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December 2010
Copyright 2010 ComAp s.r.o. Written by Tomas Jelen Prague, Czech Republic
ComAp, spol. s r.o. Kundratka 2359/17, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic Tel: +420 246 012 111, Fax: +420 246 316 647 E-mail: info@comap.cz, www.comap.cz
Table of contents
Table of contents................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 3 Overvoltage, Undervoltage (ANSI 27, 59) .......................................................................................... 3 Voltage unbalance - amplitude asymmetry (ANSI 47) ........................................................................ 3 Voltage synchronous components evaluation .................................................................................... 4 Positive sequence undervoltage (ANSI 47) ........................................................................................ 4 Negative sequence overvoltage (ANSI 47)......................................................................................... 4 Overfrequency, underfrequency (ANSI 81H, 81L) .............................................................................. 5 "Loss of mains" protections................................................................................................................. 5 Vector shift (ANSI 78) ......................................................................................................................... 5 Rate Of Change Of Frequency (df/dt, ROCOF, ANSI 81R)................................................................ 6 Definite-time overcurrent (ANSI 50) .................................................................................................... 7 IDMT overcurrent (ANSI 51) ............................................................................................................... 7 Time overcurrent with voltage control (ANSI 51V).............................................................................. 8 Neutral overcurrent (ANSI 50N, ANSI 51N)........................................................................................ 9 Directional overcurrent (DOC, ANSI 67) ........................................................................................... 10 Reverse power (ANSI 32) ................................................................................................................. 11 Neutral Voltage Displacement (NVD, ANSI 59N) ............................................................................. 11 Synchro check (ANSI 25).................................................................................................................. 11 AC reclosing relay (ANSI 79) ............................................................................................................ 12 Breaker failure ................................................................................................................................... 12
Introduction
Generally, there are different systems to be protected. In ComAp controllers, three basic systems are considered: - protection of the engine - evaluation of water temperature, oil pressure and temperature etc. - generator protections - mains protections This document describes protection functionalities used in ComAp mains protections, their explanation and purpose from the application point of view. The most frequent application of the protection relays provided by ComAp is described as "Mains decoupling" (UK terminoogy) or "inter-tie" (US terminlogy), though, in some cases, the same units can be also used as protections of generator or even a different devices, like transformers or motors. Mains-decoupling protections are located at the point of connection of a device generating electrical energy ("generator") and the mains, e.g. public grid operated by a local power utility, also referred to as DNO (Distribution Network Operator). The main task of mains-decupling relay is to disconnect the generator from the grid in case of unacceptable conditions, caused either by a failure in the grid or by the generator itself. Thus, the mains is kept in a controllable state and the property of the DNO, his customers connected to the public mains as well as the property of the generator owner is protected.
The protective functions described in this document are sometimes referred to as an "ANSI codes", i.e. numerical indications of the protective functions and devices. These are based upon the ANSI /IEEE Standard C37.2.
which is sensitive to drop of voltage in one or 2 phases. This may occur e.g. in case of single-phase or double-phase short circuit in the vicinity of the generator. As such, it is considered as a mains failure and the DNOs usually give the requested limit and delay values to trip the generator by the voltage unbalance protection. The unbalance function is not sensitive for angle asymmetry. If such requirement is given, some more sophisticated methods have to be used, as described below.
Any three-phase voltage system may be broken-down to those three components. By expressing solely the phasor magnitude of positive, negative or zero sequence respectively, significant phenomena on the measured voltage may be described: - In a perfectly symmetrical system, the measured voltage is exactly the same magnitude as the positive sequence voltage. Negative and zero sequence are not present - With growing asymmetry, either in angle or amplitude of some of the phasors, the positive sequence voltage magnitude decreases and the negative sequence voltage increases. - With moving the zero point of the measured system away from the geometrical centre of the system, the zero sequence increases, indicating shift in the zero point of the measured system. This zero sequence voltage shift is however different from the Neutral Voltage Displacement method, which is generally used for detecting the ground faults in isolated or partially earthed systems.
mechanical parts of the machines. Content of negative sequence voltage, i.e. asymmetry, in the grid is observed as one of the quality parameters and its increase over given limit is considered as mains failure. Due to its nature and effect on mechanical rotating parts, this method is also used as generator or motor protection. Usual threshold for this type of protection is cca 20% content of negative sequence voltage in the measured signal. Another phenomenon, where symmetrical components are used, is detecting the loss of one fuse in the grid at zero load from the generator. Sometimes, the following test is performed by the DNOs during commissioning: at the non-loaded state of the generator a fuse is pulled on the distribution transformer, connecting the generator to the grid. Given that the current flowing from the generator is zero and the voltage measurement is connected at the generator side of he pulled fuse, this should not cause any decrease of voltage in the affected phase, so none of the over/under voltage or amplitude unbalance would be capable of detecting this failure. What changes in such case, are conditions behind the pulled fuse, which are mostly given by the transformer winding inductiveness and capacity. This change results in angle shift of the affected phase, which can be effectively detected by positive or negative sequence evaluation or their ratio: U2/U1.
