Prakriti in books other than Ayurveda Classics

Rigveda : Some references available 1. Prakriti has names like Mata, Prithvi, Aditi etc. (Rigveda 1/89/10) 2. Two other terms have come for prakriti in one of the Richas of Rigveda Junitridevi Bhadra Constimeting the world & Kalyan karini Prakriti (Rigveda 10/134/1) Yajurveda : No clear cut description or reference available. Prakriti has been called as Mata, Prathvi & Aditi. Samaveda : No description. Atharveda : A lots of description regarding Prakriti 1. Prakriti is force ( A .Veda 6/16/4/2) 2. Braham Prakriti force 3 types (A.veda 6/16/4/4) 3. Panchamahabhutas & Mahantatwa have been formed form this Prakriti. ( A veda 8/9/2/4) 4. Sthula Prakriti envolves from sukshma Prakriti & this sukshma Prakriti emerges from Brahma. ( A. veda 8/9/2/5) 5. This world rests on the stability of great Mahaprakriti. (8/9/2/7) 6. This unperishable Prakriti is having octa origins & octa-forms (8/9/2/12) ( Y. 9/12)

Upanishadas : There are 108 upanishads but the most important Upanishads are Brihadaran yaka & chhandgya. Brihadaranyaka Upanishada : 1. Prakriti has been described as 'Maya' in 2 nd chapter of this upanishada (Bri Upani 2/5/9) Chhandgya Upanishad : 1. Prakriti has been called Triguna & minute & it is formed from Prithvi, Aapa & Teja giving rise to three types of Prakriti : I. Red types II. White Agni Jala

III. Black

Prithvi

Mandukya upanishada : Prakriti Maya Swetashwar Upanishada : Many synonyms 1. Prakriti (Called Nami) is the cause of this world. (1/4) 2. Prakriti is Ajanma 3. Prakriti is mortal but Jiwatma is immortal. Sariraka Upanishada : Main theme Prakriti Three (3) Manas Prakriti Satwa Prakriti Rajas Prakriti Tamas Prakriti - Satwa, Raja & Tama - all good virtues. - Egoism - Illusion, sleep, sex, Lasines, Diseases & theft (1/8-11) True knowledge Religiouus Dull Knowledge (4/12-13) Akshamalaka Upanishada : Prakriti is virtuous & is eternal (1/91) Bhavamantaran Upanishada : the entire world is the product of Prakriti (4/6) Gopichand Upanishada : Prakriti Mahatatwa is formed from Mahamaya (7 Chapter) Saraswatirahasya Upanishada : Prakriti is the equilibrium state of creation elements. Prakriti is mortal & the Jiwatna is immortal. (36) Prakriti is Puranas : Brahambaibarta Purana : Exclusive description regarding Prakriti. The very first chapter deals with Prakriti & is named 'Prakriti Khanda'. 1. Five (5) types of Prakriti which create the world I. II. Ganesh Janani Durga Satwika Rajas Tamas Good Average Bad (1/7) (1/9) (1/10)

III. IV. V.

Radha Laxmi Saraswati (13/3)

2. The best deity in the creation is Prakriti. (13/4) 3. Deity of the initial creation is known as Prakriti (13/7) Shiva Purana : Prakriti is forceful & virtuous 'Maya'. Other synonyms of Prakriti in the purana are shakti, Ambika, Saravalokeshwari, Tridevjanani, Nitya & Moolakarana. (20/21) Agni Puran : i. ii. Prakriti description in two chapters. Three types of Prakriti (280/37) 1) Vata Prakriti 2) Pitta Prakriti 3) Kapha Prakriti iii. - Dreams of Akalha - Dreams of five angry, sweating & sweet taste loving. - Dreams of pure water

Manas Prakriti three types 1) Satwika 2) Rajasika & 3) Tamasika

Linga Purana : Prakriti 'Maya' (3) Mastasya Purana : The equilibrium state of Satwa, Raja & Tama is Prakriti. (3/1415) Vayu Purana : Prakriti Prasavadharmani (14/11) Kurma Purana : Prakriti is prime & it is 'Avyakta & Nitya. (4/61) Bhavishya Purana : First of have description regarding Prakriti (21) Brihad Nandiya Purana : Prakriti is Para & It is the cause of creation. (3/15-17) Daibibhagwata Purana : Ample description of Prakriti Five (5) types of Prakriti in the form of Durga, Radha, Laxmi, Saraswati & Santri. (2/24/1) In puranas, Prakriti holds a broad sense in philosophical, Physical & mental constitution. Prakriti in epics The Ramayana no references available

