)
determined: determined in purpose
Dictionary.com 06
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, verb)
to come to a definite or earnest decision about; determine (to do something): I have resolved that I shall live to the full.
THE DEFINITIONS
The implies a particular, definite noun.
Dictionary.com 06
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/The, article)
(used, esp. before a noun, with a specifying or particularizing effect, as opposed to the indefinite or generalizing force of the indefinite
article a or an): the book you gave me; Come into the house.
SHOULD DEFINITIONS
Dictionary.com 06
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)
must; ought (used to indicate duty, propriety, or expediency): You should not do that.
MSN Encarta 07
(http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/should.html)
indicating that something is the right thing for somebody to do
Wordsmyth 02
(http://www.wordsmyth.net/live/home.php?script=search&matchent=should&matchtype=exact)
used to indicate obligation.
SUBSTANTIALLY DEFINITIONS
Substantially means “with material qualification”
Blacks Law Dictionary 1990
The origin of section 482 can be traced to Articles 77 and 78 of Regulation 41 of the Revenue Act of 1921 ("1921 Act") which
imposed the requirement that "affiliated" domestic corporations and partnerships file consolidated returns. 9 That Regulation was
ratified by section 1331 of the 1921 Act, 10 but was narrowly construed to apply only to entities that bought and sold products among
each other either above or below the current market price, in effect creating an artificial distribution of profit. The "affiliation"
required in the early 1920's between the two businesses that traded goods was either direct ownership or control of substantially all of
the stock of the two business entities. While this statute did not define the term "substantially all," Treasury Decision 2662 (March,
1918) clarified section 78 of Regulation 41, stating that "substantially all of the stock" meant ninety-five percent.
Subsequently, section 1331 of the 1921 Act accepted this definition of the term "substantially."
Anne Dupre Associate Professor of Law, University of Georgia Law ‘00 Washington law review
In fact, the statute defines "substantial" evidence as "beyond a mere preponderance," or beyond fifty percent. 311 Given
that definition of "substantial evidence," it would appear that "substantially likely" means that the school must show that
there is a more than fifty-percent likelihood that injury will occur before a violent student can be placed in an alternative
setting
Joseph Ferraro Partner, Clifford Chance Rogers & Wells, ‘02 American University Law Review
The Federal Circuit noted that, in this case, the specification defines "substantially increased" as an increase of at least thirty
percent and provides reasonable guidance through the examples of how the increase should be measured. 534 The court also observed that the specification discloses
suggestions for how long a "period sufficient" might be, and the parties agreed that a "period sufficient" could be determined by doing activity checks. 535 The Federal
Circuit noted that, "when a word of degree is used the district court must [*691] determine whether the patent's specification provides some standard for measuring
that degree." 536 In this case, the specification provided guidance as to what was meant by "substantial absence" with a reasonable degree of particularity and
definiteness. 537 Accordingly, the Federal Circuit reversed the summary judgment of invalidity and remanded the case to the Court of Federal Claims. 538
INCREASE DEFINITIONS
Increase means to make larger
Random House Unabridged Dictionary 2006
in·crease
/v. ɪnˈkris; n. ˈɪnkris/ [v. in-krees; n. in-krees] Pronunciation Key - Show IPA Pronunciation verb, -creased, -creas·ing, noun
–verb (used with object)
1. to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: to increase taxes.
IN DEFINITIONS
In: part of something
Cambridge University Press, 2006
(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=54475&dict=CALD)
preposition
forming a part of something
:
preposition
involved or connected with a particular
subject or activity: