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COMPUTERS: STARTING POINT

A computer is a machine of excuting computations on data. The distinguishing feature of a computer is its ability to store its own instructions and to perform thousands of operations each second. The abacus, on which information is stored moving beads along rods, was one of the carliest calculating devices. Blaise pascal developed an adding machine in 1642 than used toothed wheels to handle carries from one digit to the next. Charles Babbage develop the concept of a stored program computer when he designed a calculating engine in 1833. The first eletronic digital computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), which was built for the U.S. Army in 1945. In the same year John Von Neumann introduced the modern concept of a stored program computer, in which the computer memory can store both programs and data. Since then computer technology has evolved a great deal.

. VOCABULARY Computer = computador = mquina de calcular eletrnica Data = pl of datum = dados, fatos Feature = characteristic = caracterstica, trao To store = recolher e guardar para uso futuro; armazenar To perform = to carry out = desempenhar Beads = pequenas bolas com orifcios no meio; contas rods = varetas, hastes Devices = dispositivos, aparelhos inventados para objetivos especficos Toothed wheels = rodas dentadas; engrenagens To handle = to manage = manipular, lidar com Carries = portage = transportes, transferncias Digit = qualquer dos numerais de 0 a 9; dgito Engine = mquina, motor, mecanismo Program = srie de instrues para o computador; programa Since then = desde essa poca Has evolved = has developed = tem desenvolvido, evoluiu

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A great deal =very much = muito, bastante

WHAT

IS A

COMPUTER?

(1) A computer is a machine with a complicated network of electronic circuits using very high integrations. It is capable of storing millions of data and performing up to billions of operations in one second, from the simplest comparison between two numbers to the most complicated and (5)powerful string manipulation. This work is performed at incredible speed, following technological improvements. In only a short time, the computer has changed the way in which many kinds of Jobs are done. However, it is not able to think. It accepts data and instructions as input, and after processing them, it outputs the (10)results. A computer is not marely a machine but a system. So in a data processing Center (D.P.C) we have to consider three parts: the hardware or central processor and peripheral equipment, the software or programs and the liveware or the technical people, including the staff. (15)The hardwere consists of several units: the central processor, the input/output processors (I/O), data comunication processors, (DCOM), all of them with one or several units and many combinations. Attached to the I/O processors is the peripheral equipment; attached to the DCOM are the teleprocessing lines, adapters, modems and terminals, or 20.another computer alone or networking with another host system. The software is the colletion of man-written solutions and specific instructions needed to solve problems with a computer, as well as all documents needed to guide the operation of a computer, that is, manuals, programs, flowchart, etc. (25)The liveware basically consists of systems analysts, the programmers, operators and amnagers, including supervisors, networking and data base administrators. Main processors Hardware printers, terminals) Memories I/O processors DCOM processors Peripherals, (disk, tape, Basic, Software Software Applcation software System analysts Programmers, Operatiors

Data processing center

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EXERCICES

Schedulers Liveware Data Base and DCOM Administrators Specialized Managers Technical support

1. Localize no texto estas idias: a) Um computador no capaz de pensar. Pargrafo________________ linha_________________ b) Os computadores trabalham numa velocidade incrvel. Pargrafo________________ linha_________________ c) Os avanos tecnolgicos influem o desempenho do computador Pargrafo________________ linha_________________ d) O computador mudou a maneira de se fazer muitas coisas. Pargrafo________________ linha_________________ 2. Responda as seguintes perguntas de acordo com o texto. a) What does the computer accept as input? _____________________________________________________ b) What does the computer do witch the results? _____________________________________________________ c) What are attached to the DCOM processors? _____________________________________________________ d) What is attached to the I/O processors? _____________________________________________________ 3. Complete as afirmaes seguintes: The computer is capable of_______________________________ Is is also capable of_____________________________________ 4. Releia o texto ento reescreva as afirmaes abaixo, corrigindo-as: a) A computer is machine wicth a very simple network of eletronic circuits. ____________________________________________________________ b) a computer is a single machine. ____________________________________________________________ c) The hardware or programa are parto f the D.P.C ____________________________________________________________ d) The software consists of the systems analysts, programmers, operators and many others. ___________________________________________________________ 5. Combine as duas colunas. (a) the computer has changed ( ) at incredible speed the says (b) The work of a computer is ( ) stores millions of data executed... (c) Programs and flowcharts ( ) in which many kinds of jobs are documents... are done (d) The computer performs ( ) needed to guide the operations billions of operations and... of a computer 6. Escreva em ingls o que est escrito em portugus. a) The software is the collection of ________________________________. Solues escrita pelo homem b) ___________________________ the computer has changed the way_____________.

