Factors effecting PI

Factors effecting PI
The expression for PI for for an oil well including skin effect, can be
written as
[ ]
dp
B
k
s r r P P
h k
J
R
wf
P
P
o o
ro
w e wf R

+
=
75 . 0 ) / ln( ) (
00708 . 0
It can be observed from above equation that the following factors can
effect the behavior of PI :
Phase behavior of the reservoir fluids
Relative permeability behavior
Oil viscosity behavior
Oil formation volume factor behavior
50
Saturation dependency of
Saturation dependency of
k
k
ro ro
51
Pressure dependency of
Pressure dependency of

o o
52
Pressure dependency of B
Pressure dependency of B
o o
53
Factors affecting IPR
Factors affecting IPR
1. A decrease in k
ro
as gas saturation increases
2. An increase in oil viscosity as pressure decreases and gas is evolved
3. Shrinkage of the oil as gas is evolved when pressure on the oil
decreases
4. Formation damage or stimulation around the wellbore
5. An increase in turbulence with increasing oil rate
These factors can change either as a result of drawdown change at a
constant value of P
R
or as P
R
declines because of depletion.
54
Effects of drive mechanisms on IP
Effects of drive mechanisms on IP
The source of energy to move oil and gas into the wellbore has a
substantial effect on both the performance of the reservoir and the
total production. The basic drive mechanisms are
Dissolved gas drive
Gas cap drive
Water drive
Combination drive
55
Dissolved gas drive
Dissolved gas drive
A dissolved gas drive reservoir is
closed to any outside source of energy.
The only source of material to replace
the produced fluids is the expansion of
the fluids remaining in the reservoir.
Its pressure is usually at or above
bubble point pressure and therefore
no free gas exists. Some small but
usually negligible expansion of the
connate water and rock may also
occur.
56
Dissolved gas drive performance
Dissolved gas drive performance
57
Dissolved gas drive performance (continued)
Dissolved gas drive performance (continued)
The reservoir pressure declines rapidly
with production until P
R
=P
b
, since
the only mechanism to move oil is
fluid expansion. During this period
producing gas/oil ratio will be
constant at R
s
=R
si
. Since there is no
free gas in the reservoir, f(P
R
) remains
fairly constant.
Once P
R
declines below P
b
, free gas will be available to expand, and PR will
decline less rapidly. As a result of free gas, R and f(P
R
) will change rapidly in
reverse directions.
Recovery at abandonment conditions will range between 5 to 30% of original oil
in place.
58
Gas cap drive
Gas cap drive
A gas cap drive reservoir is also closed
from any outside source of energy. But
there is a gas cap over the oil
formation. As oil is produced the gas
cap will expand and help to maintain
the reservoir pressure. Also, as the
reservoir pressure declines due to
production, gas will be evolved from
the saturated oil.
59
Gas cap drive performance
Gas cap drive performance
60
Gas cap drive performance (continued)
Gas cap drive performance (continued)
The reservoir pressure will decline more slowly than for a dissolved gas
drive, but as the free gas cap expands, some of the upstructure wells
will produce at high gas/oil ratios. Under primary conditions, the
recovery may be between 20 to 40% of the original oil in place.
61
Water drive
Water drive
In a water drive reservoir, the oil zone
is in contact with an aquifer that can
supply the energy by replenishing the
produced material. Usually the aquifer
is connected to a surface outcrop. The
oil will be undersaturated initially,
formation of free gas will help the oil
production.
62
Water drive performance
Water drive performance
63
Water drive performance (continued)
Water drive performance (continued)
The recovery to be expected from a water drive reservoir may vary
from 35 to 75% of the original oil in place. If the production rate is low
enough to allow full water encouragement, recovery may be even
higher.
64
Combination drive
Combination drive
In many cases, an oil reservoir will be
both saturated and in contact with an
aquifer. In this case all previously
mentioned drive mechanisms will be
contributing to oil production.
It is almost impossible to generalize on
the expected recovery and performance
of a combination drive reservoir because
of the wide variety of combinations of
aquifer and gas cap sizes.
65
Comparison of formation pressure change
Comparison of formation pressure change
66
Comparison of GOR change
Comparison of GOR change
67
Present time
Present time
IPR
IPR

