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Gaba
6. Efficiency:- It has lower efficiency because of losses by way of heat dissipation in external resistors, especially when run at reduced speed below rated speed. 7. Cost: - It has higher cost. 8. Moving Contacts:- It has moving contacts like slip rings. 9. Applications:- It is capable starting with load, demanding a high torque, as in fans, pumps, compressors, hoists, conveyors, cranes, lifts and so on. 10. Speed:-Speed decreases with load more rapidly than in
7. Cost: - It has cheaper cost. 8. Moving Contacts:- It has no moving contacts like slip rings. 9. Applications:- It cannot be used in cases where it requires considerable load torque. It is used lathes, drills, printing machines, blowers etc.
Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba squirrel cage motor. 11. Power-factor:-Its Power Factor is high (about 0.8 to 0.9). 10. Speed:- Here, Speed is almost constant, but it decreases slightly with increase in load. 11. Power-Factor:-Its Power Factor is low (0.7 to 0.8).
Induction Motor
1. Construction: - It has Simple Construction particularly in case of cage motor. 2. Starting:- It has inherent selfstarting torque. 3. Excitation:- It requires no d.c. excitation, i.e., it is a singly excited machine. 4. Speed Control:- Speed control is possible. 5. Maximum Torque:- Its maximum torque is proportional to square of the supply voltage. 6. Operating Power Factor:- It can operate only at lagging power factor. 7. Cost:- Induction motors with speeds above 500 r.p.m. and ratings below 500 r.p.m. and rating below about 120 kW are cheaper than synchronous motors. 8. Running Speed:- Its speed falls with increase of load. It can never run at synchronous speed. 9. Maintenance:- It is almost maintenance free, particularly in squirrel cage induction motor. 10. Air Gap:- Its Air gap is relatively less. 11. Types:- It is of two types:- Wound Phase & Squirrel cage induction motor. 12. Applications:- It can be used to
Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba 12. Applications:- It can be used for delivering mechanical loads and for improving the system power factor as a synchronous condenser. 13. Sensitivity to load changes:Hunting starts with changing of load because the motor is more sensitive to load changes. 14. Need of synchronization:It has to be synchronized. supply mechanical loads only.
13. Sensitivity to load changes:- Since it is less sensitive to load changes, the hunting is absent.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SALIENT POLE TYPE AND CYLINDRICAL POLE TYPE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE SALIENT POLE TYPE
1. Air Gap Reluctance:-Air gap reluctance offered to the magnetic flux ix non-uniform.
4. Shape of Poles:-The shapes of the poles are projected radially outwards from a steel core carried on spider.
6. Axial-length:-The axial-length of this type of machine is about 5 times the diameter. 7. Speed:-These are high speed machines having the speeds 3000 rpm or 1500 rpm for 50 Hz systems. 8. Short circuit ratio:- The short circuit ratio is 0.4 to 0.6.
7. Speed:- These are low speed machines having the speeds 50 rpm to 500 rpm for vertical configuration and 100 to 1000rpm for horizontal configuration. 8. Short circuit ratio:-The short circuit ratio is around unity.
Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba horizontal as well as vertical configuration. 10. Cooling system:-These types are air cooled. 11. Application:-These types of machine are used in hydro generators. 12. Rating:-These types of machines are available up to 750Mw. 13. Machine Reactances:. Direct axis reactance:-0.6 to 1.5 p.u. Quadrature axis reactance:-0.4 to 0.8 p.u Sub transient axis reactance: - 0.15 to 0.4 p.u. Transient axis reactance:-0.2 to 0.5 p.u. Negative axis reactance:-0.15 to 0.7 p.u. Zero axis reactance:-0.05 to 0.2 p.u. 9. Configuration:-These have horizontal configuration. Only. 10. Cooling system:-These types are air cooled for small rating and hydrogen cooling for large and medium rating. 11. 11.Application:-These types of machines are used in turbo generators. 12. Rating:-These types of machines are available up to 1000Mw and onwards. 13. Machine Reactances:. Synchronous reactance:-1.5 to 2.5p.u Sub transient axis reactance: - 0.15 to 0.35 p.u. Transient axis reactance:-0.15 to 0.35 p.u. Negative axis reactance:-0.1 to 0.15 p.u. Zero axis reactance:-0.02 to 0.15 p.u.