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Em pouco tempo pelo _____________________many kinds of jobs _________________________________. Qual so feitos c) The computer ______________________ to think. no capaz

HARDWARE

We call hardware physical components of a computer system. Here they are: Input devices - they take in information from the outside world and convert it in one way or another into the binay code which the computer can cope with. It may be a card reader or a CRT (cathode ray tube) terminal, for example. Central processor - it is part of a computer where arithmetic and logical operations are perfomed. It acts as the brain and processes the information in accrdance with the program of instructions. Output devices - they recevice the messages from the computer as result of its calculations. This message can be given on a television secreen, on a printer, or stored on magnetic tapes or disks.

VOCABULARY Hardware machinery = todos os elementos fsicos de um computador; maquinrio. Actual = tangible = reais , tangveis Cope with = manage sucessfully = enfrentar, aceitar Card reader = leitora de carto (perfurado) Cathode Ray tube = exemplos: tela de televiso e terminais de computador = tudo de raio catdidico. Brain = crebro; parte importante do sistema In accordance with = according to = de acordo com

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SOFTWARE

The software of a computer system is the set of programs that tells the computer what to do. There are two main types programs: Systems software - it includes operating systems, programming Ianguages and utility programs. Applications programs - they include software that does accounting, word processing, data management , communications and graphics. A softwere package is a special purpose computer program that is available for sale. They come on either disks os tapes. Examples of software packages include word processing packages, financial planning packages and numerous game programs.

VOCABULARY Software = computer programs = programas para computador Set = number of things of the same kind = conjunto Utility programs = executar operaes em arquivos, transfere-os de um meio de armazenagem para outro etc; programas utilitrios

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Accounting = contabilidade Word processing = uso de uma mquina de escrever computadorizada para automatizar algumas tarefas da secretria, tais como: datilografar cartas, corrigilas, inserir pargrafos etc. Management = todos os gerentes de uma organizao, quadro de gerentes Special-purpose = special = aim = objetivo, inteno especial

MEMORY

The memory is the place where the computer keeps information when it is not actually working upon it. We can think of it consisting of several thousand letter boxes. Information is held there as bits of electric charge. In a particular spot in the computer there is a charge or there is not, so it is for this reason that computers understand binary code O means no charge, 1 means a charge. The memory can store numbers and characters and these can be retrieved by the processor. Each letter box has na address, which is also a number. The processor can connect itself to any particular memory locations - a particular letter box - by specifying its address. Inside the memory the information is held as minute charges of eletricity. Unfortunately, the system only works when the computer is switched on. When ot is switched off, the informations is lost and consequently diferent types of memory storage are needed to hold information which the computer needs to keep for longer than it takes to run a program.

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VOCABULARY Working upon it = lidando com ela. Trabalhando com informaes Letter boxe s= escaninhos Particular spot = certo lugar, ponto determinado Addres s= endereo, identificao da localizao na memria Unfortunately = infelizmente Switched on/of f= ligado/desligado Is lost = ou est perdida For longer = por mais tempo It takes = leva To run = rodar (um programa)

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Just as there are many human languages, so there are many computer languages. In the early days, people programmed using the computers binary code, or what we call machine language. When this became difficult, mnemonics were used to make life easier.This is called assembly language programming. Finally, there are the high-level languages like BASIC, FORTRAN na ALGOL. These are much more similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or inderectly into the computers machine code using the computers firmware. BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming.

