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|
'
'
+
'
'
=
+
(4)
Since FN and SN are approximately constant through the column, this will be a straight line with
slope FN/SN. It relates the compositions Y
n+1
and X
n
of the two immiscible streams passing one
another at any point in the column. In particular, the equation is satisfied at both ends of the
column, so the points (X
f
, Y
e
) and (X
r
, Y
s
) lie on the line.
Hence, if these two points are determined experimentally, the operating line can be plotted as a
straight line on the X-Y diagram. Use the data in the handout to generate an equation for the
equilibrium curve, and plot it on the same diagram. Then the number of theoretical stages
required for the given separation can be stepped off in the usual McCabe-Thiele procedure. Do
this numerically using Excel.
The Kremser Equation
If the equilibrium line, as well as the operating line, is straight, then the Kremser equation (see
your Unit Operations textbook or Perry's for more detailed information on Solvent Extraction)
can be used to solve for the number of theoretical stages. The equilibrium line must be of the
following form:
Y = mX (5)
Where the slope, m, is constant.
Edited from DBM original by HJT 5 Fall 2011
If the equilibrium line is not straight, but the slope doesn't vary much, the geometric mean of m
at the two ends of the column can be used in the Kremser equation to given an approximate
answer.
The ChemSep Program
A computer program, ChemSep4, which does rigorous stage-to-stage calculations for the
column, is available on the computers in the lab and in rooms 288 and 292. The instructor will
show you how to use the program. ChemSep4 can be used either to: (1) perform stage to stage
calculations assuming equilibrium on the stages; or (2) perform a non-equilibrium (mass
transfer) analysis on the stages, assuming enough information on the column internals can be
supplied to the program. The closest match for an internals option in ChemSep4 to the York-
Scheibel column is the "RDC" (rotating disk contactor) internals option. Use the mixer (paddle)
diameter for "ROTOR" and the column diameter for "STATOR". Your instructor will supply
you with an example file using UNIQUAC properties.
Droplet Diameter and Holdup in Liquid/Liquid Extraction
The mass transfer coefficient(s) and the interfacial area for mass transfer together make up the
resistance or lack thereof to movement of solute from one phase to another. Key
experimental variables can affect either or both of these items for the better or the worse.
In order to determine the effects of the key variables in this experiment on the interfacial area
between the phases, two approaches are possible. One is to find a specific correlation for
interfacial area for a stirred contactor of this type (4-blade paddles). The other is to use separate
correlations for the "holdup" c (volume dispersed phase/total volume) and the "Sauter mean drop
size" d
vs
(the average drop size based on a volume/surface area calculation). The interfacial area
in a stage can be related to these two quantities (derive the relationship).
For holdup, c, many conflicting correlations exist [2]. However, a working model is:
) U exp(B U E A
c
n
d
m
=
(6)
Where A and B are constants which depend on almost all of the standard liquid physical
properties of both phases, U
c
is the superficial continuous and U
d
the superficial dispersed phase
axial velocities, m ~0.75 and n~1.
The quantity E is a fundamental one in all two-phase flow processes, called the energy
dissipation/unit mass. An increase in E always leads to smaller droplet or bubble sizes, and
usually to a higher value of holdup, c. E is given for the case of a two-phase liquid/liquid agitated
dispersion by:
H D
D N 4N
E
2
c
5
R
3
p
=
(7)
where N is the rotor speed, D
R
the rotor diameter, D
c
the column diameter, H the stage or
compartment height, and N
p
the "power number", which is a characteristic function for a given
type of agitator. For turbulent flow, N
p
is roughly a constant. For laminar flow, N
p
is inversely
proportional to N.
For droplet size, almost all correlations, for any agitator type, are of the form [3]:
0.6
R
vs
We K
D
d
=
(8)
Edited from DBM original by HJT 6 Fall 2011
K is (again) a physical property-dependent constant, and We is the characteristic Weber number,
which for this process is:
D N
We
3
R d
2
=
(9)
where o = interfacial tension between phases, and
d
is the density of the dispersed phase.
The Weber number, We, represents the ratio of inertial (kinetic) forces to forces arising from
surface tension; analogous to the Reynolds number, Re, (the ratio of inertial to viscous forces).
From the above equations and the mass transfer coefficient correlations, the effects of such
variables as N, U
d
and U
c
on the mass transfer flux can be derived.
References
1. Taylor, J. A., Uncertainty Analysis,
http://people.clarkson.edu/~taylorja/es223/fall2004/resources/notes/uncertainty.pdf, (Last
accessed 01/13/06).
2. Godfrey et al. Chem. Eng. Prog. Dec. 1989. p. 61.
3. Kumar and Hartland. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34, 3925 (1995).
4. McCabe, W. L., J. C. Smith and P. Harriott. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7
th
Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
5. Perry, R. H. and D. W. Green, eds. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7
th
Ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.