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IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Yakubu G. A.; and Iyagba R. O.


Dept of Building, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria E-mail: yakubu.ganiyu@yahoo.com

Abstract
This research study is aimed at evaluating the impact of occupational health and safety culture on Project performance in Nigeria construction industry. The study centred on what is obtainable in the aspect of performance of occupational Health and Safety culture on safety performance; project parameters as they affect project performance; best H&S Practices; institutional regulation and government legislation on health and safety culture; and pre-contract plans. Data were obtained and analyzed using structured questionnaire through non-probability sampling techniques. The 30 structured questionnaires were distributed by hand to selected FOCI registered construction companies in Lagos, Abuja and Kaduna. The results of the findings from this study are that; Nigeria construction workers do not report unsafe and unhealthy working conditions which by implication is that records of construction accident, injuries, fatalities and hazards are not being taken and kept; project managers and contractors are the highest contributors to project H&S in Nigeria; quality and cost are project factors that have the greatest impact on the H&S performance of construction projects in Nigeria; client satisfaction, cost and quality as a project indicator for best H&S practices in construction projects in Nigeria. It is recommended that to improving H&S performance of contractors, the following has been proffered by this study; facilitating government and construction stakeholders involvement in H&S policies and supervisions; selecting contractors based on construction H&S practices and procedures; requiring bills of quantities to include itemised provisions for H&S; and specifying requirement for project-specific H&S management plans and risk analysis. Key Words: Occupational Health, Occupational Safety, Organizational Culture, Project Performance, Safety Monitoring.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study

The Construction industry is the most hazardous in the World because there is high accident rate, high injury rate, and high lost time in the industry globally, which is why the Construction health and safety (H&S) has long been the focus of attention of many industry stakeholders and role players in the World over, and while it is acknowledged that many industry associations and professional societies, contracting organizations and others have made significant efforts to improve H&S within the construction industry, overall construction H&S is not improving commensurately. This exceptional poor H&S culture which is the possible reasons for non-compliance of H&S has indeed lead to non-performance of H&S. The continuing poor H&S performance of the construction industry in the form of fatalities, injuries, and diseases, the number of large-scale construction accidents, and the general nonparticipation by key project stakeholders such as clients and designers, provided the catalyst for a new approach to construction H&S. The new approach to construction H&S must be backed-up by promulgation of consolidated construction H&S legislation from the Federal Government. The notion that the safety of construction worksites can also be increased (outside Government intervention) through better design is both intuitively appealing and supported by research indicating that better planning, scheduling, and design could reduce hazards on construction worksites (Whittington et al, 1992; Suraji et al, 2001; Gibb et al, 2004) as cited in (Weinstein, Gambactese & Hecker, 2005). Recognizing the importance of these factors in construction worksites safety, the European Union enacted the Control of Hazard on Temporary and Mobile Construction Sites directive that requires member states to adopt national laws to formalize a process to ensure that construction site safety is considered during the design process.

Acosta-Leon, Giote, Salem and Daraiseh (2005) says According to the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) carried out in U.S, the rate of fatal occupational injuries in 2003 per 100,000 employed in industry by sector was 2.5 for manufacturing, 11.7 for construction, 26.9 for mining and 31.2 for the combination of agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting. Cekada, Janicak, and Ferguson (2009) studies the relationship between Employees and Contractors and concluded that, the fatality rates for contract employees not under an organizations supervision were significantly higher than the fatality rates involving employees of the organization. Ryan (2009) opines that successful organizations have learned that they must tap into employees collective knowledge to improve their processes. Such organizations actively seek workers input they consider it common sense to ask employees how things can be made better. Ryan further says that, companies with performance-enhancing cultures significantly outperform companies without such cultures. Goodrum and Gangwar (2004) finds that incentives are effective at improving many of the safety performance metrics used in construction and indeed a long-term improvement which also would reduce the direct cost of Construction Projects. Idoro, (2008) expresses that Nigeria lacks statutory regulations on H&S and that those regulations that serve as point of reference are either British or America ones. He said further that H&S in the manufacturing industry is regulated by the Factory Act of 1990, which is a local version of the Factory Act of 1961 of Britain. The provisions of this Act have made the Federal Government of Nigeria to put in place statutory practice and structures for inspecting the H&S condition of factories, for reporting accidents and injuries in factories and for sanctioning non-compliance with statutory H&S conditions and standards. Such regulations practice and structures do not exist in the construction industry therefore; contractors are left to use their discretion on such important issues. The consequences are that contractors commit little resources to maintaining a healthy and safe construction work environment; they do not keep accurate records of accidents and injuries on site and they do not report or release such information.

