BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT CASING:

MANUFACTURE OF CASING CASING TYPES CASING SPECIFICTION BASICS OF CASING DESIGN

MANUFACTURE OF CASING The three basic processes used in the manufacture of casing include: (1)the seamless process, (2)Electric resistance welding (3)Continuous Butt welding

Seamless process
A billet is first pierced by a mandrel in a rotary piercing mill. The heated billet is introduced into the mill, where it is gripped by two obliquely oriented rolls that rotate and advance the billet into a central piercing plug (Fig. 7.2a). The pierced billet is processed through plug mills, where the wall thickness of the tube is reduced by central plugs with two single-groove rolls (Fig. 7.2b). Reelers similar in design to the piercing mills are then used to burnish the pipe surfaces and to form a more uniform wall thickness (Fig. 7.2c). Finally, sizing mills similar in design to the plug mills produce the final uniform pipe dimensions and roundness (Fig. 7.2d).

Electric welding processes

Flat sheet stock is cut and formed, and the two edges are welded together, without the addition of extraneous metal, to form the desired tube. The electric-resistance process continuously makes casing from coiled sheet stock that is fed into the machine, formed, and welded by an electric arc. The pipe leaving the machine is then cut to the desired lengths.

Continuous Butt welding technique

processes a sheet by cutting it to the desired dimensions, simultaneously forming the entire length to a tube, and flashing and pressing the two edges together to make the weld.

CASING TYPES six basic types of casing string are available 1- Drive pipe 2- Conductor casing 3- Surface casing 4- Intermediate casing 5- Production casing 6- Liners

Drive pipe Provides a means of nippling up diverters Provides a mud return path Prevents erosion of ground below rig Conductor pipe Same as Drive pipe Supports the weight of subsequent casing strings Isolates very weak formations Surface casing Provides a means of nippling up BOP Provides a casing seat strong enough to safely close in a well after a kick. Provides protection of fresh water sands Provides wellbore stabilization

Intermediate or protective casing Usually set in the first abnormally pressured zone Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones Provides integrity to withstand the high mud weights necessary to reach TD or next csg seat Production casing Provides zonal isolation (prevents migration of water to producing zones, isolates different production zones) Confines production to wellbore Provides the environment to install subsurface completion equipment

Liners Drilling liners Same as Intermediate or protective casing Production liners Same as production casing Tieback liners Tie back drilling or production liner to the surface. Converts liner to full string of casing

CASING SPECIFICATION Casing is classified according to five properties:

1- Casing size 2- Steel grade 3- Casing Connections 4- Length ranges 5- Wall thickness (unit weight)

1- Casing OD 4 1/2" Casing OD 30" Tubing OD < 4 1/2" DRIFT DIAMETR:

Although there are strict tolerance on the dimensions of casing, set out by the API, the actual I.D of the casing will vary slightly in the manufacturing process. For this reason the drift diameter of casing is quoted in the specifications for all casing. The drift diameter refers to the guaranteed minimum I.D of casing OR the biggest diameter of tools which could be passed through pipes.

%5.21-

LENGTH OF DRIFT MANDRIL:

( D.D) .
4 1/2OD8 5/8 8 5/8 OD MANDRILL LENGTH=6INCH MANDRILL LENGTH=12INCH

2- Steel grade Each grade is designated by a letter and a number. The letter refers to the chemical composition of the material,

e.g N-80 casing has a minimum yield strength of 80,000 Psi.

The nominal size of casing is its OD. The strength of a given size casing is controlled by the yield strength and wall thickness of the steel. Steel used in casing is relatively mild and can be normalized with small amounts of manganese to increase its strength. Strength can also be increased by a quenching and tempering (Q & T) process, which is favored by most manufacturers because of its lower cost.

API CLASSIFIED GRADE OF CASING INTO 4 CATEGORISES:

GROUP1: (H-40,J-55,K-55, N80), SEAMLESS & ERW GROUP2: (M-65,L-80, L-80-9CR,L-80-13CR,C-90,C-95,T-95), ONLY SEAMLESS GROUP3: P110 , (SEAMLESS WITH HIGH STRENGTH) GROUP4: Q-125 , (SEAMLESS & SPECIAL)

3- Casing Connections The standard types of API threaded and coupled connections are: STC: Short Thread Connection. The STC thread profile is 8 round, 8rd, 8 thread / inch Round Thread Connection LTC: Long Thread Connection. LTC is similar but with a longer coupling. BTC: Buttress Thread Connection. The Buttress thread profile has flat crests. 5 thread / inch EL: Extreme Line: Extreme line is connection without coupling, the thread is directly mashined in one end of pipe. Extreme line connections also have flat crest and 5 thread / inch.EL Connection is the only API Connection that has a metal to metal seal Extreme line is a standard upset connection. There are three main style of connections: Conventional: where the seal is ensured by grease and metalic compound packed down into the root of the thread. VAM: VAM is a connection that uses the buttress thread but has a metal to metal seal provided by shoulder shape. Extreme Line: Extreme line is connection without coupling, the thread is directly mashined in one end of pipe.

4- Length ranges

RANGE LENGTH(FT) AVAREGE LENGTH (FT)

R1 16 - 25 22

R2 25 - 34 31

R3 34-48 42

Classification of Casings according to Wall thickness or Weight 1. 2. 3. NOMINAL WEIGHT: Average weight of 1 ft of length of Casing PLAIN END WEIGHT: weight of Casing body without Coupling AVERAGE WEIGHT: Average weight of 1 ft of length of Casing with Coupling

Collapse
API design recommendations call for worst case, where there is no pressure inside the casing, and we design for the maximum mud weight at the casing depth. We also allow for the reduction of the collapse rating from the weight of the casing hanging below the depth of interest.

Collapse Pressure
The following factors are important: The collapse pressure resistance of a pipe depends on the axial stress. Tension reduce collapse resistance. Compression increase collapse resistance.

Burst
(from internal pressure)
Internal Yield Pressure for pipe Internal Yield Pressure for couplings Internal pressure leak resistance

Burst
Design for maximum pressure on the inside of the casing. API design recommendations call for the worst case scenario, which is the casing is empty, and no external pressure. The pressure to design for is the estimated formation pressure at TD for production casing, or estimated formation pressure at the next casing depth.

Tension

Tension
API recommendations call for worst case, where there is no buoyancy effect. Design is based on the weight of the entire casing string.

API Design Factors (typical) Required 10,000 psi 100,000 lbf 10,000 psi
Collapse Tension Burst 1.125 1.6 1.25

Design 11,250 psi 160,000 lbf 12,500 psi