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CSE 302 : Analysis and design of Information System Architecture

Class: B.TECH

Section: D1804
Part- A

Roll no: 52

Q1. A situation in which an organization can use information system for taking strategic and managerial decisions.
Ans Management Information Systems A management information system ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal sources of information. MIS usually take data from the transaction processing systems (see below) and summarise it into a series of management reports. MIS reports tend to be used by middle management and operational supervisors An 'MIS' is a planned system of the collecting, processing, storing and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. According to Philip Kotler "A marketing information system consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers."The terms MIS and information system are often confused. Information systems include systems that are not intended for decision making. The area of study called MIS is sometimes referred to, in a restrictive sense, as information technology management. Within companies and large organizations, the department responsible for computer systems is sometimes called the MIS department. Other names for MIS include IS (Information Services) and IT (Information Technology). Data, Information, Knowledge Data refers to information or facts usually collected as the result of experience, observation or experiment, or processes within a computer system, or premises. Data may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as a lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived. Management Support Systems provide information and support needed for effective decision making by managers Major categories are i) Management Information System ii) Decision Support Systems iii) Executive Information System

Decision-Support Systems Decision-support systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyse the options and alternatives. Decision Support Systems These systems assist higher management to make long term decisions. These type of systems handle unstructured or semi structured decisions. A decision is considered unstructured if there are no clear

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procedures for making the decision and if not all the factors to be considered in the decision can be readily identified in advance. These are not of recurring nature. Some recur infrequently or occur only once. A decision support system must very flexible. The user should be able to produce customized reports by giving particular data and format specific to particular situations.

Q2: A system analyst plays an important in helping an organization in overcoming a problem relating to sales targets not being achieved.
Ans : A system analyst is person who conduct a study ,identifies activities and objective and determines a procesure to achived the objectives . A business professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.

System Analysts Approach to Problem Solving

Provide right type information in right quantity and right time in cost effective manner to end user or mgt. Research and understand the problem Verify benefits of solving problem outweigh the costs from computer technology Define the requirements for solving the problem Develop a set of possible solutions (alternatives) Deciding which solution is best and recommend Define the details of the chosen solution Implement the solution Monitoring to ensure desired results (production)

System analysts main work is to work on a specific information system development project.

Systems analysts are the key individuals in the systems development process. A systems analyst studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, communications, and information technology can best accomplish improvements for the business. 3 The organizational role most responsible for the analysis and design of information systems. Skills of a Successful Systems Analyst 1 Analytical skills 2

3 Understanding of organizations. Problem solving skills System thinking Ability to see organizations and information systems as systems 2 Technical skills Understanding of potential and limitations of technology. 3 Managerial skills Ability to manage projects, resources, risk and change Interpersonal skills Effective written and oral communication skills Help you work with end user as well as other system analysts and programmers The analyst is responsible for: The efficient capture of data from its business source, The flow of that data to the computer, The processing and storage of that data by the computer, and The flow of useful and timely information back to the business and its people. Variations on the Systems Analysts Title 1 A business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in business problem analysis and technology-independent requirements analysis. 2 A programmer/analyst includes the responsibilities of both the computer programmer and the systems analyst. 3 Others Systems consultant Systems engineer Information engineer

Q3: The Successful information systems are always the result of team effort. Elaborate it. Ans : An Information System is an organized combination of people, hardware, software,
communication networks and the data resources that collects, transforms and disseminate information in a organization. Information Systems Development Operations support systems process data generated by business operations Major categories are: i) Transaction processing systems ii) Process control systems iii) Office automation systems 2. Management Support Systems provide information and support needed for effective decision making by managers Major categories are i) Management Information System ii) Decision Support Systems

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iii) Executive Information System

Information Systems are indispensable to the business, industry, academia and any organization to meet the future challenges

Business managers in system development 1 Another group to system development efforts is business managers such as functional department heads and corporate executives. 2 These managers are important because they have the power to fund development projects and to allocate resources necessary for projects success. Other IS managers/ Technicians in system development 1 Database ----- database administrator 2 Network and telecommunications experts: Manager of Data Communication Manager of Voice Communication System Analysis and Design (SAD) 1 Systems Analysis: understanding and specifying in detail what an information system should do 2 System Design: specifying in detail how the parts of an information system should be implemented 3 Definition of SAD: The complex organizational process whereby computer-based information systems are developed and maintained. Analysis: defining the problem From requirements to specification Design: solving the problem From specification to implementation 1 Success of information systems depends on good SAD 2 Widely used in industry - proven techniques 3 Part of career growth in IT - lots of interesting and well-paying jobs!

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4 5 6 7 8 Increasing demand for systems analysis skills How to build information systems How to analysis information system needs How to design computer based information systems How to solve systems problems in organizations

Part-B Q4: Feasibility Study is considered one of the most important steps in system development. Provide examples to support your answer. Ans : Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing.
The process followed in making this determination is called feasibility study. Feasibility study determines if a project can and should be done. Different types of Feasibility: In the conduct of the feasibility study, the analyst will usually consider seven distinct but interrelated types of feasibility. the feasibility of project for system development process is thoroughly examined during the system investigation stage .the objective of feasibility study is to assure the alternative system so that the most feasible system for the development process can be proposed . The feasiblity study can addressed by answering the following question Can this system meet the required business need . Is the system development process suitable /useful. What are the risk involved in this system Is the problem associated with the system worth solving . Categories of feasibility 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Technical feasibility Economic feasibility Organizational feasibility Operational feasibility Legal feasibility Schedule feasiblity