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VOCABULARY
Just as =assim como In the early days = no princpio, no incio Mnemonics = arte de desenvolver a memria mediante processos auxiliares como a associao; mnemnica To make easier = torna mais fcil High-level = alto nvel Basic= Beginners All - purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN = FORmula TRANslation ALGOL = ALGOrithmic Language Firmware = software armazenado com ROM em vez de disco

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MODEM

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(1)A modem (short for modulator-demodulador) is a device that encodes data for transmission over a particular medium, such as telephone lines, coaxial cables, fiber optics or microwaves. To be used with a modem, a microcomputer must run a program that (5)makes it act like a comunications terminal. Modems heve a variety of specifications that must match your computer, your communications software, and the information service your want to use. Although the emphasis in this article is on information services, which normally use large mainframe computers, modems are also (10)used for communications between personal computers. Some importante features of modems include the following: baud rate, originate and asnswer modes, auto-answer capability, autodial feature, and full-and half-duplex modes. The baud rate is the speed at which a modem transfers data, although (15)bits per second (bps)is technically more correct than baud. Auto-dialing modems can automatically dial a phone number and redial a busy number until a connection is made. Some can dial other numbers if they get a busy signal. The auto-answer feature allows a modem to answer na incoming call (20)when you are unavailable. By combining auto-dial with a realtime clok/calendar, your computer can automatically place a call and send a message or a file at a specified time. Most importantly, your communications software must support your modems features or you may not be able to use them. Many modem (25)manufacturs now include commnications programs with their products, simplifying your software choices.

EXERCICES
1. Match the colunes before reading the text: (a) dial ( ) executar (b) choices ( ) codifica (c) busy ( ) ajustam-se (d) feature ( ) velocidade (e) run ( ) discar (f|) place ( ) ocupado (g) call ( ) caracterstica (h) match ( ) localizar (i) encodes ( ) escolhas (j) speed ( ) chamada

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( ) sinal 2. Find where these ideas are. a) As especificaes do modem devem adequar ao computador. Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________ b) O que o modem de discagem automtica podem fazer. Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________ c) Tecnicamente, mais correto referir-se a bits por segundo do que a baud. Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________ d) O que a caracterstica de resposta automtica permite fazer. Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________ e) Algumas caractersticas principais dos modems. Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________ f) Uma condio importante para que os programas de comunicao possam ser utilizados. Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________ 3. See which statement gives an overall idea of the article: a) o texto trata do uso de dispositivos de comunicaes. b) O texto trata de modems e a especificao de uso. c) O texto trata de modems, algumas de suas caractersticas e funes. 4. Choose the correct alternative: a) Baud Rate : - a velocidade com que o modem transfere dados. - o mesmo que hits per second. b) Os modems de discagem automtica e geral discam nmeros de telefone, e como este esteja ocupado, discam outros nmeros. Ou discam o nmero de telefone, e se ocupado, discam novamente at que se complete a ligao. c) A caracterstica de resposta automtica: - deve estar combinada com um relgio/calendrio real-time para responder uma chamada. - responde a uma chamada quando voc no est presente. 5. List some features of modems: ______________________________________________ (bps) ______________________________________________ (discagem automtica) _____________________________________________ (resposta automtica) ____________________________________________ (modal, bidirecional) ____________________________________________ (modal, semibirecional) 6. Answer these questions. Can any microcomputer be used with a modem? _________________________________________________ b) Can Modems only be used witch mainframe computers? ___________________________________________________

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What are tansmission media used by modems? ___________________________________________________

