NFJ and My Own Annotations

Thucydides Book=incomplete Fathers name (Orolus) of Thracian descent o Same name as Kimons maternal grandfather Thucydides = name of son of Milesias Supporter of Pericles o Conservative aristocrat o Opposed to New Rich Enemy of Kleon Slave owner and tanner of hides, successful orator Owned gold mines (in Amphipolis) and fought in Pelop. War (lost to Brasidas at Ampipholis) and exiled for twenty years Caught plague in 430 BC and survived Seen as either Objective Historian or Man with a political agenda

Peloponnesian War Book 1 T. thought war would be interesting o Encourage reader o Majority of human race at war o Combatative personality o Best war ever o great work for all time Example for future people on how to write history Cyclical history Athens took over allies (Delian League) navys Athenian public = ignorant of history o Athenians wanted ready made answers, so they did not have to think much o T. is iconoclastic (breaks down popular ideas/icons)

Before, Greeks occupied only what they needed o People Migrated to Athens for safety

Minos = earliest man to build navy o Greeks took to see and became pirates Piracy was very lucrative and this caused an ever increasing expansion to the seas Greeks always carried weapons due to piratry Athens was the first to stop and take up laws instead Troy = biggest battle before Pelop. War o Greeks did not bring full force to bear (due to low amount of money) and could have won easily if they did Persian Wars = biggest war before Pelop. War o Only two battles by sea and by land settled the Persian Wars Hellen = son of Deucalon and namesake for Hellenic Society Sparta and Athens were always either at peace or at war with each other o Constant fighting led to both nations to be stronger individually than they were as a coalition during the Persian Wars Athenians tyrants were not necessarily bad o Spartans put down tyrants in Athens T. thinks his work may not entertain some people, due to its lack of fiction o Stab at Herodotus and epic Poets Reasons for Pelop. War o Sparta feared the imperialism of Athens and wanted to stop the power surge

Book II

o Generals = highest elected officials o T. did chronology by war seasons/campaigns (summer = heavy fighting, winter = little to no fighting) o Solider Burial Procedure o Pericles Speech Not much is known how much of speech is actually words of Pericles vs. Thucydides Speech shows loss of ideals due to war Pericles wants to skip over traditional speech honoring the dead and speak about the spirit of Athens o The speech is a glorification of Athens' achievements, designed to stir the spirits of a state still at war Loss of Ergon

Actions vs speeches o Honor actions with actions Spirit of Athens Freedom and generosity Fear of laws creates peace and deters chaos Enjoyment via holidays Richness of empire Military o We are not as militaristic as Sparta but we are just as powerful Discourse and reading = important Patronage It is an honor to be defeated by Athens o Better to be defeated by Athens than to lose to someone weak Honor to womon (re: widows) o Have no reputation = honorable People should have no opinion about you, good or bad State takes care of orphans o Gets rid of excuse for fathers to try to avoid war

o Typical Burial o Tent two days before funeral to allow people to offer offerings o 10 cypress coffins o Man chosen by city to deliver eulogy o Speech o Action is more important than words o Ancestors Ancestors added empire and handed it down to their heirs o Focus on Athens and its government Poverty does not prohibit someone from helping city Everyone has equal access to law Foreign trade is bountiful o Military Open city that does not expel foreigners Trust in courage rather than equipment Spartans will only invade Athens with their allies while Athens will go and conquer

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Love knowledge and wealth is not something to brag about No shame in poverty People who do not take an interest in politics are leading an useless life Discourse leads to the correct actions Make friends by doing favors (Patronage) Reciprocate friendship by owing gratitude o Athens = School of Greece Any Athenian has fuller personality and quicker wit than anyone else Strength of city o Eulogy Valor of men who died is a testament to the prestige of the city Courage of men erases their personal faults Best investment a man can make is to die for his city the knowledge that he is miserable after having proved himself a coward is more painful than a death he hardly feels in strength and comradeship A new generation will help to ease the sorrow of losing these men Prevents under population Security Love of honor never grows old Esteem of others is more valuable than money Hard for people alive to live up to the honor of those who have died Honor for women = having no reputation City raises orphans to adulthood The Plague o Nothing could save people from disease (not religion or medicine) o Description o Worked its way from head to torso to extremities o If you survived, you usually lost toes/finger/genitalia and had amnesia o Realization that you had the disease caused you to lose all hope o Everyone isolated themselves from others o People lost respect for the burial rights o Throw your family members corpse in with another familys o Lawlessness in the city o People indulged in their secret pleasures o Instant gratification o Break laws and not obey gods o People shaped their memories to their present suffering

Book III Debate about Mitylene o Mytilene (island on Lesbos) o City state of Delian League o Athenians wanted to kill all males and sell women into slavery o Athenian Legislature regretted decision and convened Assembly to stop the exectution Cleon New Rich o Tanner of hides Tribute increase Rejected peace from Sparta in 425 Exiled Thucydides 422 BC. Dies during attempt to reclaim Amphipolis o Brassidas dies as well Wants action and not debate o Empire = justification for punishment of Mitylene Diodotus Penalties are not a deterrent Use reason and logic Popular party must set example for people Agrees with Cleon on multiple points (People are irresponsible, criticizes democracy, rejects justice in favor of expediency and self-interest of Empire) Diodotus opinion wins 1000 Mytilene men executed, walls torn down, navy seized Debate about Mytilene o Athenians wanted to kill the Mitylens because they were sure the revolt was planned o Cleon Giving in weakens empire Only strength of empire keeps city states as subjects Ordinary people run cities better than intelligent people Ordinary people do not think they are better than the laws Thinks opponents of decision have taken bribes

Says that people are only interested in listening to speakers and will be easily swayed to the side of someone who makes promises Says that Mytilene is treacherous: had walls and was selfgoverning but rebelled and conspired anyway to go to war against Athens Be just as ruthless as those who plotted against you (Mytilenes) o Diodotus Debate is the way to good counsel Is more future thinking Wants to think of how the Mytilenenes could be useful to Athens Death penalty will not prevent future rebellion Will make money from taxing Mitylenes in the future Harsh punishment will make allies/neutrals rebel o Outcome Diodotus won out 1000 conspirators killed Tore down walls, took over forts, divided Lesbos into 3000 parcels of land and taxed Lesbian to farm the land