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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL -1
DATE:-
(A)
OBJECTIVES : After compliting this expriment, you will able to:
(A) Mesuare the dimention of a given pipe with the help of a Vernier Caliper.
(B) Determine the dimensions of a given rectengular block with the help of a given Vernier caliper.
RATIONALE:
Verniar caliper is a simple arrangement using a fixed scale and sliding scale to obtain measurement of
accuracy higher then that of ordinary scale. Vernier caliper is used to measure external and internal
diameter,width,thickness and length of jobs.
Where two jaws of vernier caliper are brought togher and if zero of vernier scale does not coincide with zero
of main scale,the instruments has error. this error is due to wear and tear
of the instrument.
If zero division of V.S is on right hand side ofmain scale zero (when two jaws are brought in contact with
each other ) the error is positive and if zero division is on left side of main scale zwro the error is nagative.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIAL:
(1) Vernier caliper
Range
mm
LC=
(2) surface plate 15001500 mm. grade.
mm
PROCEDURE :
1. Study the given Vernier Caliper and recognise its various parts.
2. Understand the Vernier principal and calculate its least count.
3. Check errors,if any. (zero adjustment)
4. Read the instrument for at least three random vernier positions.
5. Measure the samples at the indicated places and record dimension as per standard performa given.
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBSERVATIONS:
(A) Measure the dimensions of a given cylinder with the help of a Vernier Caliper.
L.C =
mm
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBSERVATION TABLE:
.
Object
feature
Sr.
No.
Outer
dia.of
pipe D1
Inner dia.
of pipe
D2
Height
h
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Main scale
reading.
(A)
Division of V.S
mathing with
M.s div n
Vernier
scale
reading.
(Div. of
V.S.
mating
with M.S.
div n x
0.02 mm)
(B)
Total
C=A+B
Average C
Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)
D1=
R1=
D1/2
D2=
R2=
D2/2
H=
L
B
T
Division of
V.S
mathing
with M.s
div n
Vernier
scale
reading.
(Div. of
V.S.
mating
with
M.S. div
n x
0.02
mm)
(B)
Total
C=A+B
Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
CONCLUSION:
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Gives the Answer of following Questions:
1. State the meaning of term least Count.
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2. State, in what the least Count of Vernier caliper can be increased or how accuracy of
Vernier can be
increased?
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
MICROMETER.
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL -2
DATE:-
(A)
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment,you will be able to
- Measure Diameter of given Round bar.
EXUIPMENTS / MATERIALS
- Out side micrometer.
Range
- Round bar
mm
L C=
mm
PARTS OF MICROMETER:
- C-frame
- Anvil
- Barrel
- Thimble
- Ratchet screw
- Lock nut
- Spindle
RATIONAL:
The limits of accuracy specified on certaincomponenets involves measurment up to 0.001mm or
even to finer valus, which can not be carried out by ordinary steel rule under such situation, the use of
micrometer hlps find the required dimensions. The zero adjistment error +ve or ve can be found in the
same way as that of vernier callipers.
PROCEDURE:
- (1) Study the given Out side micrometer critically and recognise their various parts.
- (2) Calculate theL.C. and note the range of mesurment of the instrument.
- (3) read any three position of the main and circular scale.
- (4) Measure the given piece and tabulate the dimension in the standard
performa, given below.
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBJECT:
ROUND BAR
PIPE
Figure
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBSERVATIONS:
(A) For diametre of the round bar l(Out side diameter and height of the pipe )
L.C =
Object
feature
No
Outer
dia.of
pipe
Outer
dia. of
Round
bar
L.C of micrometer
mm
Micrometer error
mm
Sr.
No
Main scale
reading
mm A
Division of V.S
mathing with M.s
div n
mm
Vernier
scale
reading.
B=nL.C
Total
C=A+B
mm
Average C
mm
Corrected
reading
C+error
1
2
Cylinder
Diameter
Original
Wornout
Original
Wornout
mm
mm
D1
Mm
D2
mm
D3
mm
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS:
1. Find the list count of external mocrometer having 50 division on the circular scale and
spindle pitch 0.5 m.m
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2. State uses of Micrometer.
