BEAMS

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

INTRODUCTION
Beams are structural members that support transverse loads and are therefore subjected primarily to flexure, or bending. If a substantial amount of axial load is also present, the member is referred to as a beam-column. This figure (1) shows both a hotrolled shape and a built-up shape along with the dimensions to be used for the width-thickness ratios. If

h 970 tw Fy

the member is to be treated as a beam, regardless of whether it is a rolled shape or built-up.

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc 2

Figure (1)

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

If

h 970 tw Fy

the member is considered to be a plate girder All of the standart hot-rolled shapes found in the Manual are in the first category (beams). Most built-up shapes will be classified as plate girders, but some will be beams by the AISC definition. For beams, the basic relationship between load effects and strength can be written as

Mu bMn

where : Mu = controlling combination of factored load moments b = resistance factro for beams = 0.90 Mn = nominal moment strength The design strength b Mn is sometimes called the design moment.

BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

Figure (2)

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

From elementary mechanics of materials, the stress at given point can be found from the flexure formula :

My fb = Ix

(1)

Where M is the bending moment at the cross section under consideration, y is the perpendicular distance from the neutral plane to the point of interest, and Ix is the moment of inertia of the area of the cross section with respect to the neutral axis. For maximum stress, Equation (1) takes the following form :

f max

Mc M M = = = Ix I x / c Sx

(2)

where c is the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber, and Sx is the elastic section modulus of the cross section.

The stress fmaxx must not exceed Fy, and the bending moment must not exceed

M y = F Sx
where My is the bending moment that brings the beam to the point of yielding. In figure above, a simply supporte beam with a concentrated load at midspan is shown at succesive stages of loading. Once yielding begins, the distribution of stress on the cross section will no longer be linier, and yielding will progress from the extreme fiber toward the neutral axis.

Figure (3)

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

The plastic neutral axis divides the cross section into two equal areas. For shapes that are symmetrical about the axis of bending, the elastic and plastic neutral axis are the same. The plastic moment Mp is the resisting couple formed by the two equal and opposite forces :

A M p = Fy (A c )a = Fy (A t )a = Fy a = Fy Z 2
where : A = total cross-sectional area a = distance between the centroids of the two half-areas Z = (A/2)a = plastic section modulus

Figure (5)

Compute the plastic moment Mp for a W10 x 60 of A36 steell

Solution
From the Dimensions and properties tables :

A = 17.6 in 2 A 17.6 = = 8.8 2 2

in

The centroid of half of this are can be found in the tables for WTshapes,which are cut from W-shapes. the relevant shape here is the WT5x30, and the distance from the outside faceof the flange to the centroid is 0.884 inches (figure above)
By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc 11

a = d 2(0.884) = 10.22 2(0.844) = 8.452 in A Z = a = 8.8(8.452) = 74.38 in 3 2

This compares favorablly with the value of 74.6 given in the Dimensions and properties tables (the difference resulut from roundoff in the tabular values)

ANSWER
Mp = FyZ = 36(74.38) =2678 in-kips = 223 ft-kips

Classification Of Shapes
AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, noncompact, or slender. depending on the values of the width-thickness ratios. For Iand H- shapes, the ratio for the projecting flange (an unstiffened element) is bf/2tf, and the ratio for the web ( a stiffened element) is h/tw. It can be summarized in a general way as follows : Let = width : thickness ratio p = upper limit for the compact category r = upper limit for noncompact category

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

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Width Thickness parameters ( for hot-rolled I- and H-shapes

Element Flange

bf 2t f

p
65 Fy
640 Fy

r
141 Fy 10

Web

h tw

970 Fy

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

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Then

if p and the flange is countinuously to the web, the shape is compact if p < r , the shape is noncompact ; and if > r , the shapes is slender The category is based on the worst width-thickness ratio of the cross section. For example, if the web is compact and the flange is noncompact, the shape is classified as noncompact. Table has been extracted from AISC Table and contains width-thickness raios for hotrolled I- and H- shapes cross sections.

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

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Bending Srength Of Compact Shapes

A beam can fail by reaching Mp and becoming fully plastic, or it can fail by buckling in one of the following ways : 1. Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or inelastically 2. Flange local buckling (FLB), elastically or inelastically 3. Web local buckling (WLB), elastically or inelastically We begin with compact shapes, defined as those whose webs are continuously connected to the flanges and that satisfy the following width-thickness ratio requirement for the flange and the web :

bf 65 2t f Fy

and

h 640 tw Fy
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By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

The first category, laterally supported compact beams, is quite common and is the simple case. AISC gives the nominal strength as : M n = Mp where : Mp = FyZ<1.5My

The limit of 1.5 My for Mp is to prevent excessive working load deformations and is satisfied when :

Fy Z 1.5F y S

or

Z 1.5 S

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

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The beam shown in Figure above is a W16 x 31 of A36 steel. It supports a reinforced concrete floor slab that provides continuous lateral support of the compression flange. The service dead load, including the weight of the beam, is 500 lb/ft. The service live load os 550 lb/ft. Does this beam have adequate moment strength?

By.Ir.Sugeng P Budio,MSc

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