THE INTERNET

Not long ago, it would have been hard to get na Internet article published outside the confines of the specialized computer pages. Today editiors are commissioning Internet artcles, which means they are planning publication before they have even read them. To some extent, of (5)course, jounarlism is a fashion industry. Previously, the focus has been on microcomputers, virtual reality, computer viruses and vdeo games. New it is the Internet that is fashionable. A popular questions is: who is on the Internet? Apart from the White House, the American Library of Congress and the Science Museum, (10)computer hardware and software suppliers are significant users, partly because they have the plethora of PCs, modems and communications programs required to exploit on-line access. Most of the worlds universities and research institutes are on the Internet because linking them was, after all, the reason the Internet was invented. (15)The Internet grew out of the ARPAnet, sponsored by the US Defense Departmets Advanced Research Projects Agency; to start with, this linked four university campuses in California and the University of Utah. The real Internet came into being in 1980 when the ARPAnet was connected to the computer Science Research Network. EXERCISES 1 - These are the main topics in text. Which paragraph does each topic refer to? ( ) Who uses the Internet ( ) The purpose of the Internet ( ) The Internet is now a popular subject. 2 - Choose the correct alternative. According to the writer ,the Internet was invented to: (a) defend the Unitend States Of America. (b) communicate with other countries. (c) promote worldwide academic and scientific exchange. (d) promote computer hardware and software sales. Write in English

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a-Os fornecedores de hardware e software possuem um grande nmero de PCs, modems e programas de comunicao. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ b-A verdadeira Internet comeou a existir em 1980. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ c-Match the two columns. Look for the explanation. (a)confines (b)fashion facts. (c)plethora (d)research place. ( ) a printed piece of writing. ( ) investigation undertaken in order to descover new ( ) limits, borders. ( ) over-abundance of something. ( ) which is admired and imitated during a period or at

THE MICROPROCESSOR

(1) This device is a small integrated circuit on a chip, designed and manufatured with computer help. It was introduced as a natural step in the movement to putting more and more components - resistors, capacitors, transitors - on to a single chip, by eletronic component (5)manufacturers. Each chip can perform the function of a simple central processor, i.e. obey a series of instructions, fetch and send data from and

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to a memory, test for interrupts and so on, but usually relatively slowly. It takes for example a hundred milionths rather one mullionth of a second to add two numbers, and these numbers have to be of limited size. (10) Nevertheless, the miniature programs which control the operation can carry out quite complicated operations on bigger numbers by tackling them a piece at a time. Another use for microprocessors is in managing a memory, i.e. decoding demands for data from another central processor, and (15)interrogating the core storage, checking for errors, etc. There are ways in which microprocessores may make a big impact. One is in the field of process control at the small end of the range: bus engines or petrol pumps or even washing machines controlled economically by microprocessors. Secondly, the microprocessor may be (20) used in large numbers as a substitute for a single, big processor, to do certain kinds of computation where calculations can proceed in parallel, as in weat forecasting. In essence each microprocessor has acces to its own memory for holding the results of intermediate calculations, and also can send and obtain values from other microprocessors. All the (25) microprocessors operate at once, so that ripples of computation travel across na array of them.

EXERCISES
1.Determine the sequence in which these general ideas appear in the text. ( ) algumas das funes do microprocessador. ( ) um dos usos do microprocessador. ( ) a velocidade na qual uma operao executada. ( ) o que o microprocessador. ( ) duas reas de aplicao do microprocessador. 2.Before reading paragraph one again,match the columns. device ( ) leva designed ( ) entretanto step ( ) executar quite ( ) passo, avano takes ( ) introduzido neverthless ( ) bem carry out ( ) projetado fetch ( ) buscar 3.Now choose the Best translation for paragraph one. a) Este dispositivo est num pequeno circuito integrado, ou seja, num chip, e fabricado para auxiliar o computador. b) O microprocessador um pequeno circuito integrado num chip. projetado e fabricado com auxilio do computador. c) Foi introduzido como um avano natural dos fabricantes de componentes eletrnicos no processo de incluir mais componentes num nico chip. d) A sua introduo, por parte dos fabricantes de componentes eletrnicos, foi um avano natural no movimento de acrescentar mais componentes num nico chip.