The Maha bharatas 1. Soul & Prakriti are formed by Brahma. (MBAP 63/101) 2. Sense organs & their objects are derived from Prakriti : (Annshashan Parva)

Srimad Bhagwat Gita : 1. All deeds take place with the help or satwa, Raja & Tama gamas of Prakriti (3/27) 2. All Creatures can't do anything against their prakriti. (3/33) 3. At the time of destruction, all mahabhutas Mingle with the prakriti. (9/4)

Prakriti in Smiriti Mann Smriti : - Prakriti seven types 1. Swami 5. Kosha 2. Aamatya 6. Dandah & 3. Pura. 4. Rastra

7. Mitra (Friend)

Yagyavalakya Smriti : No description Prakriti in Darshanas Sankhya Darshana : Prakriti & Pumsha are two chief elements & their union leads to creation *Sankhya Krika 21) Prakriti is the cause of all (Sankhya karika 3) Mahata, Ahankar & Pancha-tanmatras are prakriti & vikriti (Sankhya Karika -3) Prakriti is the most delicate thing in the creation. (Sankhyakarika -61) Origin of Pancha. Tanmatras & Pancha mahabhutas from Prakriti. (Sankyakarika 22)

Moola Prakriti Mahan tatwa Ahankara Satwika Senses Rajas Tamas Pancha tan matras

Sense organs Sarvtra Mana Sparsha Darshan Rasan Ghrana

Uva yaindriyas

Karmaindriyas Hasta Pada Guda Upasth Vani

Pancha-Mahabhutas Aakash Vayu Agni Jala Prithvi

No darshan other than sankhya describes Modern concept of Prakriti Like that of in Ayurvedic literatures, there is a term called 'Personality' which refers to the characteric patterns of behaviour & ways of thinking that determine a person's adjustment to his environment. A tradition of clinical observation beginning with chareat, Janet & including the most importantly fried, Jurg & Dongall in done a lot to determine the nature of personality theory than any other single factor. Psychology developed in the late 19th century as the offspring of philosophy & experimental physiology. The origin of the personality theory owes much more to the medical profession & to the conditions of medical practices & as a result fifteen major types of personality have been put forth which are as follow 1. Frend's classical psychoanalytical theory 2. Murray's personality theory 3. Organismic theory 4. Alloport's psychology of the individual 5. Stimules response theory

6. Cattell's factory theory 7. Existential psychology 8. Contemporary psychoanalytical theory 9. Sheldon's constitutional psychology 10. Jung's analytic theory 11. Sullivan-horney's social psychology theory of older 12. Roger's person clint theory 13. Extern's psychology 14. Lewin's field theory 15. Skineer's operant reinforcement theory Four major theoretical approaches for understanding of personality are 1. Trait theory 3. Social learning theory 2. Psychoanalytical theory 4. Harmonistic theory

Trait Theory : A personality can be described by its position on a number of continuous dimensions or scales. Two dimension found fairly consistent in factor analytical studies of personality include I. Introversion II. Stability Extraversion Instability

Psychoanalytical Theory : Much of human motivation remain unconscious & it must be inferred indirectly from behaviour. Personality is composed of three system namely Id: Ego: Superego: Irrational & impulsive, secking immediate gratification Realistic & logical. Conscience & egoideal, imposing a moral code. Psychoanalytical

approaches to personality assessment include projective test (like Rorschach & Thematic). The individual is assumed to project his personality through his responses. Social Learning Theory : Personality difference result from variations is learning experiences, responses may be learned through observation without reinforcement. Emphasis is one situation specific behaviour rather than on broad characterizations of personality across diverie situations.

Social learning theories assess personality by discovering the kinds of situations in which specific behaviour occurs & noting the stimulus conditionsthat appear to covary with the behaviour. Harmonistic Theory : The personality is concerned with individual's personal view of the world, his self concept & his push towards growth or self-actualization. The most important aspect of personality is congivence between self & ideal self as Rogers consider. Maslow has studied some of the characteristics of self-actualizing persons & defined the concept of self-actualization. None of personality theories is completely satisfaction. Trait & social learning theories do not offer a clear & complete portrait of the individual while psychoanalytic & Harmonistic theories are not very amicable to scientific validation. British psychologist Hans Eysenk's dimension of personality traits. Introvert Quiet Reserved Unsociable Super Rigid Anxious Moody Pessimistic Extrovert Outgoing Talkative sociable Easy going Lively Carefree Leadership Responsive Stable Calm Passive Reliable Controlled Peaceful Thoughtful Careful Even tempered Unstable Touchy Active Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Restlen

Personality types on the basis of Body Build. (by Kretschmer 1925 & Sheldon 1954) 1. Endomorph : A short, Plump person sociable Relaxed & Even-tempered. 2. Ectomorph : A tall & thin person Restrained self conscious & fond of solitude. 3. Mesomorph : Heary & muscular body.

