Signs and symptoms with possible parasitic causes Systemic signs and symptoms: 1.

Acute fever:
Malaria Toxoplasmosis. Trichinosis. American trypanosomiasis. 2.Chronic fever: Prepatent fascioliasis. Toxoplasmosis. African trypanosomiasis. Visceral leishmaniasis. Toxocariasis. Katayama fever (schistosomiasis) Filarial fever. 3.Recurrent fever: Malaria. American trypanosomiasis.

3.Fever accompanying hemorrhage or shock. Shock:

Falciparum malaria (primary adrenal failure due to parasite induced ischemia). Rupture of Echinocccus cyst (hydatid cyst)

4.Coma
Cerebral malaria.

African Trypanosomiasis.

5.Splinter haemorrhage
Trichinosis.

6.Anaemia:
Diphylobothriasis. Hookworm infection. Malaria. visceral leishmaniasis. Fasciolasis schistosomiasis. Babesiosis. 7.Eosinophilia: Filariasis Fascioliasis. Schistosomiasis. strongyloidiasis. Toxocariasis trichinosis. African trypanosomiasis. American trypanosomiasis.

8.Lymphadenopathy:
Filariasis Toxoplasmosis.

Cardiovascular signs and symptoms: 1.Myocarditis:

Chagas disease. Trichinosis. Rhodesian trypanosomiasis. Acute toxoplasmosis Heterophyes (granuloma around the egg).

Central nervous system signs and symptoms: 1.Hydrocephalus:

Congenital toxoplasmosis. Cysticercosis within ventricles of the brain.

2.Localizing signs of a neurologic lesion:

Toxoplasmosis in HIV infection. Angiostrongyliasis. Cysticercosis. echinococcosis. Gnathostomiasis. 1 Naegleria infection. Schistosomiasis. Balamuthiasis Acanthamoebiasis ( in immune compromised).

3.Kerandle's sign: African trypanosomiasis (delayed severe pain sensation manifested short time after relieving applied pressure on the palm of hand or over the ulnar nerve). Dermatologic signs and symptoms:

1.Anal pruritis:
Oxyuris (Enterobius). Taenia saginata (crawling segments).

2.Pruritis:
Onchocercal dermatitis. jigger due to : Trombicula larva. Tunga penetrans. Papular urticaria from insect bite. Katayama syndrome (schistosomiasis) cercarail dermatitis (schistosomiasis). Intestinal helminth including: Hookworm (ground itch). Strongyloides (larva currens). Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption). Filarial infection. Toxocariasis.

3.Ulcer, eschar or abscess:

Chagoma cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. tropica, Chiclero ulcer of L. Mexicana, L. braziliensis). Amoebiasis (perianal or around fistula). Dracunculus medinensis. Chancre of African trypanosomiasis.

4.Papules:
Onchocerciasis (early). Scabies. Insect bites. Cercarial dermatitis. Tungiasis.

5.Nodules:
Furuncular myiasis. Leishmaniasis: Post Kal-Azar dermal leishmaniasis. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cysticercosis. coenurus (larva of multiceps). Echinococcosis. sparaganum. Hypodermal larva. Dermatobia hominis larva. Taenia

6.Hypopigmented macules:
Onchocerciasis (patches over shins). Post-Kala-Azar dermal leishmaniasis.

7.Hyperpigmented Macules:
Onchocercal dermatitis (Sowda). Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar). Chronic pediculosis. 2

Gastro-Intestinal symptoms: 1. Abdominal pain:

1.Amoebiasis. 5.Hymenolepiasis. 2.Anisakiasis. 6.Strongyloidiasis. 3.Fascioliasis 7.Taeniasis. 4.Giardiasis. 2. Acute Diarrhea (Food poisoning): Trichinosis:

3. Diarrhea (Bloody):
Amoebic dysentery. Balantidium coli. Kala-Azar (infiltration of submucosa with leishmania-containing macrophage mucosal ulceration. Falciparum malaria (plugging of mucosal capillaries with parasitized RBCs).

4. Chronic watery diarrhea:

Isospora (malabsorption). Capillaria philippinensis. Cryptosporidium. (malabsorption). Microsporidia Schistosomiasis mansoni and Giardia lamblia (malabsorption). japonicum (profuse diarrhea or Hymenolepis nana (during dysentery). development of cysticercoids in the Primary heavy hookworm infection. villi). Heavy trichuriasis. Strongyloides stercoralis (mild Fasciolopsiasis. alternating with constipation). Taenia, D latum and Heterophyes (sometimes).