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4.Choose the correct anwer. a) Each chip can function as a simple central processor: __ relatively quickly __but not very quikly __at very high speed b) The microprocessor adds numbers: ___as quickly as the central processor ___more quickly than the central processor ___ not as quickly as the central processor c) Operations on bigger numbers: ___are not resolved step by step ___are resolved step by step ___are controlled by small programs 5.What are the electronic components of a chip mentioned in the text? __________________________________________________________________________ 6.Write in English what is written in portuguese. Each chip can______________ the function of a simple central processor, desempenhar that is,____________a series os instrutions,____________and_________________________ obedecer buscar enviar data from and to the memory and test for__________________________________________ Interrupe s 7.Read the second and third paragraphs and say what you know about some of the uses of the microporcessors.The words below will help you. a) (memria) ________________________________________________________________

b) (motores e mquinas) _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ c) (como um substituto)_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 8.Elimine a alternativa incorreta O microprocessador pode ser usado para controlar a memria, ou seja, a) para verificar erros b) para executar operaes lgicas c) para interrogar a memria central d) para converter dados em bits

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ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE

Artificial intelignce is the branch of computer science that deals with using computers to simulate human thinking. It is concerned with building computer programs that can solve prolbems creatively, rather than simply working through the steps of a solutions designed by the programmer. One of the main problems of artificial intelligence (AI) is how to represent knowledge in the computer in a form such that it can be used rather than merely reproduced. A computer that tells you the call number of a library book is not displaying artificial intelligence ; it is merely echoing back what was put into it. Artificial intelligence would come into play if the computer used its knowledge base to make generalizations about the librarys holdings or construct bibliographies on selected subjects. VOCABULARY deals with = trata de rather than = em vez de echoing back = devolvendo woud come into play = entraria em ao librarys holdings = arquivo da biblioteca

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COMPUTER LANGUAGES
(1) After a problem has been analysed and a detailed program flowchart has been written, the programmer must codify the program. Coding simply involves the translation or conversion of each operatiom in the flowchart into a computer-understandable language. (5) We wave seen that a program is a series of instructions but we have not discussed how the programmer communicates his instructions to the computer. Many types or levels of computer languages are available to aid the progrmmeer in commucating with the computer. Three of the more commonly used types of computer languages are: (10) a) machine language; b) symbolic language; c) procedure-oriented language. Machine language is a series of numbers, letters of the alphabet, or special characters that are used to represent bit pattern which can be recognized by (15)the computer and specific opeerations to take place. A symbolic instruction contains fewer symbols and these symbols may be letters and special characters, as well as numbers. it is easier to write than the machine language equivalent, and easier to read and understand. As for the procedure-oriented language, the programmer has to (20)concentrate on expressing the procedure of solving his problem and not on the understanding of how the computer system will execute it. However, this has to by e put into a form acceptable to the machine. The conversation is effected by means of a program called compiler. There are a number of such languages, such as ADA, ALCOL, APL, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, LISP, (25)LOGO, PASCAL, PL1 and PROLOG. These are the most commonly used and internationally accepted.

EXERCICES
1. Read the text and then answer these questions: a) What is coding? ______________________________________________________________________ b) How are instructions communicated to the computer? ______________________________________________________________________ c) Which are the most commonly used types of computer languages? ______________________________________________________________________ d) Wich language is easier to write: the machine language or the symbol language or the symbol language? ______________________________________________________________________ e) What is a compiler? ______________________________________________________________________

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f) Which of the procedure-oriented languages are the most commonly used? ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Write sentences in the right order. First The program is coded Then A problem is analysed Next A program flowchart is written ________________________________________ ________________________________________ _________________________________________

3. Complete the graph:

4. Say if these statements are true (T) or false (F): a) The programmer has to code the program and then analyse it. ( ) b) The procedure-oriented language has to be converted into machine language. ( ) c) The flowchart expresses the course to be followed for the solution to a problem. ( ) d) Specific operations only take place in the computer when bit pattern are reconized. ( ) 5. Match letters and numbers. (a) code (1) the order of doing things (b) procedure (2) a program translator (c) flowchart (3) a system of signs (d) compiler (4 ) a graphical representation (5) a specific operation 6. Use os itens da coluna para responder s perguntas da coluna esquerda. a) What can perform logical and A programmer... arithmetical operations? b) Who are able to have results A computer... readily? Administrators c) What is able to process data very Analysts...

