Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers

http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 1
Complex Number Rules
! z = x + iy
! z = x iy
! A complex number is represented in this
form
! The conjugate, z , is x iy
! z = rcis
_____OR
! z = r(cos + isin)
! The Modulus-Argument (Mod-Arg) form
of representing a complex number
! r =
2 2
y x +
! = tan
-1

,
_

x
y
! The Modulus of a complex number
Note: |z| = r
! The Argument of a complex number
Note: arg z =
! |z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
||z
2
|
!
2
1
z
z
| |
| |
2
1
z
z

! arg(z
1
z
2
) = argz
1
+ argz
2
2 t
! 2 arg arg arg
2 1
2
1
t
1
]
1

z z
z
z
! (left) Multiplication and Division rules of
the Modulus and the Argument
! (below) More complex number rules
! |z| = | z | =
2 2
y x +
! z + z = 2x
! z - z = 2yi
!
2 1
z z t =
2 1
z z t
! arg z = arg z
! z z = |z|
2
= | z |
2
= x
2
+ y
2
!
2 1
z z =
1
z
2
z
!

,
_

2
1
z
z
=
2
1
z
z
! z
-1
=
2
1
z
z
z

! z
n
+ 1 = (z + 1)(z
n-1
z
n-2
+ - z + 1)_______________n is odd
! z
n
1 = (z - 1)(z
n-1
+ z
n-2
+ + z + 1)_______________n is odd
! z
n
1 = (z - 1)(z + 1)(z
n-2
+ z
n-4
+ + z + 1)_________-n is even
! arg (z
n
) = n arg z
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 2
General Ideas of Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers are written in the form of a real part and an imaginary part
Complex Number = x + iy
Real = x
Imaginary = y
i = 1
i
2
= 1
i
3
= i
i
4
= 1
Modulus
|z| = r =
2 2
y x +
Argument
arg z = = tan
-1

,
_

x
y
Modulus-Argument form of a Complex Number
cos =
r
x
sin =
r
y
x = rcos y = rsin
z = r(cos + isin)
z = rcis
iy x z +
= rcis + isin
= r(cos + isin)
= rcis
Eulers Formula

isin cos
i
e
DeMoivres Theorem z
n
= r
n
cis n
n i n i
n
sin cos ) sin (cos + +
P(x,y)

r
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 3
Proof by Mathematical Induction
n i n i
n
sin cos ) sin (cos + +
Let n = 1
LHS
_
1
) sin (cos i +
= sin cos i +
RHS
= ) 1 sin( ) 1 cos( i +
= sin cos i +
true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k
_
k
i ) sin (cos +
= k i k sin cos +
Let n = k + 1
_
1
) sin (cos
+
+
k
i
=
k
i i ) sin (cos ) sin (cos
1
+ +
= ) sin )(cos sin (cos k i k i + +
= cos sin sin cos sin sin cos cos i k i k k + +
= ) sin( ) cos( k i k + + +
= ) 1 sin( ) 1 cos( + + + k i k
= RHS
= ) 1 sin( ) 1 cos( + + + k i k
true for n = k + 1
True for n = 1
True for n = k
True for n = k + 1
True for all positive integer values of n
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 4
Expressing Complex Numbers in Mod-Arg Form
3 + 3i
Mod
z =
2 2
y x +
= 9 9 +
= 18
= 2 3
Arg
= tan
-1

,
_

x
y
= tan
-1

,
_

3
3
= tan
-1
1
= 135
=
4
3
Expressing Complex Numbers in x + iy form
2
3
2

cis
=
,
_

+
2
3
sin
2
3
cos 2

i
=
,
_

+
2
1
2
1
2 i
= 1 + i
Express in x + iy form from a quadratic formula
x =
2
4 1 1 t
=
2
1 3 1 t
=
2
3 1 i t

