3RM3 Module 6 Development Length

CE 3RM3 Inspection, Repair & Maintenance of Reinforced Concrete Structures Module 6-Development, Anchorage, and Splicing of Reinforcement
Dr. Wael El-Dakhakhni, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.

Martini, Mascarin and George Chair in Masonry Design,
Co-Director, Center for Effective Design of Structures

Winter 2012

Lecture Goals
! Development length ! Hooked anchorage ! Reinforcement cutoff points ! Splicing
CE 3RM3 Inspection, Repair & Maintenance of Reinforced Concrete Structures, W.W. ElDakhakhni, 2012
Mechanism of bond transfer

Bond stresses provide mechanism of force transfer between concrete and reinforcement.
Equilibrium Condition for Rebar = bond stress (adhesion, friction, bearing, etc.)

F = 0 T Bond Force = 0
d b2
4
f y d blb avg = 0 f ydb
k fc
k = f (bar )
ld =
4avg
Note: Bond stress is zero at cracks
avg is the value at bond failure in a beam test
Simplified ld (A23.3 Table 12.1)

Minimum development length, ld (mm) Case 1: Member containing minimum stirrups or ties within ld (A23.3 Cl.11.2.8.4 or A23.3 Cl.7.6.5) k1k2k3k4 f y Cases
0.45
Case 2: Slabs, walls, shells, or folded plates having clear spacing between bars being developed not less than 2db Other cases
' c
db
0.6
k1k2 k3k4 f y f
' c
db
ld is the development length, mm db is the diameter of the bar being developed , mm k1 is a bar location factor. k2 is a coating factor. k3 is a concrete density factor. k4 is a bar size factor.
Factors used in expressions for Development Length (A23.3 Table 12.1)

1- k1 = Bar location factor 1.3 Horizontal reinforcement more than 300 mm of fresh concrete is cast in the member below the development length or splice (considered top rft) 1.0 Other reinforcement 2- k2 = Coating factor 1.5 Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less than 3dbor clear spacing less than 6db 1.2 All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.0 Uncoated reinforcement
3- k3 = Low-density aggregate concrete factor 1.3 Low-density concrete 1.2 Semi-low-density concrete 1.0 Normal-density concrete 4- k4 = Bar size factor 0.8 No.20 and smaller bars and deformed wires 1.0 No.25 and larger bars
The product k13k2 need not be taken greater than 1.7
Excess Flexural Reinforcement Reduction (A23.3 Cl.12.2.5)

Reduction = (As req d ) / (As provided ) - Except as required for seismic design (see A23.3 Cl.12.2.5) - Good practice to ignore this provision, since use of structure may change over time. - final ld 300 mm.
Development Length for Bars in Compression (A23.3 CL.12.3)

Compression development length, ldc = ldb 3 applicable modification factors
200 mm.
A23.3 Cl.12.3.3 gives the modification factor for excess reinforcement and enclosure by spiral or ties Basic development length for compression, ldbc
ldb =
0.24 db f y f
' c
0.044 d b f y
Compression development length: The basic development length ldb, may be multiplied by applicable factors, with a cumulative value of not less than 0.6, for (a)Reinforcement in excess of that required by analysis (As req d ) / (As provided ) (b)Reinforcement enclosed within spiral reinforcement of not less than 6 mm diameter and not more than 100 mm pitch or within No.10 ties in conformance with Cl.7.6.5 and spaced at not more than 100 mm on centre 0.75
Example
For the shown cross section of a simply supported beam reinforced with 4 No.15 bars that are confined with No.10 stirrup spaced at 150 mm, determine the development length of the bars if the beam is made of normal weight concrete, uncoated reinforcement bars, given that fc = 30 MPa and fy= 400 MPa
500
560
4No.15
60 60
300
The development length is:
ld = 0.45 k1 = 1.0 k2 = 1.0
k1k2 k3k4 f y f c' k3 = 1.0
db
k4 = 0.8
k1k2 k3k4 f y f c' db
ld = 0.45 ld = 0.45
1 1 1 0.8 400 16 = 420.65 30 ld = 425 mm 300mm
Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage

Use of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage Hooks provide additional anchorage when there is insufficient length available to develop a bar. Note: Hooks are not allowed to developed compression reinforcement.
Standard Hooks
A hook is used at the end of a bar when its straight embedment length is less than the necessary length, ld.
Standard hooks are defined in A23.1 Cl. 12.2.2 Hooks resists tension by bond stresses on bar surface and bearing on on concrete inside the hook.
Design of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage (A23.3 Cl.12.5)