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quickly? d) Who can Express problems in logical form? e) Who is able to recommend the best computer installation? f) Who can propose the best system for a company

The C.P.U A consultant...

_____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7. Study the example and rewrite the sentences below. Ex: The programmer express problems in logical form. He writes instructions. Before writing the instructions the programmer express probability logical form. a) We collet data. We introduce it into the computer. After _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b) The analyst discusses the ask with the manager. He investigates the different reas of application. Before_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c) The analyst puts together all the facts about the data. He makes apresentation. After___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ d) We use tapes. We erase them and store them away. After___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ e) The programmer writes a program flowchart. He converts it into computer language. Before___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _________ 8.Read lines 13 to 18. Compare both languages. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

INPUTTING / OUTPUTTING INFORMATION

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Magnetic tape - it is one of the principal input/out put recording media used with computers and is mainly used for storing intermediate results of computations and for compact storing of large amounts of data, in an ordered sequence. It is much cheaper to store information on tape than in the computer main memory or on a disk memory device, but it takes longer to locate a particular data item if it is stored on tape: data must be stored and accessed sequentialy. Magnetic disk - it consists of a series of concentric paths or traks each capable of storing data in magnetically coded form. It looks like a phonograph record and a series of disks is moutend on vertical shaft. One ormore access arms move into the disk to read or write the data stored on it. Disks may be hard (made out of aluminum) or floppy (made out of plastic). Disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit or they may be made up as removable disk packs. Disks may be made even more efficient by using laser beam to read and write data. VOCABULARY Media = pl. of medium (latin word) = meios Large amounts = great quantities = grandes quantidades Cheaper = more inexpensive = mais barato It takes longer = leva mais tempo Accessed = reached = alcanados, acessados Paths or tracks = trilhas Shaft = eixo It looks like = parece com, semelhante a Floppy = flat magnetic disk = disco magntico flexvel Drive unit = dispositivo impulsor Packs = packages = vrios discos presos por um eixo Laser beam = raio laser

HOW TO PROCESS DATA

(1)The human brain performs data processing whenever we wake a decision. We draw from our memory the known facts about the situation, and the probable result of various courses of action, and then we decide. We are usually not aware of the process but it does take place.

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(5)In a business, for example, many things are known: the names and addresses of the employees, of the customers, and of the customers, and of suppliers; the details of goods sold or stocked, their description, cost price and sales price; the number of vehicles owned or leased by the company, their registration numbers, age, capacities, the total expenditure and income of (10)the company. This is data (plural of the Latin Word datum) which means facts. It may be in the for numbers, letters or symbols. Data processing, then, is the manipulating and using of facts. The words data and information, are oftern used as synonyms, but in fact they should not be. Data, in itself, needs to be informative. Iformation (15)is frequently referred to as distilled data or processed data. DATA processing, then, is the production of information from data. How does the computer help you manage that data, keep it up to date, and get what you need when you need it? A computer programmer, with that data, develops a series of instructions or orders for the computer (20) to perform a particular task. This is what we call a program which has to be introduced into the computer by means of one of the input units. This unit will transmit that data as a series of electrical impuses into the memory of the computer where data is manipulated to give us the required information through one of output units. To accomplihs good (25)information, normally several tasks have to be processed, then a set of tasks (programs) is called a job. EXERCISES 1. Say in which paragraphs and lines these ideas are: a) Information is the result of processing. Paragraph__________________line__________________________ b) Data is manipulated in the memory. Paragraph__________________line__________________________ c) Data is the same as facts. Paragraph______________________line_______________________ d) When we make a decision, our brain processes data. Paragraph_____________________line_______________________ e) A job is a set of tasks. Paragraph_________________________line_______________________ f) Data may be in the form of numbers, letters or symbols. Paragraph____________________line____________________________ 2.Say if these statements are right or wrong:

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a)When we process data,we process facts. ( ) b)A program is a series of instructions. ( ) c)A job is a series of information. ( ) d)The description of goods in a business is data. ( ) e)When we make a decision we are always aware that our brain is processing data. ( ) 3.Explain the meaning of the words data and information: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4.Complete these statements: a) Data may be in the form of_____________________________________________________ b) A computer programmer develops_______________________________________________ c) A program has to be introduced_________________________________________________ d) The required information is given through_________________________________________

CREATING DATA DISKS FOR STORAGE

Supplementary Reading

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You can store the charts you create on your hard disk, or floppy diskettes, or both. We recommend that, if you use your hard disk, you bak up your charts frequently, just in case something is lost on your hard disk. And keep in mind that some industries require you to save charts on floppy diskettes only. You should not store your charts on the same diskette as your program. The safest way to store your charts is on special data disks that you use every time you save a chart. Take three blank diskettes and format them as you did your backup program diskette. Then label them and keep them handy for when you go through the toturial section.

SOFTWARE
(1)The software of a computer system is the set of programs that tell the computer what to do. The term software is contrasted with hardware, which refers to the actual physical machines that make up a computer system the hardware by itself is of little value without the instructions that tell (5)it what to do. Common types of software available for microcomputers include programming language interprets and compilers (which allom you to write your own software in languages such as BASIC and PASCAL), word processing programs, financialdecision-making packages such as (10)spreadsheets, data base management programs and games. You may also obtain sotware designed to fulfill a specific task, such as maintaining a firms general ledger or solving a particular type of scientific problem. A software license is na agreement between the publisher of a computer program and the person who buys a copy of it. Some (15)licenses specify that when you buy a copy of a program,

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you do not really own the copy but have merely bought the right to use it in certain ways. Most licenses allow a single copy of the program to be used on only one machine at a time. It can be copied for backup purposes, and it can be moved from one machine to another, but it cannot be actually in use in (20) two places at once .Thus you are forbidden to load the same program into more than one machine through a network. However, it is usually permissible for several people to use the same program on a multi-user machine with a single CPU. EXERCISES 1. These are the main topics in the text. Whitch paragraph does each main topic refer to? ( ) Regulations about the use of software ( ) What is software ( ) Types of Software 2. Now say in wich paragraphs and lines these ideas occur: a) Voc pode elaborar seus prprios programas utilizando-se de compiladores. Paragraph__________________________ lines ______________________________________ b) A cpia de um programa no propriedade do usurio. Ele apenas adquire o direito de us-la. Paragraph__________________________ lines ______________________________________ c) As mquinas, sem as insttrues que a faam trabalhar no tm muita utilidade. Paragraph__________________________ lines ______________________________________ 3. Rad the second paragraph and list some of the types of software for micro-computers. a) _____________________________________ b)_____________________________________ c)_____________________________________ d)_____________________________________ e)_____________________________________ f)_____________________________________ 4. Read the third paragraph and explain what a software license is. Use these words to help you. compra contrato editor ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write in english what is written n Portuguese ______________________ licenses allow ______________________ copy of the A maioria uma nica program to be used on __________________ marchine _____________________ apenas uma por vez

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6. Tick the correct regulation about the use of computer programs. Ao usurio permitido: _______ copiar o programa e revend-lo ________ usar uma nica cpia por vez ________ fazer uma cpia de segurana ________ usar uma cpia de segurana em dois lugares ao mesmo tempo ________ mudar o programa de uma mquina para outra ________ usar o programa em vrias mquinas atravs de rede ________ usar o mesmo programa em mquina para vrios usurios com uma nica UCP 7. Read these statements look at the text Write down the original statements a) In fact, a program must not be used in two places at the same time. _________________________________________________________________ b) Consequently, the user is not allowed to load the same pogram into various machines through a network c)But several people may use the same programo n a multi-user machine with only one CPU. ___________________________________________________________________ 8. Answer these questions: a) Que outros tipos de programas podem ser obtidos? _________________________________________________________________ b)Que linguagens voc pode utilizar para desenvolver seus prprios programas? __________________________________________________________________