s
s
for oil wells
for oil wells
Up to this point we talked about theoretical inflow equations. If all of
the variables in the inflow equation could be available accurately,
Darcys law cold be used to quantify the IPR. Unfortunately, sufficient
information rarely exists especially at the earlier life of the reservoir to
accomplish this. Therefore, empirical methods must be used to predict
the pressure-inflow rate for a well.
We will mainly discuss Vogel and Vogel and Fetkovich Fetkovich equations and their
modifications for future IPR predictions. Basic forms of the equations
account for the effects of drawdown only. This means PR is assumed
constant.
68
Vogel
Vogel

s equation
s equation
Vogel reported the results of his study in which he used numerical
simulation model to calculate IPR for oil wells producing from
saturated reservoirs. The final equation for Vogels method was based
on calculations made for 21 reservoir conditions 21 reservoir conditions.
Although the method was proposed for saturated, dissolved gas saturated, dissolved gas
drive reservoirs only drive reservoirs only, it has been found to apply for any reservoir in
which gas saturation increases as pressure is decreased.
Vogels results are summarized in the following slides.
69
IPR change with depletion
IPR change with depletion
70
Dimensionless IPR for depletion
Dimensionless IPR for depletion
71
IPR change with reservoir conditions
IPR change with reservoir conditions
72
Dimensionless IPR for changing res. conditions
Dimensionless IPR for changing res. conditions
73
Vogel
Vogel

s equation
s equation
After plotting dimensionless IPR curves for all the cases considered,
Vogel arrived at the following relationship between dimensionless flow
rate and dimensionless pressure (must be ratio of gauge pressures must be ratio of gauge pressures) :
2
max ,
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
wf
R
wf
o
o
P
P
P
P
q
q
where
q
o
inflow rate corresponding to P
wf
q
o,max
inflow rate corresponding to zero wellbore flowing pressure
P
R
average reservoir pressure existing at the time of interest
74
Vogel
Vogel

s dimensionless IPR
s dimensionless IPR
75
Vogel
Vogel

s equation
s equation
76
Vogel pointed out that in most applications of his method the error in
inflow rate is less than 10%. But the error could be as high as 20%
during the late stage of depletion. If the constant productivity index
version of the equation
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
wf
o
o
P
P
q
q
1
max ,
is used, the error increases to 70% to 80% at low values of P
wf
. It has
also been shown that Vogels method can be applied to wells
producing water, oil, and gas with a small modification (q
L
=q
o
+q
w
) :
2
max ,
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
wf
R
wf
L
L
P
P
P
P
q
q
Example #2 : Vogel
Example #2 : Vogel

s method (s=0)
s method (s=0)
77
A well is producing from a reservoir having an average reservoir
pressure of 2085 psig. A stabilized (pseudosteady state) production test
on the well resulted in a producing rate of 282 STB/day when the
flowing bottomhole pressure was 1765 psig. The bubble point pressure
is 2100 psig. Using Vogels method, calculate :
a. The producing rate if P
wf
is reduced to zero (q
o,max
)
b. The producing rate if P
wf
is reduced to 1485 psig
c. The bottomhole pressure necessary to obtain an inflow rate of 400
STB/day.
Solution #2 : Vogel
Solution #2 : Vogel

s method (s=0)
s method (s=0)
78
( ) ( ) [ ]
day STB q
q
P
P
day STB q
q
P
P
P
P
P
P
q
q
o
o
R
wf
o
o
R
wf
R
wf
R
wf
o
o
/ 496
712 . 0 8 . 0 712 . 0 2 . 0 1 1097
712 . 0
2085
1485
. 2
/ 1097
) 847 . 0 ( 8 . 0 ) 847 . 0 ( 2 . 0 1
282
847 . 0
2085
1765
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
. 1
2
max ,
2
max ,
2
max ,
=
=
= =
=