In view of the Nigerian Government non participation in construction industry, construction companies are severally faced with the problem of non-performance of H&S culture vis-a-vis nonadherence to occupational health and safety standard at worksite, insufficient planning, intangible safety-in-design processes to reduce risks on construction worksites, non involvement of employees in the occupational health and safety culture policy drafting, labour motivation as regard employers enactment of occupational health and safety culture, i.e. good healthcare scheme, construction parameters as it best H&S practices.

1.2

Statement of the Problem

Nigeria as a country has been severely afflicted with many preventable occupational hazards which serve to remind us that occupational health and safety have been seriously undermined. Many construction companies still only address safety at the point of contact in the field once a project has mobilized. However, safety does not begin in the field. It takes planning and forethought to be effectively implemented in the field. Therefore, the Safety, Health and Environment (SH&E) professional needs to be involved during a projects procurement and preconstruction phases. Safety personnel can also have a positive effect on the procurement process and the entire company if planning begins at the corporate level, before procurement activities are even initiated (Shafer, 2008).

Research Questions

Does health and safety culture affects contractors project performance in terms of; cost, quality, time, project H&S and environment?

Is there any effect of project performance indicators/parameters on best H & S practices?. Do Nigeria contractors adhere to occupational health and safety standard of construction worksite?

What are stakeholders contributions to construction H&S practices in Nigeria?

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of occupational health and safety culture on construction constractors labour performance in Nigeria.

The objectives of the research are: 1. To evaluate the health and safety culture on contractors performance in terms of; cost, quality, and time. 2 3 To assess the effect of best H & S practices on project performance indicators. To assess occupational H&S practices of Nigerian contractors at Construction worksite and head offices. 4. To assess the extent of Stakeholders contribution to construction H&S practices in Nigeria.

1.6 Significances of the Study: The attempt to determine the impact of occupational health and safety on construction contractors efficiency and its correlation on project performance, labour performance, labour motivation and

safety plan are as a result of non-compliance of the Nigerian and Nigerian construction companies with Health, Safety and Environmental regulation. The following events are essentially memorable: The collapse of a Diamond bank building under construction at Ogudu GRA, Lagos in 2007. The collapse of a storey building at Idumagbo area of Lagos state in 2001 trapping the resident of the building. Other related H&S negative practice in the manufacturing industry in Nigeria are: The mortality at Apapa Wharf, Lagos in which the failure of lifting equipment led to free fall of loads crushing totally four workers in the vicinity on the 24/04/08 (Ameh, 2004). The fire explosion that completely destroyed Marth Foam Company in Kaduna on 13/05/08 (Ameh, 2004). The leakages of domestic gas on 14/04/08 at the Kaduna Refinery resulting in an explosion and intense tongue of fire killing five people and causing secondary accident as well (Ameh, 2004). The death of two workers in August 2008 at the Fertilizers and Chemical Company Kaduna caused by the failure of the swing brakes which caused the pay loader discharging into the bulk conditioner by a little extension pushed the operators into the bulk conditioner which immediately pulverized them with other raw materials to produce NPK Fertilizers (Ameh, 2004)

Assessments of the impact of addressing safety in design reveal considerable promise for the concept in reducing construction site injuries and fatalities (Weinstein et al. 2005). Ryan (2009) says, If safety is not being measured, it is not being managed HS&E professionals know that one essential activity they perform is diagnosing the HS&E management system. They know that if they do not measure, they would not identify improvement opportunities and therefore, cannot plan for future improvement. In view of the above issues there is need to carry out a study on construction companies in Nigeria, to measure health and safety culture and its effect on HS&E

performance, to unveil the efforts of regulatory bodies in ensuring that the safety of construction labour at worksite is not undermined, to determine the impact of HS&E culture on project performance, labour performance, labour motivation, hierarchy, and ageing. The study is also important to ascertain if they are safety design and plan measures instituted at precontract/procurement stages. And if there are at all, its impact on labour performance, labour cost, project delivery in terms of time, cost and quality.