Noisy callous & fond of physical activity.

Although a persons physique may well have some influence on personality but research has revealed a very little correlation between body build & specific personality characteristics (Tyler-1956) Abnormal & Psychopathic Personalities : Personality is that which distinguishes one individual from another, the emphasis being on patterns of behavious & relations with others. Personality can be defined by way of surface characteristics (Like traits) or by modeling tendencies, described in terms of drives, needs, constructs, unconscious mechanism etc. A trait is defined as a generalized predisposition to certain consistencies of behaviours & the existence of so many trait names remains the most current & comprehensive way of describing personality. The traits tend to be associated into groups giving rise to types of personality but at the same time, they do not cover the whole field of behaviour of a person. A person may be friendly, honest, tidy, careful etc. in some situations and not in other conditions. Classification of Abnormal Personality : There are many classifications of abnormal personality mainly based on the dominant trait. Personality disorders as per international classification of diseases are 1. Paranoid personality disorder 3. Schizoid P.D. 5. Anankastic P.D. 7. Sthenic P.D. 9. Unspecified P.D. & 2. 4. 6. 8. Affective P.D. Explosive P.D. Hysterical P.D. Sociopathic P.D.

10. Other personality disorder.

Factors influencing Development of personality Disorder The etiology of personality disorder is as obscure on their classification is confusing. Chief factors inflamencing the development of personality are 1. Hereditary factors 2. Constitutional factors

3. Psychologicalfactors.

Personality denotes a real individual & it covers the whole nature of an individual. This personality is influenced by physiological, socio, clinical & biological factors. Freud's stages of Personality development 1. Oral stages 2. Anal stage : : From birth to 1st year of life. From one to three years of age. From three to six years of age. Child less concerned with his own body & turns his attention towards skills required for coping with the environment. 5. Genital Stage : During adolescence, youth starts loving others for altruistic purposes rather than the self-gratification reasons.

3. Phallic Stage : 4. Latency stage :

'Anal' Personality : Such person are abnormally concerned with bleariness & orderliness & then tend to be obstinate & resistant to external pressures. 'Oral' Personality : Such person are excessively dependant & overly fond of eating, drinking, smoking etc. the capacity of an individual to react to the environmental stress is a constitutional quality and it is as specific as body size. Classification of personality in modern Texts 1. Hippocrate's classification a) Phthsic Habituy b) Aloplectic Habitus 2. Gall & spurghein's classification a) Digestive type b) Muscular type c) Cerebral type 3. Rostan's classificatioin a) Digestive b) Muscular c) Cerebral type 5. Sheldon's classification a) Endomorphic 6. American text book of Prosthetic Dentistry (Charles R Turnero) 4. Hess & Eppinger's classification a) Sympathetico tonic b) Vagotonic

b) Ectomorphic c) Mesomorphic

a) Nervous Temperament b) Lymphatic Temperament c) Sanguine Temperament d) Bilious Temperament

7. Person & Wylie's Classification a) Lymphatic b) Neuroarthritic

8. Hurest's classification a) Hyper aesthenic b) Hypo aesthenic c) Asthma/Migraine

9. Di-Giovanni & Viala's classification a) Micro splanchnic b) Normo splanchnic c) Macro splanchnic 11. Ernest Kratchmer's classification a) Piknic b) Asthenic c) Athletic d) Keplastic

10. Danicloopolus's classification a) Amphotonic b) The sympathetico tonic c) Vago tonic d) A phohypotonic 12. Layock's classification a) Nerrom b) Billions c) Phegmatic d) Lymphatic e) Sanguinous

13. Binary Temperament compounds a) c) e) g) i) k) Nervo prilious Sanguo Nerrous Nerro Lymphatic Sanguo Bilion Lymphatico Bilion Lymphatic Nerrow b) d) f) h) j) l) Nervo sanguine Sanguine Lymphatic Lymphatic sanguine Bilio Sanguine Bilio Lymphatic Bilio Nerrous

1. Sundermen

Like the human face, no two electro cardiogram are identically alike

2. Brencraft

Variety is the mark of man, uniformity is the stamp of animals.

3. Alexis carell

That human beings are not found alike anywhere is nature we need the knowledge of both general & particularly.