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3. State minimum dia for which the inside micrometer can be used?
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4. With the line sketch showthe following reading on outside micrometer(L.C=0.01mm)
(1) 7.09 mm (2) 27.36 mm (3) 10.49 MM
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
(2). 34.21 mm
(3) 11.11 mm
(4) 9.92 mm
(5) 11.54 mm
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL -3
DATE:-
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this experiment,you will be able to
-
EXUIPMENTS / MATERIALS
- Inside micrometer
Range
- Cylinder
mm
L C=
mm
PARTS OF MICROMETER:
- Micrometre unit
- Extention rod
- Spacing collar
- Handle
RATIONAL:
The limits of accuracy specified on certaincomponenets involves measurment up to 0.001mm or even to
finer valus, which can not be carried out by ordinary steel rule under such situation, the use of micrometer
hlps find the required dimensions. The zero adjistment error +ve or ve can be found in the same way as
that of vernier callipers.
PROCEDURE:
- (1) Study the given Inside micrometer critically and recognise their various parts.
- (2) Calculate theL.C. and note the range of mesurment of the instrument.
- (3) read any three position of the main and circular scale.
- (4) Measure the given piece and tabulate the dimension in the standard
performa, given below.
10
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
QUESTIONS:
1.Explain Inside Micrometre.
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
11
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL - 4
DATE:-
Locking screw
Rods carrying Spherecal contacts
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Object
feature
Sr.
No.
Iner
dia.of
Slot
Iner dia
of slot
Main scale
reading.
(A)
Division of V.S
mathing with
M.s div n
Vernier
scale
reading.
(Div. of
V.S.
mating
with M.S.
div n x
0.02 mm)
(B)
Total
C=A+B
Average C
Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)
12
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
FIGURE
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
13
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL 5
DATE:-
LC= __________mm
LC= __________mm
LC= __________mm
Inside micrometer
Range __________ mm
Round bar/Pipe
LC= __________mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Object
feature
Sr.
No.
Main scale
reading.
Division of V.S
mathing with
M.s div n
Vernier
scale
reading.
Total
C=A+B
Average C
Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)
Outer
dia.of
Round
bar D1
Inner dia
D2
1
2
3
D1=
R1=
D1/2
1
2
3
D2=
R2=
D2/2
OBSERVATIONS:
(A) For radius of the Pipe(Out side diametr of the pipe )
L.C =
mm
mm
mm
14
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
Sr.
No
Main
scale
reading
mm A
Division of V.S
mathing with M.s
div n
Vernier
scale
reading.
B=nL.C
Total
C=A+B
Mm
Avera-ge
C
mm
Corrected
reading
C+error
1
2
3
4
(B) measure pipe dimension by using Inside micrometer.
Least Count of micrometer.=
mm
Micrometer error
=
mm
Sr.
Pipe
Diameter
Original
Wornout
Original
Wornout
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
D1
Mm
D2
mm
D3
mm
15
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL - 6
DATE:-
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to:
- To Know measuring the angle of given work piece.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS :
- Bevel protectors.
- Work piece
- Surface plate
- Holding devices to suit perticular job
RATIONALE :
Angular measurment it generally concerned with the measurment of individual angles on gauges tools as
well as small angular changes and deflections etc.
Bevel protectors are the simplest instruments for measuring the angle between two faces of a component.
They are of two types,(1) Mechanical Bevel protractors and (2) Optical Bevel protractors
They consists of a base plate attached to the main body and an adjustable blade which is attached to a
circular plate containing vernier. The adjustable blade is capable of rotating freely about the centre of the
main scale engraved on the body of the instrument and can be locked in any position. In Mechanical Bevel
protector the vernier scale has 24 divisions,coinciding with 23 main scale divisions. Thus the least
count(L.C) of the instrument is 5. In the Optical Bevel protector, a glass circle is divided at 10 intervals
throughout the whole 360 is fitted inside the main body. A small microscope is fitted through which the
circle graduations can be viewed and to read by estimation to about 2.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRECUATIONS:
(1) Take all the precautions which are required to be taken in the use of vernier calipers,
Micrometer etc.
(2) Rotate the blade of the Bevel proractors uniformly.
