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Chapter 2
Lin, Shih-Yun
This chapter reinforces the value of the continued use of the metal ceramic restorations.
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration
Glass ceramic
Earthenware
Glazed porcelain
Dental restorations
Art or technology of making objects of clay and similar materials treated by firing.
Inorganic crystalline materials that are fired at high temperature(sintered). Broad meaning
Too nonspecific to represent a particular dental product or even a particular category of nonmetallic materials Veneer a metal substructure Comprise an entire restoration (substructure and veneer)
Weak structurally require protection or strengthening Resist wear and mechanical forces Harm to restorative materials and tooth Biocompatible No break down or release elements Not transmit electric and thermal change Protect sensitive pulpal and gingiva Withstand high temperatures Within certain limits-no structural change
Amorphous(noncrystalline) inorganic material in which atoms and molecule are not arranged in a regular lattice structure as they are in crystalline solids.
lattice structure
Retains a noncrystalline glass phase along with a partially crystallized ceramic phase. Crystal nucleation and growth in the glass matrix is controlled Stronger and tougher than glass phase along.
Ambiguous to apply to all types of ceramic dental products Anusavice: An inorganic compound of metallic and nonmetallic elements formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic-based prosthesis.
Ceramic materials initially derived from a combination of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar sintered at high temperatures.
Kaolin Alumina
High-fusing(wt%) 75 to 85 12 to 22 10 3 -
Metallic oxides
Opacity glasses and to add color
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration
porcelain Metal
1838
Dr Elias Wildman
1886
Land
Weinstein
Brecker
control Vacuum firing Kaolin ,crown Enamel addition of leucite crystals porcelain to Bonding low-fusing feldspathic color & translucency feldspathic porcelain Placing dental gold-based alloy metal using aporcelain on, color & translucency Atmosphere a platinum foil substrate Aluminum oxide addition the lostlow coefficient of thermalindirectly using Cast metal substructures expansion(CTE) Adapted metal foil to the preparedstable bond or raisetechnique enough to wax high Strength maintain a teeth attachment between ceramic veneer Chemical bond chemical attachmentand the No mechanical or underlying metal
Disadvantages
No chemical bond
Platinum foil removed
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration
Fusion temperature
Ultra low-fusing porcelains Contemporary classification f low-fusing porcelains
ceramic particles fuse together range, not discreet temperature Pyroplastic flow(slumping)
Gradually undergo over several hundred degrees
glass temperature(Tg) Solid to glass-supercooled liquid Significant increase in the ceramics CTE
Denture teeth
Similar composition & microstructure
All-ceramic systems
Alumina, fluorapatite, leucite lithium disilicate , lithium phosphate, mica, spinel, zirconia
Type of ceramic High-fusing feldspathic porcelains (manufactured) Medium-fusing feldspathic porcelains (manufactured)
All-ceramic systems
Based on alumina, feldspar, fluorapatite, leucite, lithium disilicate, lithium phosphate, mica, spinel, zirconia(heat-pressed, machined[CAM], sintered, and slip-caste) Low-fusing feldspathic porcelains(sintered) Ultra low-fusing feldspathic porcelains(sintered)
Metal-ceramic porcelains
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration
Feldspar
Potash feldspar
Sodium feldspar Lowers the fusion temperature More susceptible to pyroplastic flow
Too much oxygen cross-lining disrupted High-expansion dental porcelains Weaken restoration Cloddy appearance Difficult to glaze
SiO2, Silica High fusion temperature Serve as framework Stabilizing porcelain build up at high temperatures prevent pyroplastic flow during sintering strengthens the fire porcelain
Pure alumina
Calcination process
Al2O3-2SiO2-2H2O Hydrated aluminum silicate Initially act as binder to increase the moldability of unfired porcelain
Enables the porcelain to be carved
Opaque
Very small quantities
Crystalline minerals
Feldspar quartz alumina High temperature Cold water
Glass modifiers
Oxides of potassium, sodium, calcium
Viscosity Opaque, Dentin, Enamel Melting range Chemical durability Numerous color concentrates Thermal expansion color modifiers Opaque and dentin Resistance tocolorants, colorless glaze external recrystallization
Feldspar()
Incongruent melting ()
Molten glass phase cooling raise CTE
interspersed
When porcelain cracking or bond failures occur... How the porcelain being processed !
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration
Opaque porcelains Body porcelains Stains and glazes Optical qualities Color coding dental porcelain powders Starter or trial kits Requirements of a porcelain for bonding to metal Nondiscoloring dental porcelains Porcelain firing schedules
Vitapan classical
enamel porcelain
stains
Wet the metal surface and establish a metal-porcelain bond Mask the color of the metal substructure Initiate development of the selected shade
insoluble oxides
Zircon (ZrO2-SiO2) Cerium dioxide (CeO2) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)
Particle-size distribution Amount and color of the oxidized metal casting Light-colored surface oxides
Thin opaque layer
Opaque porcelains
Foundation for a body shade
Altered by color modifiers and other additives to simulate natural fluorescence Color modifiers
Higher percentage of metallic oxides for more saturated color
The bulk of the crown buildup for most metal-ceramic restoration Major determinant of the shade Discouraged terms: gingival porcelain, cervical porcelain Gingival porcelain
Less translucent, more saturated with color
Violet to gray range Illusion of translucency by virtue of their grayish or sometimes bluish hue Also as incisal porcelains
Appreciation increased Not transparent Not allow the transmission of all light Give depth and natural enamel-like translucency without altering the body shade
Dentin porcelains
Color predominant
Body modifiers
Color intense
Yellow
Predominant color in most teeth Indium, praseodymium(lemon) Stable pigments
Green
Chromium oxide Avoided in dental porcelain Color of glass
White
Cerium dioxide Titanium dioxide Zirconium dioxide Most popular
Black
Iron oxide
Gray
Platinum gray, diluting iron oxide
Blue
Cobalt salts Enamel shade
Not to dilute color intensity Ensure fusion pint below maturation temperature of dentin and enamel porcelains
Generally colorless low-fusing porcelains Considerable fluidity at high temperature Fill small surface porosities , irregularities After firingre-create the external sheen or glossy appearance of a natural tooth
300~400nm
absorb
400~450nm
Dentin exhibits more fluorescence than enamel Not all porcelains fluoresce In dark illuminated with fluorescent Rare earth oxides added
mimic natural tooth Reduces metamerism
Metamerism
the change in appearance of an object under varying light sources
Metameric pair
2 objects match in color under one light but differ in color under another light PFM in daylight/ dark with UV
Opalescence observation
Light-scattering Sufficient daylight for light waves to be refracted in two ways
Low energy: blue / blue-white High energy: orange-yellow orange-amber
Opal porcelains
Reproduce natural teeth
Enamel and translucent areas of teeth are more likely to demonstrate greater than dentin
Color code
organic dyes to color code the porcelain powders Burn off on heating, not affect the shade
Dentin-pink, Enamel-blue
Color tags
Difficult to track the placement of multiple shades of porcelain and internal color development until after a restoration has been fired
Typical kit
Opaque porcelain, opaque liquid, dentin and enamel porcelains
High temperature can distort the metal and alter the fit of a restoration
nongreening?
Fire on silver-containing alloys without risk of discoloring the ceramic veneer
Dont buy too much! Furnace must be urged of any residual silver contamination prior to resuming work with metal-ceramic porcelain
Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration Summary
Dental porcelain classification Chemical composition Low-fusing porcelains Various brans of dental porcelains differ in handling characteristics, ability to mask oxide layer, firing schedule