UNIT 8 Evolution Part 1- Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Chapter 22 1.

. The finches, the turtles, the horses are examples of evolutionary change 2. Evolution: Descent with modification 3. Four observations which Darwin based the theory of natural selection are #1: Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits. #2: Traits are inherited from parents to offspring. #3: All species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support. #4: Owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive. 4. Darwins Two Inferences Inference #1:Animals who inherit traits are mor likely to survive and have more offspring in reproduction. Inference #2: When animals have the unequal ability to survive and reproduce, this will create favorable traits for the future populations. 5. Its needed for natural selection to occur 6. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve over time 7. Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve. a. Individuals are tested during their lifetime b. Populations record the results when they are gone 8. Using some contemporary examples, explain how natural selection results in evolutionary change. a. Galapagos finch beak shape changes in response to food change b. Antibiotic resistant bacteria predominate with overuse c. Transplanted guppy size increases in response to predator 9. Natural selection is capable of the substantial modification of species over many hundreds of generations. These advantageous variations will gradually accumulate in the population, and less favorable variations will diminish. This will increase the frequency of individuals with favorable adaptation. 10. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection. a. Artificial is human-directed selective breeding b. Natural is differential survival based in variability of useful traits 11. Fuck this one 12. THERE IS NO 12 13. Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry 14. Anatomical Homologies: Similar characteristics with different functions. Embryological Homologies: 15. Carolus Linnaeus: Classified species. James Hutton: proposed theory of gradualism. Thomas Malthus: Information on Population limits. Charles Lyell: Modern Geology (same geologic processes are operating today as in the past). Georges Cuvier: Developed the study of Fossils and extinction (Emigration of species. Jean Lamarck: Species can change. 16. He was reluctant because of the uproar it would cause. Alfred Wallace developed a hypothesis of natural selection similar to Darwins which opened darwins eyes. Also he submitted his ideas for publication first. 17. Explain the problem with the statement that Darwinism is "just a theory." Distinguish between the scientific and colloquial use of the word "theory." a. Evolution is based on a vast amount of historical evidence b. Commonly "theory" is used as scientists use "hypothesis" c. Darwin's proposed mechanism is theoretical