z = rcis

,
_

+ +
4
3
sin
4
3
cos 2 3 3 3

i i
= i
2
3
2
1
+
= i
2
3
2
1

Conjugate pairs
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 5
Theory Example
Addition
(a + ib) + (c + id) = a + ib + c + id
= (a + c) + i(b + d)
(3 + 4i) + (2 + 5i) = 3 + 4i + 2 + 5i
= 5 + 9i
Subtraction
(a + ib) (c + id) = a + ib c id
= (a c) + i(b d)
(3 + 4i) - (2 + 5i) = 3 + 4i 2 5i
= 1 i
Multiplication
(a + ib)(c + id) = ac + iad + ibc bd
= (ac bd) + i(ad + bc)
(3 + 4i)(2 + 5i) = 6 + 15i + 8i 20
= 14 + 23i
Division
id c
ib a
+
+
=
id c
id c
id c
ib a

+
+
=
2 2
d c
bd ibc iad ac
+
+ +
=
2 2 2 2
) ( ) (
d c
ad bc
i
d c
bd ac

+
+
+
i
i
5 2
4 3
+
+
=
i
i
i
i
5 2
5 2
5 2
4 3

+
+
=
25 4
20 8 15 6
+
+ + i i
=
29
7
29
26
i
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 6
Finding Square Roots of Complex Numbers
iy x + = a + ib
x + iy = (a + ib)
2
= a
2
b
2
+ 2aib
x = a
2
b
2
y = 2aib
Eg. Find the Square Root of 5 + 12i
i 12 5 + = a + ib
5 + 12i = a
2
b
2
+ 2aib
5 = a
2
b
2
12 = 2ab
6 = ab
a =
b
6
5 =
2
36
b
b
2
5b
2
= 36 b
4
0 = b
4
+ 5b
2
36
0 = (b
2
4)(b
2
+ 9)
2 t b
! Simultaneous Equations
! Find b
2
6
a
=3
2
6

a
= 3
Because square roots of
complex numbers come in
conjugate pairs, i 12 5 + =
! 3 + 2i
____OR
! 3 2i
To test these, we just square them
(3 + 2i)
2
= (3 + 2i)(3 + 2i)
= 9 + 12i 4
= 5 + 12i
(3 2i)
2
= (3 2i)(3 2i)
= 9 + 12i 4
= 5 + 12i
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 7
Complex Numbers on the Argand Diagram
Addition of Vectors
Add tip to tail
|z
1
+ z
2
| |z
1
| + |z
2
|
Subtraction of Vectors
Flip the tail, and do a normal addition
|z
1
z
z
| |z
1
| |z
2
|
z
1
z
z
z
2
z
1
Multiplication of vectors
arg z
3
= arg z
1
+ arg z
2
|z
3
| = |z
1
||z
2
|
z
4
= iz
2
Multiplication of i, is a rotation through an
angle of
2

in the anti-clockwise direction.

Division of i, is a rotation through an angle of
2

in the clockwise direction.

Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Maths Extension 2 - Complex Numbers
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 8
LOCUS
|z (a + ib)| = |z (x + iy)|
|z (4 + 3i)| = |z (2 5i)|
by first principles:
|x + iy + 4 3i| = |x + iy + 2 + 5i|
|(4 + x) + i(3 + y)| = |(2 + x) + i(5 + y)|
( ) ( )
2 2
3 4 y x + + + = ( ) ( )
2 2
5 2 y x + + +
25 6 8
2 2
+ + + y x y x = 29 10 4
2 2
+ + + + y x y x
25 6y 8x + = 4 10 4 + + y x
y 16 = 4 4 x
4
1
4

x
y
|z (a + ib)| = k k is the distance
|z 2| = 3
by first principles:
|x + iy 2| = 3
( )
2 2
2 y x + = 3
2 2
) 2 ( y x + __= 9

) arg(
) arg(
b z
a z
arg(z 1) arg(z + 1) =
4

________OR
4 ) 1 arg(
) 1 arg(

z
z
Can either be 2 circles
Check the angle t ?
Work out the locus by drawing a line and
estimating the angle
A = arg(z + 1)
B = arg(z 1)
-4+3i
-2-5i
2
3
A
B