Title: The Effect of pH on citrus conductivity Objective: To determine if acidity of a fruit will affect the current that runs

within a lightbulb Procedure: 1. Set the fruit on a table and gently roll it around to soften it up. You want the juice to be flowing inside the fruit without breaking its skin. Alternatively, you can squeeze the fruit with your hands. 2. Use the pH the meter to determine the pH of the fruit. Record this into log. 3. Insert the zinc and copper nails into the fruit so that they are about 2" or 5 cm apart. You don't want them to be touching each other. Avoid puncturing through the end of the fruit. 4. Remove enough insulation from the leads of the light (about 1") so that you can wrap one lead around the zinc nail and one lead around the copper nail. If you like, you can use electrical tape or alligator clips to keep the wire from falling off the nails. 5. When you connect the second nail, the light will turn on! 6. Using the ammeter, measure the current in the fruit battery. 7. Repeat steps 1-6 for multiple fruits. Chemical List: Citrus Fruit (lemon, grapefruit, orange, etc.) copper nail, screw or wire (about 2" or 5 cm long) zinc nail or screw or galvanized nail (about 2" or 5 cm long) Equipment List: Lightbulb Ammeter PH meter laptop Source Citation: "Fruit Battery." about.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 June 2011.
<http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/a/fruitbattery.htm>.

Title: The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Soap Objective: To determine the Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Soap Procedure: 1. Put on gloves and safety glasses. The iodine from the reaction may stain surfaces so you might want to cover your workspace with an open garbage bag or a layer of paper towels. 2. Pour ~50 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution into the graduated cylinder. 3. Squirt in a little dishwashing detergent and swirl it around.

4. You can place 5-10 drops of food coloring along the wall of the cylinder to make the foam resemble striped toothpaste. 5. Add ~10 mL of potassium iodide solution. Do not lean over the cylinder when you do this, as the reaction is very vigorous and you may get splashed or possibly burned by steam. 6. You may touch a glowing splint to the foam to to relight it, indicating the presence of oxygen. Chemical List: 50-100 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution saturated potassium iodide (KI) solution Equipment List: liquid dishwashing detergent 500 mL graduated cylinder tray paper towels gloves safety goggles graduated cylinder Source Citation: "Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration." about.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 June
2011. <http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrydemonstrations/a/ elephanttooth.htm>.

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry The overall equation for this reaction is: 2 H2O2(aq) --> 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) However, the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalzyed by the iodide ion. H2O2(aq) + I-(aq) --> OI-(aq) + H2O(l) H2O2(aq) + OI-(aq) --> I-(aq) + H2O(l) + O2(g) The dishwashing detergent captures the oxygen as bubbles. Food coloring can color the foam. The heat from this exothermic reaction is such that the foam may steam. If the demonstration is performed using a plastic bottle, you can expect slight distortion of the bottle from the heat.

Title: Burning Money Objective: To observe the process of combustion, the flammability of alcohol, and the special qualities of the material used to make currency. Procedure: 1. Prepare the alcohol and water solution. You can mix 50 ml of water with 50 ml of 95-100% alcohol into the graduated cylinder. 2. Add a pinch salt or other colorant to the alcohol/water solution, to help produce a visible flame. 3. Soak a dollar bill in the alcohol/water solution so that it is thoroughly wet. 4. Use tongs to pick up the bill. Allow any excess liquid to drain. Move the damp bill away from the alcohol-water solution. 5. Light the bill on fire and allow it to burn until the flame goes out. Chemical List: solution of 50% alcohol and 50% water (you can mix 95% alcohol with water in a 1:1 ratio, if desired) salt Equipment List: dollar bill (higher denomination if you're brave) tongs matches or a lighter graduated cylinder A combustion reaction occurs between alcohol and oxygen, producing heat and light (energy) and carbon dioxide and water. C2H5OH + 4 O2 -> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + energy When the bill is soaked an alcohol-water solution, the alcohol has a high vapor pressure and is mainly on the outside of the material (a bill is more like fabric than paper, which is nice, if you've ever accidentally washed one). When the bill is lit, the alcohol is what actually burns. The temperature at which the alcohol burns is not high enough to evaporate the water, which has a high specific heat, so the bill remains wet and isn't able to catch fire on its own. After the alcohol has burned, the flame goes out, leaving a slightly damp dollar bill. Source Citation:
"Burning Money - Chemistry Demonstration." about.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 June 2011. <http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/ burnmoney_2.htm>.