Vector shift reaction times are usually requested up to 30ms. Typical setting is shown e.g. in G59/2 standard (see below).
ROCOF is a fast protection, similar to Vector shift, however, unlike Vector shift, the calculation requires a certain time for evaluation. In ComAp protection relays, the evaluation time for ROCOF protection can be adjusted in number of sine curve cycles that are taken into evaluation from 1 to tens of voltage cycles (ROCOF filter). This allows setting up the ideal ratio between the evaluation speed and the protection sensitivity.
Typical setting of the abovementioned protections is shown e.g. in G59/2 standard:
The delay, i.e. the IDMT curve shape is prescribed by the DNO, based on the calculations of the mains parameters in the point of the generator connection. The mains protections are coordinated and allow isolating the faults by the protections which are closer to the short-circuit point and the current, flowing through them is the highest. This way, disconnection point is controlled, allowing the generator to withstand distant faults and contribute to recover the mains voltage after the fault is isolated. In ComAp products, the IDMT curve shape is given by the following formula:
Sometimes, it is possible to meet with requirements for different IDMT curve shapes, according to IEC standards. The most common are "normal", "inverse" and "very inverse" curves.
This protection functionality uses the fact that voltage in the point of short-circuit drops to zero or very low values and with growing distance from the fault, it increases up to the mains nominal voltage value. Thus, increased sensitivity to the short-circuits localization nad protection coordination is provided. ANSI 51V is requested e.g. by some DNO in Northern America. In ComAp products it is available in InteliPro.
k k k k
l l l l
L2 L3 N
Ink Inl
K L
L1 L2 L3 N
G
L K l k
k k k k
l l l l
This arrangement necessary for restricted earth fault protection. The location of the neutral earthing point in relation to the protection current transformers in the neutral conductor determines whether four or five current transformers are employed.
Ink Inl L1
k k k k
l l l l
L2 L3 N
This arrangement necessary for restricted earth fault protection. The location of the neutral earthing point in relation to the protection current transformers in the neutral conductor determines whether four or five current transformers are employed.
Ink Inl
Directional overcurrent protection, applied in the point of generator connection to mains, is considered a loss of mains protection, however it does not substitute the traditional loss of mains protections like Vector shift or ROCOF. The typical application is a generator with its own load consumption (e.g. peak shaving, soft transfer stand-by, or other applications). The generator is usually used to support the local consumption with no export to the mains. In case of mains transition into an island mode, the generator, running in parallel with the islanded area, starts to supply its consumption, generating current in opposite direction. DOC protection relay is used to avoid this situation, and trip the generator from the islanded mains, combining the overcurrent protection together with its directional character. Compared to the "reverse power protection", DOC protection detects also reactive currents within the given angle, what increases its sensitivity for tripping if reactive components are present in the islanded area (transformers, capacitors, cables, compensators, ...).
90
150
0 DOC threshold
10
DOC protection is requested under certain conditions as a mains decoupling protection e.g. in UK or Ireland as a part of G10 engineering recommendation to the Distribution Code.
NVD is not considered as mains-decupling protection, though it may be required on larger machines or HV alternators connection to mains. In ComAp, it is offered in IP-C, D and E and in InteliPro with possibility of setting whether the NVD it contributes to the common trip of the relay or uses its own separate output for signalization of the NVD alarm.
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InteliPro, L2-L3 phase-to-phase voltage is measured on the generator side of the circuit breaker and compared with the corresponding measured mains voltage. Synchronous conditions are evaluated based on the preset window of voltage, frequency and angle match.
Breaker failure
Breaker failure is a supplementary protective function assuring that the circuit breaker, tripped by any other protective function is securely open. This is evaluated based on the CB feedback. The function issues a separate output, providing a backup trip which either triggers a backup mechanism of the same circuit breaker, or trips another back-up breaker.
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