Technical feasibility: This concerned with specifying equipment and software that will successfully satisfy the user requirement. The technical needs of the system may vary considerably, but might include: The facility to produce output in a given time. Response time under certain conditions. Ability to process a certain volume of transactions at a particular speed. Facility to communicate data to distant locations. Special hardware and software products can then be evaluated keeping in view with the logical needs. Out of all types of feasibility, Technical feasibility is most difficult to determine. 2. Operational feasibility: It is mainly related to human organizational and political aspects. The points to be considered are: What changes will be brought with the system? What organizational structures are disturbed? What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of time? This feasibility study is carried out by a small group of people who are familiar with

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information system techniques, who understand the parts of the business that are relevant to the project and are skilled in system analysis and design process 3. Economic feasibility: Economic analysis is most frequently used technique for evaluating the effectiveness of a proposed system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis; the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a proposed system and co mpare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, a decision is taken to design and implement the system. .4 Legal feasibility: Legal feasibility is a determination of whether a proposed project infringes on known Acts, statutes as well as any pending legislation. 5 schedule feasibility: Time feasibility is a determination of whether a proposed project can be implemented fully within a stipulated time frame. If a project takes too much time it is likely to be rejected eg . feasibility matrix Q5:What kind of fact finding techniques would you use for investigating the information requirements for a multispeciality hospital, which is presently using the manual registrations? Which kind of techniques do you think will be more effective? Also, mention the problems you anticipate in conducting the investigations.

Ans : In Government of Indias recent budget declarations, enough emphasis has been given on setting up of healthcare delivery infrastructure mainly in Tier I & Tier II cities. - High quality talent pool, - proven track record, - favorable government policies, - ability to deliver healthcare services at low cost and - high quality infrastructure
The Scope of the report: This pre-feasibility report on Speciality/ Multi-speciality hospital consists of the feasibility detailing for three models of hospitals namely: - 200 bed Multi-speciality hospital - 100 bed Multi-speciality Hospital and - 100 bed Speciality Oncology hospital. This report is structured into seven chapters consisting of Executive Summary, Project Concept, Industry Analysis, Project Details and Conclusion. It also gives insight into the procedure for setting up a hospital, type of machinery & floors space required, requirement of regulatory permissions & clearances, capital outlay, profitability, payback period, internal rate of return (IRR) and other project related analysis.

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Report provides you with information on: - overall healthcare industry - the market size - growth drivers - steps involved in setting up of a hospital - manpower requirement - tentative floor space requirement - the capital outlay, profitability - balance sheet analysis - key financial ratios - Financial Model - 3 excel sheets with the data which enables you to do further calculation on your own Reasons to Buy: - Understand the healthcare industry, its structure & outlook - A Comprehensive study of setting up a hospital Speciality & Multi Speciality: Technical aspects as well as financial estimates - Understand the basic requirement for setting up the hospital - Financial Models for your use - The scope of the report has been broadened as compared the previous report Who Will Benefit from this Report: - Entrepreneurs / Doctors/ Businessmen - Banks offering loan services in healthcare delivery, - Management consultants, - Hospital administration, management students and others

Q6: Write the help of an example explain the development life cycle for a fee collection system in a college.
Ans :Systems Development Life Cycle:Referred to variously as the waterfall model and linear cycle,
this methodology is a coherent description of the steps taken in the development of information systems. The reason why it is referred to as the waterfall model should be obvious from the following figure (from Horner, 1993):

System = Data + Processing of data Problem definition: On receiving a request from the user for systems development, an investigation is conducted to state the problem to be solved. Deliverables: Problem statement. Feasibility study: The objective here is to clearly define the scope and objectives of the systems project, and to identify alternative solutions to the problem defined earlier. Deliverables: Feasibility report.

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Systems analysis phase: The present system is investigated and its specifications documented. They should contain our understanding of HOW the present system works and WHAT it does. Deliverables: Specifications of the present system. Systems design phase: The specifications of the present system are studied to determine what changes will be needed to incorporate the user needs not met by the system presently. The output of this phase will consist of the specifications, which must describe both WHAT the proposed system will do and HOW it will work.of the proposed system. Deliverables:Specifications of the proposed system. Systems construction: Programming the system, and development of user documentation for the system as well as the programs. Deliverables: Programs, their documentation, and user manuals. System testing & evaluation: Testing, verification and validation of the system just built. Deliverables: Test and evaluation results, and the system ready to be delivered to the user/client

Strategy in Analysis & Design The understanding and management of complexity is perhaps the most important task of the designer of an information system. It is carried out bearing in mind the strategies of abstraction as well as hierarchical ordering (divide & conquer). In the real world, an accounting information systems designer (systems designer for short) is rarely called upon to analyse and design a system from the scratch. Usually, such a system does exist, but the client (user) is not quite satisfied with it. The systems designer starts with the documentation of the existing accounting system, if it does not exist. Often, documentation pertaining to the existing system is contained in the audit workpapers pertaining to the auditor's study of control risk assessment. However, since such documentation is not prepared with a view to design a system, it is used only as a starting point in building the documentation to aid systems design. this document, we shall study how abstraction and hierarchical ordering strategies are used to manage the complexity of analysing and designing the functions of an information system. The methodology of structured systems analysis & design provides a roadmap for the development of functional specifications for an accounting information system, shown in the Figure below.