(3) Handle the protector with care such that the accuracy is not affected.
(4) Test the protectors for flatness,squareness,parallelism,straightness etc.at regular intervals after
frequent use.
(5) While readings are taken, keep your eyes,infront of the matching lines.
PROCDURE :
Study the Bevel protractor and identify its main parts.
Introduce the adjustable blade in the slot of body and clamp it with the help of knob in the
convenient position.
Place, the working edge of the stock on one surface of the job and rotate the turret holding the
blade so that the working edge of the blade coincide with another surface of the job. Fix the turret
and read the angle.
Measure the angles of the sample pieces with the bevel protractor and record the reading in the
proforma suggested.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION :
Least count of Bevel protector = (Measurement of smallest division on main scale)
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JOB NO or
ANGLE
A
B
CONCLUSION :
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QUESTIONS :
1. What is the L.C of Bevel protractor ? State the value for different protractor .
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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2. Why protractors are tested at regular intervals ?
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3.Indicate the given reading on bevel protector by figure.
(1) 7515'
(2) 8945'
figure
figure
19
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
PRACTICAL - 7
DATE:-
20
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
21
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
22
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PROCEDURE:
(1) First find the angle approximate with the help of bevel protractor. Let it be =
(2) Then set the sine bar at this angle by using slip gauges and clamp to the angle plate.
(3) Place the work (i.e. lathe centre) on the sine bar as shown in fig and clamp to the angle plate.
(4) Set the dial indicator at one end of the work and move to another end.
(5) Note the division.
(6) Again adjust slip gauges according to this division, so that the dial indicator reads zero across the
work surface.
OBJERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
The value of can be found by
Sin = h / L
h = Lsin
Where = approximate angle = ___________.
L = Length of Sinebar = ___________ mm.
H = Height to be set of slip gauges = ____________mm.
Let deviation noted down by dial gauge = h over a length l of work, then height of slip
by which it should be adjusted = h L/l
Then sin 1= h L/l
Thus correct angle = + 1
= ____________ .
gauges
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS :
1. What is sine bar? Write working principle of sine bar.
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FIG
23
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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2. Why sine bar should not be used for angle greater then 60?
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3. Why longer sine bar should be used?
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4. The accuracy of sine bar depend on its constructional features and on maintaining these features . these
features are
(1)
(2)
(3)
5.Write uses of sine bar with example.
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24
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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Fig.
SLIP GAUGE
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to
(1) Know the various uses of slip gagues.
(2) Acqire skill in wringing of gauge block.
(3) Know the care and precaution while using slip gauges.
(4) Know the procedure of selection of slip gauges for a perticular dimension.
INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS REQUIRED
Set of slip gauges
(1) Surface plate
(2) Magnetic base holder
(3) Steel foot rule.
RATIONALE:
A set of slip gauges consits of a number of rectangular steel block suitably hardned with ground and
lapped working faces. They are used conveniently for building up lengths by combination of number of
blocks. The measuring faces of the two combined gauges adhere together which is known as Wringing.
Gauge blocks are meant to be used as reference standard and direct linear dimensions of industrial
components. They are classified according to their accuracy viz. C,B,A,AA grades. The different sets are
available for use.
25
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Protect slip gauges from dust and dirt.
(2) Keep slip gauges always in case when not in use and case closed.
(3) Remove protective coating with petrol and wipe with a clean chamois leather or soft linen cloth
before use.
(4) Do not touch lapped faces of gauge blocks.
(5) Avoid unnecassary handling of slip gauges.
(6) Keep tempreture of room to 20 C for correct results. If tempreture isnot maintaned at this
tempreture,add corrections.
(7) Immediately after use each gauge block should be wiped clean and replaced in proper place with
coating of petroleum jelly.
(8) Use slip gauge accessories for marking out tools, measuring plug and ring gauges inspection of
gauges and precision instrument.
(9) Never drop slip gauges.
(10) Never strike slip gauges with other matallic objects.
SLIP GAUGE(FIG)
26
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PROCEDURE:
1. Take all precaution for gauge blocks before, during and after use.
2. For building up required height, wring the smaller no of slip gauges.
3. For wrinding the two gauge blocks,first bring them into contact at right angles to one anthor and then
turn them through 90 .