Development length for hooked bar, ldh.
ldh = lhb multipliers where, ldh 8 db or 150 mm whichever is smaller
Basic development length for hooked bar = lhb when fy = 400 MPa
lhb =
100 f
' c
db
Conditions
For bars with fy other than 400 MPa
Multiplier fy /400 0.7
For No.35 or smaller bars, where the side cover (normal to plane of hook) is not less than 60 mm and for 90o hooks where the cover on the bar extension beyond the hook is not less than 50 mm
Conditions
For No.35 or smaller bars, where the hook is enclosed vertically or horizontally within at least three ties or stirrup ties spaced along a length at least equal to the inside diameter of the hook, at a spacing not greater than 3db , where db is the nominal diameter of the hooked bar
Multiplier
0.8
10
Conditions
Anchorage or development for fy is not specially required, for reinforcement in excess of that required by analysis
Multiplier As(req d) / As(provided) 1.3
Structures low density concrete
Conditions Epoxy-coated Reinforcement
Multiplier 1.2
11
Example
Compute the development length required for the top 3 No.20 bar of the cantilever beam that extend into the column support if: (a)Anchored by hooks into the column (b)Developed in the beam, b=300 mm The bars are confined by #10 stirrups spaced at 200mm, and clear cover = 70 mm, and clear spacing = 50 mm and fc =35 MPa and fy =400 MPa
90 o Hook
(a)3 No. 20 bars anchored in the column by standard 90o hook From the size of the column, the space available for a hook is 450-50-0.5320=390 mm The development length is the product of the basic hook length lhb and the factors in A23.3 Cls. 12.5.3 and 12.5.4
lhb 100 100 = = = 16.9 db fc 35 lhb = 16.9 ( 20 mm ) = 338 mm 340 mm

12
Cl.12.5.3 (a) does not apply...31.0 Cl.12.5.3(b) the bars are No.35 or smaller, the side cover to the hooks is 70 mm, and the tail cover is 50 mm. Therefore, 12.5.3 (b) applies...30.7 Cl.12.5.3(c) does not apply.31.0 Cl.12.5.3(d) will be ignored 31.0 Cl.12.5.3(e) does not apply .31.0 Cl.12.5.3(f) does not apply ..31.0
180 o Hook
Check weather Cl.12.5.4 requires joist ties. Side cover=70mm. Top cover extends into the column over the hook. Therefore extra ties are not needed in the joint.
lhb = 340 mm ldh = 340 0.7 = 238 mm

ldh = 238 mm > 8db = 160 mm or 150 mm. ldh 390 mm , the hook will anchor the bar
13
In-beam development
(b) 3 No. 20 bars anchored in the beam Development length available in the beam =1200-50=1150 mm
Min. A v for s=200 mm= A V = 53.2 mm 2
0.06 35 300 200 400
The spacing is less than the maximum spacing from Cl.11.2.11. therefore , the beam has more than minimum stirrups and this is Case 1 in Table 12-1 of A23.3
K1=1.3 ( more than 300 mm of fresh concrete below the bars when the concrete is placed K2=1.0 bars are not coated K3=1.0 concrete is normal- density K4=0.8 bars are No.20
ld = 0.45 ld = 0.45
k1k2 k3k4 f y f
' c
db
1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 400 20 = 633 mm 35
14
Bar Cutoff Points

Why do you want to provide cut off points?
Cost!
15
Factors Affecting Bar Cut-off Points 1.) Bars no longer needed to resist tensile forces or remaining bars are adequate (Use moment and shear envelopes) 2.) Bars must be extended on each side of section to develop bar force at that section. 3.) Major stress concentrations occur when tension bars are cutoff in regions of moderate to high shear forces. Leads to cracking. 4.) Code specified construction requirements (good practice) 5.) Load uncertainties (Seismic Considerations)
Determining Locations of Flexural Cutoffs

A23.3 Cl.12.10.2 All longitudinal tension bars must extend a min. distance = d (effective depth of the member) or 12 db (usually larger) past the theoretical cutoff for flexure (Handles uncertainties in loads, design approximations, etc.)
16
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars Rule 1-P ! Simple Supports At least one-third of the positive moment reinforcement must be extend 150 mm into the supports (A23.3 Cl.12.11.1). ! Continuous interior beams with closed stirrups. At least one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement must extend 150 mm into the support (A23.3 Cl.12.11.1) ! Continuous interior beams without closed stirrups. At least one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement must be continuous or shall be spliced near the support with a class A tension splice and at non-continuous supports be terminated with a standard hook. (A23.3 Cl. 12.11.2).
Rule 2-P Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past the flexural cutoff points except at supports or the ends of cantilevers (A23.3 Cl.11.3.8.1) Rule 3-P Bars must extend at least ld from the point of maximum bar stress or from the flexural cutoff points of adjacent bars (A23.3 Cls.12.10.2 and 12.10.4 Rule 4-P
Mr ld + la Vf
A23.3 Eq.12-6
la is the longer of the effective depth , d, or 12 db
17
Negative Moment Bars Rule 1-N At least one-third of the negative moment reinforcement must be extended by the greatest of d, 12 db or ( ln / 16 ) past the negative moment point of inflection (A23.3 Cl.12.12.2). Rule 2-N Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past the flexural cutoff points except at supports or the ends of cantilevers (A23.3 Cl.11.3.8.1) Rule 3-N Bars must extend at least ld from the point of maximum bar stress or from the flexural cutoff points of adjacent bars (A23.3 Cls.12.10.2 and 12.10.4) Rule 4-N Negative moment reinforcement must be anchored into or through supporting columns or members (A23.3 Cl.12.12.1).
Critical Sections in Flexural Members