TRANSFORMER
1. Air Gap :-It is a static device.So,it has no air-gap.
2. No Load Current:- The no-load current in induction-motor is about 30% to 50% of the full load current.
2. No Load Current:- The no-load current in transformer is about 2% to 6% of the full load current.
3. Types:-Induction motor is of two types:Squirrel cage and Wound phase induction motor.
4. Winding:-It uses distributed/rotating winding. That is why; winding factors are used in voltage transfer ratios.
4. Winding:-It uses concentrated/stationary winding. That is why; winding factors are used in voltage transfer ratios. 5. Efficiency:-It has the higher efficiency of 90% to 95% due to lower losses.
6. Application:- It is an electromechanical energy conversion device i.e. it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy of the rotation of the rotor. 7. Rating: - Its rating is in Kw. 8. E.M.F.Equation:- In the emf equation of the transformer, the maximum value of the core flux is used. 9 Operating Power Factor:-Its operating power factor is lagging and very low.
6. Application:- It converts electrical energy of one level into electrical energy of another level.
7. Rating;- Its rating is in Kva. 8. E.M.F.Equation:- In the emf equation of the induction motor, the average value of the core flux is used. 9. Operating Power Factor:-Its operating power factor depends upon the power factor of the load.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CORE TYPE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS Core type transformers Shell type transformers
1. Relative position of the winding and core:- The windings surround a considerable part of the core. 2. Windings:- Windings are of formwound, and are of cylindrical-type. 3. Mean length of coil turn:- is shorter. 4. Core:- Core is either circular or rectangular or oval, but large transformer cores are cylindrical in shape. 5. Application: - These are more suitable for high voltage transformers. 6. Cooling:- Here, natural cooling is possible. 7. Construction:- It has two limbs. 1. Relative position of the winding and core:- The core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings. 2. Windings:- Windings are of sandwitcttype.The coils are first wound in the form of pancakes, and complete windings consists of stacked discs. 3. Mean length of coil turn:- is longer. 4. Core:- Core is either rectangular or cylindrical or spiral in shape. 5. Application: - These are more suitable for low voltage transformers. 6. Cooling:- Here, natural cooling is not possible. 7. Construction:- It has three limbs.
COMPARISON BETWEEN POWER TRANSFORMER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER Power Transformer Distribution Transformer
1) Rating:- Transformers having rating above 200 kva. 2) Application: - These are used in generating stations and substations at each end of a power transmission line for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. 3) Operation hours: - These are kept in operation during load periods and are disconnected during light load periods. 4) Maximum efficiency: - These are designed to have maximum efficiency at near or full load. 5) Leakage reactance:- These are designed to have higher leakage reactance. 6) Voltage regulation: - Here, voltage regulation is less important. 7) All day efficiency: - These have not good all day efficiency. 1) Rating:- Transformers having rating up to 200 kva. 2) Application: - These are used to step down the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltage. 3) Operation hours: - These are kept in operation all the 24 hours whether they are carrying load or not. 4) Maximum efficiency: - These are designed to have maximum efficiency at load much lower than full load. 5) Leakage reactance:- These are designed to have small value leakage reactance. 6) Voltage regulation: - Here, voltage regulation is very important. 7) All day efficiency: - These have good all day efficiency.
COMPARISON BETWEEN RACTICAL TRANSFORMER AND IDEAL TRANSFORMER Practical Transformer Ideal Transformer
1) 1) Coefficient of coupling: - Here, 1) Coefficient of coupling: - Here, coefficient of coupling is less than unity. coefficient of coupling is unity. 2) Leakage flux: - There is leakage of flux. 2) Leakage flux: - There is no 3) Voltage regulation: - Voltage regulation leakage of flux. is never zero %. 3) 3) Voltage regulation: 4 Voltage regulation is zero %. 4)