4. For the required dimension (height/length),use the largest possible block in each step to reduce the
number of blocks used to a minimum.
EXAMPLE AND CALCULATIONS :
Date: Bluid up dimension 58.843 mm.from standard set of slip gauges & show them by fig.
27
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
RANGE IN MM
1.0005
1.001-1.009
1.01-1.049
0.5-24.5
25-100
STEP IN MM
0.001
0.01
0.5
25
NO.OF PIECES
1
9
49
49
4
TOTAL = 112
Solution:
- Desired dimension in mm
- Select the block to eliminate the digit 0.003 mm.
- Select the block to eliminate the digit 0.04 mm.
- Select the block to eliminate the digit 0.5 mm.
- Eliminate the digit 50.00 mm.
- Show selected slip gauge by a fig.
Figure
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS :
1.Explain wringing process of slip gauge.?
28
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
Fig
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2.Why smaller number of gagues should be combined?
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5.Select a proper slip gauge for following measurement as per set of M 112/1.
(1) 34.5455 mm (2) 55.3755 mm (3) 71.9235 mm (4) 83.8255 mm
29
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
PRACTICAL - 8
DATE:-
MEASURE STRAIGHTNESS.
30
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
job
RATIONALE:
Guide way of a lathe,spindle of a machine,surface of a measuring table and many others similer
situations where if referance surace is not straight or uniformally linier if produce defective marking or
products hence a straightness is reqired to be check. Naturally the straightness of a straight edge and
surface plate should be very high ,beacause they are consider as standard compare to other instruments in
laboratory and workshop .
fig
31
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PROCEDURE :
1. clean the surface plate.
2. Put the job on the surface plate.
3. Marks two point A & B at 0.554 L distance on the straight edge and devide them in to two equal part
as shown in fig 1remaining length of the straight edge should be kept approximately equal on both
the side.
4. Put the straight edge on the slip gauge ,keep 10 mm slip gauge below (A) and 20 mm slip gauge
below (B).
5. Insert the reqired slip gauge below point no 1 of a straight edge and note the reading in table 1.
6. Repeat the step 5 for point no 2 to 9.
7. Make the necessary calculatin
8. Write the conclusion.
32
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Point marking on
straight edge
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
20
Theoritical slip
gauge required mm
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Error mm
SAMPLE CLCULATION:
CONCLUSION:
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Gives the Answer of following Questions:
1. Define straightness.
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2. Least the different methods to measure straightness.
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3. What are the possible source of error during this expriment.
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
33
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL 9
DATE:-
MEASURE FLATNESS.
FIGURE
PROCEDURE :
1. clean the surface plate.
2. Place the sine bar on the surface plate.
3. Divide the surface of the sine bar in to 6 equal blocks by drawing vertical and horizontal line on the
sine bar by a soft pencil as shown in fig.
4. Put the stand on the surface plate.
5. Fix the dial indicator on the stand.
6. Adjust the plunger on point-1 with little pressure.
7. Adjust the pointer to zero.
8. Now move the stand and keep the plunger on point -2,3,4----------12 and note the reading
each
time . It may be positive or negative.
9. Fiill up the objervation table.
10. Draw the graph.
34
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
FIG 3
Mark in fig 3 positive reading on the upper side and negative reading on lower side. Of the vertical line
corrosponding to each point.join all the points.
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Point no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Reading (+ or -)
CONCLUSION:
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35
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
___________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Least the different methods to measure flatness.
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3. What are the possible source of error during this expriment.
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
PRACTICAL - 10
DATE:-
36
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to:
- Use DialIndicator
- Measure roundness error of circular bar with Dial Gauge
- Draw polar diagram
EQUIPMENT / INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS
- Sensitive
- Dial gauge
- Dial gauge accesseries
- V-block and clamps
- Surface plate
- Job:- Machined rod,pluge gauge
RATIONALE:
Roundness may be detained as the radial uniformity of the surface of the circular part from its centreline.
There are three main irregularities in the roundness i.e ovality, lobbingand no specific formeffor in roundness
is due to faults in machine tool,cutting tool deflection,spring in work,vibration etc.