The critical sections for development of reinforcement in flexural members are: 1. At points of maximum stress; 2. At points where tension bars within span are terminated or bent; At the face of the support; 3. At points of inflection at which moment 4. changes sign.
18
Moment Capacity Diagram

Moment capacity of a beam is a function of its depth, d, width, b, and area of steel, As. It is common practice to cut off the steel bars where they are no longer needed to resist the flexural stresses. As in continuous beams positive moment steel bars may be bent up usually at 45o, to provide tensile reinforcement for the negative moments over the support.
The resisting moment capacity of an under-reinforced concrete beam is
a M r = s As f y d 2
where, a =
s As f y 1c f c'b
To determine the position of the cutoff or bent point the moment diagram due to external loading is drawn. The ultimate moment resistance of one bar, Mrb is
a M rb = s Abs f y d where, Absis the area of one bar 2

The intersection of the moment resistance lines with the external bending moment diagram indicates the theoretical points where each bar can be terminated.
19
Example
Given a beam with the 4 #25 bars and f c=30 MPa and fy=400 MPa and d = 500 mm
500 60 kN/m
60
4 No.25
300
6.0 m
Factored Moment Diagram

The moment diagram is
Moment Diagram
250 200
kN.m
500
150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 m 4 5 6
60 300 4 No.25
20
The factored moment of the beam is 60 36 Mf = = 270 kN.m 8 The moment resistance of the beam is
a M rb = s Asb f y d 2 0.85 ( 2000 mm ) ( 400 MPa ) s As f y a= = = 156.43 mm 1c f cb 0.6 0.805 ( 30 MPa )(300 mm )
2
156.43 mm M r = 0.85 ( 2000 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 286.8 kN.m 2
The moment resistance of one bar is

a M rb = s Asb f y d 2 a= 0.85 ( 500 mm ) ( 400 MPa ) s As f y = = 39.11 mm 1c f cb 0.6 0.805 ( 30 MPa )(300 mm )
2
39.11 mm M rb = 0.85 ( 500 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 81.68 kN.m 2
The moment resistance of two bars is

a M rb = s Asb f y d 2 0.85 (1000 mm ) ( 400 MPa ) s As f y a= = = 78.215 mm 1c f cb 0.6 0.805 ( 30 MPa )( 300 mm )
2
78.215 mm M r = 0.85 (1000 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 156.7 kN.m 2
21
The moment resistance of three bars is

a M rb = s Asb f y d 2 0.85 (1500 mm ) ( 400 MPa ) s As f y a= = = 117.32 mm 1c f cb 0.6 0.805 ( 30 MPa )( 300 mm )
2
117.32 mm M rb = 0.85 (1500 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 225.08 kN.m 2
Compute the bar development length is
la = 12d b or d = 12 ( 25 mm ) or 500 mm 500 mm ld = 0.45 1111 = 825 mm 400 25 = 821.58 mm 30
22
Moment Capacity Diagram

The ultimate moment resistance is 270 kN.m The moment diagram is drawn to scale on the basis A bar can be terminated at a, two bars at b and three bars at c. These are the theoretical termination of the bars.
60 kN/m
6.0 m
81.68 156.7 225.08 270
Moment Resistance Diagrams

It is necessary to develop part of the strength of the bar by bond. The A23.3 Code specifies that every bar should be continued at least a distance d, or 12db , which ever is greater, beyond the theoretical points a, b, and c. Section 12.11.3.8.1 specify that 1/3 of positive moment reinforcement must be continuous at least 150 mm into the support.
Two bars must extend into the support and moment resistance diagram Mub must enclose the external bending moment diagram.
23
Bar Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans Types of Splices 1. 2. 3. Butted &Welded Mechanical Connectors Lap Splices Must develop 120% of yield strength of the bar but not less than 110% of the actual yield strength of the bar used. A23.3 12.14.3.1
24
Types of Splices
1-Splices for deformed bars and wires in Tension The minimum length of lap for tension lap splices shall be as required for a Class A or B splice, but not less than 300 mm, where (a) Class A splice 1.0ld (b) Class B splice ....1.3 ld Where ld is the tensile development length for the specified yield strength without the modification factor of Cl. 12.2.5
Tension Lap Splice (A23.3 Cl. 12.15.2 Table 12-2)