=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Solution #2 : Vogel
Solution #2 : Vogel

s method (s=0) (continued)

s method (s=0) (continued)
79
psig P
P
P
q
q
P
P
wf
R
wf
o
o
R
wf
1618
125 . 0 ]
1097
) 400 ( 25 . 1
266 . 1 [
125 . 0 ] 25 . 1 266 . 1 [ . 3
5 . 0
5 . 0
max ,
=
=
=
1097 1097 0 0
1046 1046 300 300
923 923 700 700
790 790 1000 1000
618 618 1300 1300
400 400 1618 1618
282 282 1765 1765
253 253 1800 1800
0 0 2085 2085
q q
o o
P P
wf wf
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 250 500 750 1000 1250
q
o
P
w
f
Solution #2 : Vogel
Solution #2 : Vogel

s method (s=0) (continued)

s method (s=0) (continued)
80
If we compare the results for both straight line and Vogel approaches,
the difference is pronounceable at high flow rates :
1097 1097 1848 1848 q q
o,max o,max
1618 1618 1645 1645 P P
wf wf
@ q=400 @ q=400
496 496 528 528 q @ q @ P P
wf wf
=1485 psig =1485 psig
Vogel
Vogel
Constant J
Constant J
Vogel
Vogel

s method for
s method for
undersaturated
undersaturated
reservoirs
reservoirs
81
Two different approaches must be considered to apply Vogels method
to single phase reservoirs. Depending on the test flow rate and
corresponding bottomhole flowing pressure, a test can be conducted
either at P P
wf wf
P P
b b
(Test case #1) or P P
wf wf
< < P P
b b
(Test case #2) :
Vogel
Vogel

s method for
s method for
undersaturated
undersaturated
reservoirs
reservoirs
82
Applying Vogels equation for any flow rate greater than the rate q
b
(P
wf
= P
b
) :
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
max ,
2
max ,
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
b
wf
b
wf
b o b o
b
wf
b
wf
b o
b o
P
P
P
P
q q q q
P
P
P
P
q q
q q
The reciprocal slope is defined as the change in flow rate with respect
to the change in P
wf
:
( )
(

2
max ,
6 . 1
2 . 0
b
wf
b
b o
wf
o
P
P
P
q q
P
q
J
Vogel
Vogel

s method for
s method for
undersaturated
undersaturated
reservoirs
reservoirs
83
Evaluating the expression for J @ P
wf
= P
b
gives
( )
b
b o
P
q q
J

=
max ,
8 . 1
This equation also establishes a relationship between J and q
o,max
for
saturated reservoirs (P
b
= P
R
and q
b
= 0),
8 . 1
max ,
R
o
P J
q =
Vogel
Vogel

s method for
s method for
undersaturated
undersaturated
reservoirs
reservoirs
84
Substituting the expression for q
o,max
in the main equation gives :
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
8 . 1
b
wf
b
wf
b
b o
P
P
P
P
P J
q q
Once a value of J at Pwf Pb is determined, above equation can be
used to generate an IPR.
Procedure for test case #1 (
Procedure for test case #1 (
P
P
wf wf

P
P
b b
)
)
85
1. Calculate J using test data in
wf R
o
P P
q
J

=
( )
b R b
P P J q =
2. Calculate q
b
using
3. Generate IPR for values of P
wf
< P
b
using
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
8 . 1
b
wf
b
wf
b
b o
P
P
P
P
P J
q q
4. The IPR for P
wf
P
b
is linear.
Example #3 :
Example #3 :
Undersaturated
Undersaturated
reservoir
reservoir
P
P
wf wf
>
>
P
P
b b
86
The following data pertain an unsaturated reservoir :
P
R
= 4000 psig
P
b
= 2000 psig
S = 0
Stabilized flow test results are
P
wf
= 3000 psig
q
o
= 200 STB/day
Generate IPR behavior of the reservoir using Vogels model.
Solution #3 :
Solution #3 :
Undersaturated
Undersaturated
reservoir
reservoir
P
P
wf wf
>
>
P
P
b b
87
( )
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= =
=

