Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1
+ v
2
2
+ v
3
z3
=
3
i=1
v
i
i
. (3.12)
The unit vectors
1
,
2
,
3
are
x
,
y
,
z
in the rectangular coordinate system,
r
,
,
z
in cylindrical coordinates and
r
,
_
3
i=1
v
2
i
. (3.13)
Addition and subtraction of vectors is easily executed:
v +w = (v
1
+ w
1
)
1
+ (v
2
+ w
2
)
2
+ (v
3
+ w
3
)
3
=
3
i=1
(v
i
+ w
i
)
i
, (3.14)
as well as multiplication by a scalar
sv = (sv
1
)
1
+ (sv
2
)
2
+ (sv
3
)
3
= s
3
i=1
v
i
i
. (3.15)
The dot product of two vectors results in a scalar:
v w = v
1
w
1
+ v
2
w
2
+ v
3
w
3
=
3
i=1
v
i
w
i
. (3.16)
3.2.2 Tensors and Tensor Operations
A tensor is similarly represented by an ordered array of nine components:
T =
_
_
T
11
T
12
T
13
T
21
T
22
T
23
T
31
t
23
T
33
_
_ . (3.17)
The diagonal elements of a tensor are those which have two identical sub-
scripts, while the other elements are termed nondiagonal. The transpose of
a tensor is obtained by interchanging the subscripts on each element:
T
T
=
_
_
T
11
T
21
T
31
T
12
T
22
T
32
T
13
T
32
T
33
_
_ . (3.18)
Vector and Tensor Mathematics 25
A tensor is described as symmetric when T = T
T
. One special tensor is the
unit tensor:
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_ . (3.19)
The dyadic product of two vectors results in a tensor, as follows:
v w =
_
_
v
1
w
1
v
1
w
2
v
1
w
3
v
2
w
1
v
2
w
2
v
2
w
3
v
3
w
1
v
3
w
2
v
3
w
3
_
_ . (3.20)
This leads to the denition of the unit dyads, of which there are nine:
1
1
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_ ; (3.21)
1
2
=
_
_
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_ , etc. (3.22)
In a similar manner to vectors, tensors are easily added
T+U =
_
_
T
11
+ U
11
T
12
+ U
12
T
13
+ U
13
T
21
+ U
21
T
22
+ U
22
T
23
+ U
23
T
31
+ U
31
T
32
+ U
32
T
33
+ U
33
_
_ =
3
i=1
3
j=1
(T
ij
+ U
ij
)
i
j
,
(3.23)
or multiplied by scalars:
sT =
_
_
sT
11
sT
12
sT
13
sT
21
sT
22
sT
23
sT
31
sT
23
sT
33
_
_ = s
3
i=1
3
j=1
T
ij
j
. (3.24)
The double dot product of two tensors results in a scalar:
T:U =
T
11
U
11
+ T
12
U
21
+ T
13
U
31
+
T
21
U
12
+ T
22
U
22
+ T
23
U
32
+
T
31
U
13
+ T
32
U
23
+ T
33
U
33
=
3
i=1
3
j=1
T
ij
U
ji
. (3.25)
The dot product of a tensor with a vector is:
T v =
1
(T
11
v
1
+ T
12
v
2
+ T
13
v
3
) +
2
(T
21
v
1
+ T
22
v
2
+ T
23
v
3
) +
3
(T
31
v
1
+ T
32
v
2
+ T
33
v
3
)
=
3
i=1
i
_
_
3
j=1
T
ij
v
j
_
_
. (3.26)
Vector and Tensor Mathematics 26
In contrast, the dot product of a vector with a tensor is:
v T =
1
(v
1
T
11
+ v
2
T
21
+ v
3
T
31
) +
2
(v
1
T
12
+ v
2
T
22
+ v
3
T
32
) +
3
(v
1
T
13
+ v
2
T
23
+ v
3
T
33
)
=
3
i=1
i
_
_
3
j=1
v
j
T
ji
_
_
. (3.27)
In general, (T v) = (v T), however, they are equal if T is symmetric.
The magnitude of a tensor is dened as:
|T| =
1
2
(T:T
T
) =
_
1
2
j
T
2
ij
. (3.28)
3.2.3 Further Reading
A simple introduction to vectors and tensors is provided by:
H. Anton, Elementary Linear Algebra, 4th Ed., John Wiley and
Sons, New York (1984).
Numerous problems, some with solutions may be found in:
M.R. Spiegel Vector Analysis, Schaums Outline Series, McGraw-Hill
Book Company (1959).
F. Ayres, Matrices, Schaums Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book Com-
pany (1962).
An excellent discussion of vector and tensor notation which is particularly
relevant to polymer processing is in Appendix A of:
R.B. Bird, R.C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymer
Liquids, Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1987).
Copyright 2001, PolymerProcessing.com.