As (provided) As (required)
Maximum percent of As spliced within required lap length 50 Class A Class B 100 Class B Class B
Equal to or greater than 2 Less than 2
25
Compression Lap Splice (A23.3 12.16)

The minimum length of the lap for compression lap splices shall be not less than 0.073fydb, nor (0.133fy-24)db for fy greater than 400 MPa, nor 300mm *Welded splices or mechanical connections used in compression shall meet the requirements of Cl. 12.14.3.3 or 12.14.3.4
Example
Calculate the lap-splice length for 6 No.25 tension bottom bars in two rows with clear spacing 60 mm and a clear cover, 40 mm, for the following cases a. When 3 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) >2 b. When 4 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) < 2 c. When all bars are spliced at the same location. fc= 40 MPa and fy = 400 MPa
26
For No.25 bars, db =25.2 mm
ld = 0.45 111 0.8
400 25 = 657.27 mm 30
The As(provided) /As(required) > 2, class A splice applies; therefore lst = 1.0 ld >300 mm, so lst = 657.27 mm > 300 mm. The bars spliced are less than half the number The As(provided) /As(required) < 2, class B splice applies; therefore lst = 1.3 ld >300 mm, so lst = 1.3(657.27 mm) = 854.45 mm use 860 mm > 300 mm
Example
Calculate the lap splice length for a No. 30 compression bar in tied column when fc= 30 MPa and a) fy = 400 MPa , and b) fy = 500 MPa For No.30 bars, db =29.9 mm
ldb = ldb = 0.24db f y f c' 0.044db f y
0.24 29.9 400 = 524.06 0.044 29.9 400 = 526.24 30 0.24 29.9 500 ldb = = 655.077 0.044 29.9 500 = 657.8 30
Use ldb=530 mm for (a) and ldb=660 mm for (b)
27

3RM3 Module 6 Development Length

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

3RM3 Module 6 Development Length

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

CE 3RM3 Inspection, Repair & Maintenance of Reinforced Concrete Structures Module 6-Development, Anchorage, and Splicing of Reinforcement

Dr. Wael El-Dakhakhni, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.

Mechanism of bond transfer

f y d blb avg = 0 f ydb

Note: Bond stress is zero at cracks

avg is the value at bond failure in a beam test

Simplified ld (A23.3 Table 12.1)

Factors used in expressions for Development Length (A23.3 Table 12.1)

Excess Flexural Reinforcement Reduction (A23.3 Cl.12.2.5)

Development Length for Bars in Compression (A23.3 CL.12.3)

The development length is:

ld = 0.45 k1 = 1.0 k2 = 1.0

k1k2 k3k4 f y f c' k3 = 1.0

1 1 1 0.8 400 16 = 420.65 30 ld = 425 mm 300mm

Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage

Design of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage (A23.3 Cl.12.5)

Multiplier fy /400 0.7

Multiplier As(req d) / As(provided) 1.3

Structures low density concrete

Conditions Epoxy-coated Reinforcement

lhb 100 100 = = = 16.9 db fc 35 lhb = 16.9 ( 20 mm ) = 338 mm 340 mm

lhb = 340 mm ldh = 340 0.7 = 238 mm

Min. A v for s=200 mm= A V = 53.2 mm 2

0.06 35 300 200 400

1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 400 20 = 633 mm 35

Bar Cutoff Points

Determining Locations of Flexural Cutoffs

Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

la is the longer of the effective depth , d, or 12 db

Critical Sections in Flexural Members

Moment Capacity Diagram

The resisting moment capacity of an under-reinforced concrete beam is

a M rb = s Abs f y d where, Absis the area of one bar 2

Factored Moment Diagram

156.43 mm M r = 0.85 ( 2000 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 286.8 kN.m 2

The moment resistance of one bar is

39.11 mm M rb = 0.85 ( 500 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 81.68 kN.m 2

The moment resistance of two bars is

78.215 mm M r = 0.85 (1000 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 156.7 kN.m 2

The moment resistance of three bars is

117.32 mm M rb = 0.85 (1500 mm 2 ) ( 400 MPa ) 500 mm = 225.08 kN.m 2

Compute the bar development length is

la = 12d b or d = 12 ( 25 mm ) or 500 mm 500 mm ld = 0.45 1111 = 825 mm 400 25 = 821.58 mm 30

Moment Capacity Diagram

81.68 156.7 225.08 270

Moment Resistance Diagrams

Tension Lap Splice (A23.3 Cl. 12.15.2 Table 12-2)

Equal to or greater than 2 Less than 2

Compression Lap Splice (A23.3 12.16)

For No.25 bars, db =25.2 mm

ld = 0.45 111 0.8

Use ldb=530 mm for (a) and ldb=660 mm for (b)

Potrebbero piacerti anche