=
2
2000
8 . 0
2000
2 . 0 1
8 . 1
2000 2 . 0
400 . 3
/ 400 2000 4000 2 . 0 . 2
/ 2 . 0
3000 4000
200
. 1
wf wf
o
b
P P
q
day STB q
psi day STB J
Vogel Vogel
Vogel Vogel
Vogel Vogel
Vogel Vogel
Straight line/Vogel Straight line/Vogel
Straight line Straight line
Straight line Straight line
Calculated from Calculated from
556 556 1000 1000
600 600 500 500
622 622 0 0
489 489 1500 1500
400 400 2000 2000
200 200 3000 3000
0 0 4000 4000
q q
o o
P P
wf wf
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 200 400 600 800
q
o
P
w
f
Procedure for test case #2 (
Procedure for test case #2 (
P
P
wf wf
<
<
P
P
b b
)
)
88
1. Calculate J using test data in
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
8 . 1
b
wf
b
wf
b
b R
o
P
P
P
P
P
P P
q
J
( )
b R b
P P J q =
2. Calculate q
b
using
3. Generate IPR for values of P
wf
< P
b
using
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
8 . 1
b
wf
b
wf
b
b o
P
P
P
P
P J
q q
4. The IPR for P
wf
P
b
is linear.
Example #4 :
Example #4 :
Undersaturated
Undersaturated
reservoir
reservoir
P
P
wf wf
<
<
P
P
b b
89
The following data pertain an unsaturated reservoir (previous example) :
P
R
= 4000 psig
P
b
= 2000 psig
S = 0
Stabilized flow test results are
P
wf
= 1200 psig
q
o
= 532 STB/day
Generate IPR behavior of the reservoir using Vogels model.
Solution #4 :
Solution #4 :
Undersaturated
Undersaturated
reservoir
reservoir
P
P
wf wf
<
<
P
P
b b
90
( )
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= =
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
2
2000
8 . 0
2000
2 . 0 1
8 . 1
2000 2 . 0
400 . 3
/ 400 2000 4000 2 . 0 . 2
/ 2 . 0
2000
1200
8 . 0
2000
1200
2 . 0 1
8 . 1
2000
2000 4000
532
. 1
wf wf
o
b
P P
q
day STB q
psi day STB J
Vogel Vogel
Vogel Vogel
Vogel Vogel
Vogel Vogel
Straight line/Vogel Straight line/Vogel
Straight line Straight line
Straight line Straight line
Calculated from Calculated from
556 556 1000 1000
600 600 500 500
622 622 0 0
489 489 1500 1500
400 400 2000 2000
200 200 3000 3000
0 0 4000 4000
q q
o o
P P
wf wf
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 200 400 600 800
q
o
P
w
f
Vogel method with s
Vogel method with s

0
0
91
In the previous slides we defined flow efficiency as
drawdown actual
drawdown ideal
P P
P P
E
wf R
wf R
F
=

=
'
'
'
J
J
E
J
q
J
q
E
F
F
=
=
In terms of productivity index flow efficiency becomes
Vogel method with s
Vogel method with s

0 (continued)
0 (continued)
92
Vogels equation may be written using previous definitions as
2
' '
1
max ,
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
R
wf
R
wf
E
o
o
P
P
P
P
q
q
F
where q
o,max
term is the maximum inflow which could be obtained for
the well if E
F
= 1 or S = 0.
From the definition of E
F
, we can find the following equation :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R
wf
F F
R
wf
P
P
E E
P
P
1
'
Vogel
Vogel

s IPR as a function of E
s IPR as a function of E
F F
93
Vogel method with s
Vogel method with s

0 (continued)
0 (continued)
94
The previous graph can be put into equation form as
2
2
max ,
1 ) ( 8 . 0 1 8 . 1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
wf
F
R
wf
F
o
o
P
P
E
P
P
E
q
q
Because of the restriction that P
wf