Error of roundness can be eliminated / reduced by Grinding.
PROCDURE :
Clean the surface plate, V-block and given job.
Divide the circular job into 12 or 8 equal parts with pencil point.
Place the V-block, job on it and dial gauge on the surface plate as shown in the Fig.
Adjust Dial gauge planger on marketing / with pressure and then set the gauge to zero.
Now rotate the job and take reading of the dial gauge at point 2 and tabulate the reading.
Report the procedure for all remaing points.
Tabulate the reading.
Costruct the polargraph.(plot devision on larger scale)
37
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
38
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Diameter of the job / plugguage:
Sr.
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Angular position
mm
Deviation / error (mm) at different position
POLAR CHART
39
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
QUESTIONS :
1. Difine roundness.
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2. What do you understand by Roundness error?
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3. Define ovality.
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4. Explain Dial Indicator & Give its uses.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
41
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL - 11
DATE:-
(4) (a) For a given pitch, select a pair of best size wires from the box.
(b) Note the diameter of wires(c)
(c) Insert the fixture of two wires on one anvil and fixure of one wire on the another
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
Average measure
pitch
Actual pitch
Error
Total height of
the slip (2)
Major dia.
=(1)-(2)
Actual major
Dia.
Error
Average effective
dia. mm
Actual effective
dia. mm
Error
Average M
mm
Effective
dia. mm
Actual effective
dia. mm
Error
44
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS:
1. Write elements of screw thread.
figure
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
______________________________________________________________________________________
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL 12
DATE:-
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to:
- Know about various type of plug gauges.
RATIONALE:
Gauges are tools which are used for quick checking and deciding shape and location of relative surfaces of
the component. Limit gauges are manufactured by considering upper limit and lower limit of the dimension
to be checked. They consist of GO member and NO GO member. To accept any component, the GO
member should pass through the component and NO GO should not pass.
Limit gauges are mainly used for quick checking of the identical component in mass production.
Limit gauges only conform the perticular dimension within specified limit or not. Limit gauges do not have the
calibrated scale & hence exact numerical value of measured dimension is not obtained.
Advantages of this gauge is that less skilled operator can also be utilised to check the components by limit
gauges. Such type of inspection is known as gauging.
(1) PLUG GAUGES
Such types of limit gauges are used to check internal feature like a hole diameter. In single ended pulg
gauge of GO member and NO GO member are made seperate one. In double
ended pulg gauge of GO member and NO GO member are placed on both side of handle.
In case of progressive type plug gauge GO member and NO GO member are on the same side of
handle.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL 13
DATE:-
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to
- Find the tooth thickness of (spur) gear.
INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS :
(1) Gear tooth vernier caliper
(2) Workpiece
RATIONALE :
Dimenshional errors present in gaers affect the performance of smooth running of gears. To
find out there errors it is necessary to measure the important dimensions (elements) of gears such as pitch
of tooth,tooth thickness,base pitch,circular pitch etc. The gear tooth thickness is generally measured at pitch
circle. To measure gear tooth thickness, two methods are available.
(1) Chordal thickness method and
(2) Constant chord methods.
Both methods are important for any type of gear. First method takes lot of work and time while second
method is simple is simple and quick.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRECAUTIONS
(1) Take all precautions you have taken while using vernier caliper.
(2) Hold gear tooth vernier caliper firmly on workpiece.
PROCEDURE
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
1.
2.
3.
Actual
mm
mm
mm
Calculated
mm
1.
2.
3.
Actual
mm
mm
mm
Calculated
mm
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS :
1. State which two verniers are combined in a gear tooth vernier caliper?
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2. What is the difference between the tooth thickness masured by this two methods?
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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PRACTICAL 14
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
DATE:-
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
Object :
(A) To calibrate the venturimetre i.e. to prepare a graph to findout discharge when difference
in different limbs of manometre is known.
(B) To determine the co efficient to discharge for a given venturimetre.
Significance in practice :
The practical application of Bernoullis theorem is fond in this appratus. It is also used for actual
flow measurement of fluids.