5. Steatorrhea:
Giardia. Stringyloides Capillaria philippinensis Cryptosporidium. Isospora belli.

6. Melena
Schistsomiasis (bleeding esophageal varices). Strongyloidiasis. (Ulceration of duodenal and jejunal mucosa).

7. Intestinal obstruction:
Ascariasis. Chagass disease (Chronic (megacolon). Angiostrongylus costariciensis

8. Jaundice:
Obstructive (Fasciola). Haemolytic (falciparum malaria, bilious remittent fever).

9. Hepatomegaly:
Amoebic liver abscess. Chagas disease. Clonorchiasis. Hydatid cyst. Fascioliasis. Malaria. Visceral leishmaniasis. Early schistosomiasis. Visceral larva migrans. Visceral leishmaniasis. Schistosomiasis. Visceral leishmaniasis. 3

10.Splenomegaly.
Chagas disease. Malaria.

11.Worm passed from anus or mouth:

Ascariasis. Oxyuris. Taenia saginata.

Genitourinary symptoms.
Cervicitis: Trichomonas vaginalis. Haematuria: S. hematobium. Urethritis: T.vaginalis. Vaginitis: 1- T.vaginalis. 2-Oxyuris.

Eye involvement; pain, swelling or redness Chagas disease (Romanas sign). Toxocara. Loiasis. Coenurus Onchocerciasis. Cysticercosis. Trichinosis. Ophthalmomyiasis Acanthamoeba. and oestrus).

(hypoderma

Respiratory signs and symptoms:

1. Cough: Ascariasis. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Pneumocystosis. Strongyloides. Scistosomiasis schistosomular migration) eosinphilia Ascaris. Hookworm.

2. Lesions seen on Chest x-ray.

Echinococcosis. 3. Penumonia: Ascariasis. Paragonimiasis Pneumocystosis. Tropical pulmonary (lymphatic filariasis). Strongyloides.

(during

4. Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia:

Parasitic infections through skin:

1.Human schistosomes. 2.Nonhuman schistosome (swimmer's itch). 3.Sparganum. 4.Hookworms and strongyloides 5.Non human hookworms (cutaneous larva migrans). 6.Filariae (via insect bite). 7.Cutaneous myiasis. 8.Tunga penetrans. 9.Saroptes scabeii. 10.Pediculosis. 11.Plasmodium 12.Leshmania. 13.Trypanosomes.

Soil mediated helminth infection:

1.Hookworms 2.Strongyloides 3.Ascaris 4.Toxocara 5.Trichuris trichiura. 6.Capillaria hepatica

Parasites transmitted by water:

1. Schistosomes. 2. Fasciola 3. Sparganosis: (Ingestion Cyclops). 4. Medina worm: (Ingestion Cyclops). 5. Cytsicercosis. 6. Ascaris 1.Taenia saginata. 2.Taenia solium. 3.Trichinella. 4.Toxoplasma, of of 7. Trichuris 8. Toxocara. 9. Trichostrongylus. 10.Free living amoebae. 11.Cryptosporidium. 12.Giardia intestinalis. 13.Entamoeba histolytica. 14.Toxoplasma. 5.Sarcocystis bovi- and suishominis. 6.Fasciola (Halzoun).

Parasites transmitted by undercooked meat:

Parasites transmitted by auto-infection (nosocomial). 1.Cryptosporidium. 5.Oxyuris. 2.Entamoeba histolytica. 6.Cysticercosis. 3.Giardia lamblia, 7.Capillaria Philippinensis. 4.Strongyloides. 8.Hymenolepis nana Role of rats in parasitic infection: 1.H. diminuta. (Reservoir). 4.S. japonicum (reservoir host) 2.Trichinella: (intermediate 5.Toxoplasma: (Reservoir for hosts for pigs). human and IH for cats). 3.Capillaria hepatica. Role of dog in transmission of parasites. 1.Heterophyes.(Resevoir). 5. D. mansonoides (final host) 2.Schistosoma japonicum sparganum. (Reservoir). 6. D. caniumum (man is 3.Echinoccus granulosus (final accidental host). host) Hydatid cyst. 7. Toxocara canis. 4.Taenia multiceps (final host) 8. Ankylostoma caninum. coenurosis. 9. Leishmania donovani 10. Leishmania infantum. Opportunistic Infections: 1.Strongyloides. 5.Acanthamoeba (GAE). 2.Cryptosporidium 6.Microsporidia. 3.Toxoplasma 7.Giardia. 4.Pneumocystis Sexually transmited parasite: 1.T. vaginalis 2.S. scabeii. 3.Phthirus pubis.
5

4.Parasites transmitted by auto infection.