0, above equation is valid only if

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
F
R wf
E
o o
E
P P or q q
F
1
1
1
max ,
This restriction will always be satisfied if E
F
1.
Vogel method with s
Vogel method with s

0 (continued)
0 (continued)
95
For values of E
F
> 1, calculations at higher drawdown must be checked
if the criteria holds. If not then the following approximation may be
used to calculate the maximum flow rate :
( )
F
E
o o
E q q
F
376 . 0 624 . 0
1
max , max ,
+ =
=
For the case of E
F
= 1 (P
wf
= P
wf

),
derived equation is identical to
Vogels equation.
Example #4 : Standing
Example #4 : Standing

s modifications
s modifications
96
Use the following data and construct an IPR for this well for the
present conditions and for a possible value after a successful frac job :
P
R
= 2085 psig
P
b
= 2100 psig
E
F
= 0.7
Stabilized flow test results are
P
wf
= 1765 psig
q
o
= 202 STB/day
Solution #4 : Standing
Solution #4 : Standing

s modifications
s modifications
97
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
2
2
1
max ,
2
2
1
max ,
2085
1 ) ( 8 . 0
2085
1 ) ( 8 . 1 1100
/ 1100
2085
1765
1 ) 7 . 0 ( 8 . 0
2085
1765
1 ) 7 . 0 ( 8 . 1
202
wf
F
wf
F o
E
o
E
o
P
E
P
E q
day STB q
q
F
F
1054 1054 730 730 700 700
NA NA 871 871 300 300
NA NA (1224) (1224)
937 937
758 758
518 518
360 360
324 324
0 0
q q
o o
@E @E
F F
=1.3 =1.3
461 461 1300 1300
604 604 1000 1000
955 955 0 0
300 300 1600 1600
202 202 1765 1765
181 181 1800 1800
0 0 2085 2085
q q
o o
@E @E
F F
=0.7 =0.7
P P
wf wf
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
q
o
, STB/day
P
w
f
,

p
s
i
g
E
F
=1.3
E
F
=0.7
Modified Vogel method
Modified Vogel method
98
Complex flow regimes existing around the wellbore may not be
predicted by Vogel equation. Bendaklia and Aziz used a complex
reservoir model to generate IPRs for a number of wells and found that
the Vogel equation would fit the generated data if expressed as
n
R
wf
R
wf
o
o
P
P
V
P
P
V
q
q
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
max ,
) 1 ( 1
In order to apply this equation at least three stabilized tests are required
to evaluate the three unknowns, q q
o,max o,max
,V ,V and n n.
Fetkovich
Fetkovich
method
method
99
Fetkovich proposed a method for calculating inflow performance for
oil wells using the same type of equation that has been used for
analyzing gas wells for many years. The procedure was verified by
analyzing isochronal and flow-after-flow tests conducted in reservoirs
with permeabilities ranging from 6 md to greater than 1000 md.
Pressure conditions ranged from highly unsaturated to saturated at
initial pressure and to a partially depleted field with a gas saturation
above the critical. In all cases oil-well backpressure curves were found
to follow the same general equation :
n
wf R o
P P C q ) (
2 2
=
where
C is the flow coefficient
n is exponent depending on well characteristics
Fetkovich
Fetkovich
method (continued)
method (continued)
100
The value of n ranged from 0.568 to 1.000 for the 40 field tests. It is
understood today that the exponent n accounts for the effect of n accounts for the effect of
high high- -velocity flow velocity flow and pressure squared function accounts for pressure squared function accounts for
the effect of simultaneous two the effect of simultaneous two- -phase flow phase flow.
The applicability of Fetkovichs equation to oil wells was justified by
writing Darcys equation in integral form :

+
=
R
wf
P
P
w e
dP p f
s r r
kh
q ) (
75 . 0 ) ln(
00708 . 0
o o
ro
B
k
p f

= ) (
where