Theoritical Background :
A venturemetre is an appratus for finding out the discharge of a liquid flowing in a pipe. A
venturimeter is consists of the following three parts.
1. Convergent cone.
2. Throat
3. Divergent cone.
1. Convergent cone :
It is a short pipe which converges from a large diameter D1 to small diameter D2. It is also
known as inlet of venturimeter. The slope of converging sides is in between 1 in 4 in 5.
2. Throat :
It is a small portion of circular pipe, in which diameter D2 is kept constant.
3. Divergent cone :
It is a pipe, which diverges from a small diameter D2 to a large diameter D1. Divergent cone
is also known as outlet of venturimeter. The length of divergent cone is about 3 to 4 times
more than that of the convergent cone.
The liquid is accelerated between the convergent cone,when flowing through the
venturimeter. As a result of the acceleration , the velocity at throat increases and pressure
decreases. If the pressure head at the throat falls below 2.5 m of water then there will be a
tendency of separation of the liquid flow. To avoid this, there is always fixed ratio of the
diameter of throat to the pipe, i.e d2/d1. The most suitable value of this ratio is 1/3 to 1/2 .
The liquid while flowing through the venturimeter is retarded in divergent cone, so velocity
decreases and presssure increases. Hence there is possibility for the stream of liquid to
break away from the walls of the venturimeter due to boundary layer effects. To avoid this
and to reduce frictional losses, the divergent cone is kept 3 to 4 times longer then
convergent cone.
Q = Cd A1 A2 2gH / (A12 - A22 )
Q = Actual discharge
A1 = Area at inlet
A2 = Area at throat
H = Differnt of pressure head of water between inlet and throat.
Cd = Co efficient of discharge
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRECAUTIONS
1. There should not be air bubbles in U tube mercury manometer.
2. When taking the reading h, U tube mercury column should be stable.
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
Sr. Depth of
No. water
collected Cm
Volume of
water
collected
Cm3
h2
Manometer
Time
Reading H meter T sec
of water H = h/100
x (13.6 1)
Sample calculation :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr.
Actual discharge
No.
Qact = V / t (m3 / s)
Theoritical discharge
Qth (m3 / s)
Co efficient
of discharge
Cd = Qact / Qth
Average co efficient of
discharge, Cd
GRAPH : On the basis of data obtained from result, prepare the calibration graph.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
1. h v/s Qact
2. h v/s Qth
CONCLUSION :
PRACTICAL 15
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
DATE:-
61
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to
1. Know the names of various tempreture measuring instruments.
2. Know the tempreture measuring instrument used in industries.Know the working of thermocouple.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIAL:
Use chart,models and actual devices which are available in your laboratery. Thermo-couple is widely used
for tempreture measurmentin furnace in industries, so it is important to know the working, its use and range
of this instrument.
RATIONALE:
(1) The principal on which tempreture measuring devices works is shown below.
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
Principal
Principal of expansion
Principal of Electrical resistance
Change in physical state
Change in chemical state
Change in Radiation
Devices
thermometer
resistance thermometer
Biometallic thermometer
thermistor
Pyrometer
(2) The principal on which tempreture measuring devices and range of tempreture.
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
Devices
Thermometer
(1) Alcohole type
(2) Mercury type
(3) Perfact gas type
Resistance type
Thermocouple(Base metal type)
Bimetal type
Thermistor
Radiation Pyrometer
Range C
35 C to 132 C
-39 C to 404 C
-129 C to 538 C
-240 C to 982 C
-184 C to 1093 C
-73 C to 538 C
-101 C to 260 C
-18 C to 5760 C
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
THERMOCOUPLE
Thermocouple is an instrument to measure tempreture which works on thermo electric effects
In its constuction as shown in the fig. Two dissimilar conductors electrically insulated except at
hot Junction where the conductors may either be solderd or welded together. A refrectory and
metal prtective cover is provided to protect the thermocouple from injurious furnace gases and
to prevent it from mechanical damages. The leads allow the measurning instrument to be
placed at considerable distance from thermo couple. The cold or the referance junction
provided by the instrument is used for measuring e.m.f.
FIG
The hot junction point is placed in to a hot well (i.e system to be measured) due to differance of
temperatures at hot & cold junction points an e.m.f is generated & electric current flows through the circuit.
The value of this generated current can be read on the calibrated meter in terms of temperature.
The metal wire combinations used to prepare the hot junction in thermo couples.
Wire combination
(1) Copper-constantan___________
(2) Iron--constantan___________
(3) Chromel- Alumel__________
(4) Platinum-Rhodium____________
Temp range
-200 C to 400 C
-200 C to 800 C
-200 C to 1200 C
0 C to 1400 C
QUESTIONS:
1.State the principle on which thermo couple works.
Ans.
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2. State the metal combinatiom used for thermo couple with its range.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
Ans.
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3. State the application where the thermocouple is used in industries.
Ans.
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PRACTICAL 16
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
DATE:-
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
with
inside
measuring
surfaces
for
checking
outside
A plain adjustable snap gauge is complete external caliper gauge employed for size control of plain external
dimensions. It has an open frame , in both jaws of which gauging members are provided. One or more pairs
of gauging members can be set and locked to any predetermind size within the range of adjustment.
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
PRACTICAL 17
DATE:-
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to
- calibrate a given outside micrometer as per IS 2467-1964.
- calibrate a given vernier caliper.
- Access error in instrument being calibrated.
- Draw calibration curve and its use.
EQUIPMENT / INSTRUMENTS/ MATERIALS :
(1) Vernier caliper 0-150 mm.
(2) Out side micrometer(0-25 mm).
(3) A set of slip gauges (M-112).
(4) Micrometer stand.
(5) Magnifying lens.
THEORITICAL BACK GROUND :
- Calibration of any measuring system is very important to get meaningful reasults.
Calibration means checking accuracy of measuring instruments using suitable standards
or checking a standard by or against a higher grade standard. The accuracy of the.
standard should be at least ten times the accuracy of the Instument.
- after long and continuoue use , the measuring instrument are subjected to wear. Hence,in order to
get accurate,reliable and valid reasults out of measuring instruments,calibration of the instrument is
necessary after a specified time interval. The error may be zero ,periodic or cummulative.
- Calibration curve is a graph standard value v/s error .It is useful to get the accurate and reliable
value of measurement. It is to be kept along with the measuring instrument.
PROCEDURE:
- Check the micrometer for smoth running over its whole range.
- Clean its anvil carefully.
- Set the micrometer on its stand horizontaly with anvils upward.
- Allow the micrometer to cool to the ambient tempreture for 10 minitus.
- Closed the micrometer anvils and the zero reading 0 error reading.
- Clean the slip gauge which are to be useful for measurement.
- Take reading with various slip starting from minimum to maximum at equal interval.
- Tabulate the readings and plot graph of normal reading v/s error.
- Interpreate the graph
- Report the same procedure for the varnier caliper.
67
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBJERVATION :
OUTSIDE MICROMETER:
Range: _______mm
Least count:_________mm
Zero error:_________mm
Correction:__________mm
Sr no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Result table:
Sr no
Slip gauge
value mm
Micrometer
reading mm
Correct
micrometer
reading mm
Eroor in mm
68
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
OBJERVATION :
VERNIER CALIPER :
Range: _______mm
Least count:_________mm
Zero error:_________mm
Correction:__________mm
Sr no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Slip
Vernier
Error in Sr no
gauge
caliper
mm
value in reading in
mm
mm
0.0
27
0.5
28
1.0
29
1.5
30
2.0
31
2.5
32
3.0
33
3.5
34
4.0
35
4.5
36
5.0
37
5.5
38
6.0
39
6.5
40
7.0
41
7.5
42
8.0
43
8.5
44
9.0
45
9.5
46
10.0
47
10.5
48
11.0
49
11.5
50
12.0
51
12.5
52
Slip
Vernier
Error in
gauge
caliper
mm
value in reading in
mm
mm
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
Result table:
Sr no
Slip gauge
value mm
Vernier caliper
reading mm
Correct vernier
caliper reading
mm
Eroor in mm
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA
CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTIONS :
1. What do you understand by calibration?
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2. Why calibration is necessary?
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3. Define (a). Prograssive error. (b) . Periodic error
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
70