1.7

Scope of the Study

This study has boundaries that must be identified. Thus, the research, study is limited to occupational health and safety culture of Construction Contractors (Multinational and Indigenous) in Nigeria. It centres on; top, middle and lower management of Construction companies in Three (3) Geo-political Regions (Lagos, Kaduna, and Abuja) in Nigeria, where construction activities are numerous.

1.8

Limitation of the Study

The inherent problem that is envisaged during undertaking this research study is that, virtually all construction companies will claim they practice occupational health and safety culture and may not grant access to some key worksite areas in the company to avoid unethical publication about their non-compliance to occupational health and safety regulations, thus primary data through observation may be difficult. Also, sourcing key management HS&E policy information from top management may be quite difficult through oral interview as the respondents may feel reluctant to discuss with an investigator. Therefore primary data through questionnaire would be preferable.

1.9

Definition of Key Terms Occupational health: Is concerned with health and its relation to work and the working

environment (Ameh, 2004). 7

Occupational Safety: Ansell and Wharton (2002) as cited in Ameh (2004), says the fundamental requirement of occupaional safety is to assure as far as reasonably practicable every working man and woman in the organization safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve human resources. The focus of safety here is: the people (employees and employers) the tools (machine and materials) the environment (workplace, where the manufacturing process yeilds the final product.) Organizational Culture or Corporate Culture: Is a pattern of shared beliefs, attitudes, assumptions, norms and values in a Organization which may not have been defined in specific terms but shape the way people act and interact and strongly influence the ways in which things get done (Ameh, 2004).

Project Performance: The positive or Negative outcome of a construction project at a given time, cost and quality.

Safety Monitoring: The concept of Rapid Universal Safety and Health System is the existence of on-site safety monitors/observers who facilitate the safety function during all working hours of the project. Kleiner, Smith-Jackson, Mills III, Obrien, & Haro, (2008) opines that, the component of RUSH Safety Monitoring involves proactive, positive, on-site facilitation of safety and integration of safety with efficiency, quality, and effectiveness.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Corporate Culture

Corporate culture is a collection of uniform and enduring beliefs, customs, traditions and practices shared and continued by employees of a corporation. The shared beliefs define an organizations fundamental characteristics and create an attitude that distinguishes it from all other (Hai, 1986) as cited in (Molenaar, Brown, Caile & Smith, 2002). Culture can have a powerful effect on individuals and performance (Kotter and Heskett, 1992) as cited in (Molenaar et al, 2002). worker motivation and goals (Hai, 1986) as cited in (Molenaar et al, 2002). The Construction Industry has made great strides towards a safe working environment. Although many construction companies have comprehensive safety plans, a plans quality does not necessarily correlate to the companys safety performance. Written safety plans can be effective, but companies must go beyond the letter of the plan and create a true safety culture (Hinze, 1997) as cited in (Molenaar et al, 2002). In most workplaces, a small measure of human error constitutes acceptable risk. Although partially mitigated through design, human error is an inherent risk that is considered wholly unavoidable and ultimately inevitable. It affects

Crossman, Crossman and Lovely (2009), says the risk of human error is amplified in todays highly dynamic work environments. Unexpected circumstances, revised goals, change orders and turnover are just a few of the factors that surreptitiously disrupt safety system equilibrium, resulting in worker in-attention, carelessness or negligence.

What is an Accident? A simple but worthwhile definition for an accident is an unplanned event that may result in personal injury or property damaged. (Taylor Easter & Hegney, 2004). This definition suggests that an accident can occur without injury or damage resulting. Different terms are used to describe an accident when there are no visible signs of injury or damage. Terms such as near miss, dangerous occurrence, and critical incident are common use; however, they are still accidents.

Accident causes Traditional wisdom suggested that all accidents were preceded by: An unsafe act actions or behaviour of people, usually the injured worker, and/or An unsafe condition some environmental condition or hazard which caused the accident independent of the people. According to (Taylor et al, 2004), it was considered by early pioneers in accident prevention study that 90 95% of all accidents result from unsafe acts. This has proven to be a simplistic view of causation and, most importantly, has done little to advance accident prevention. The following are the supposed causes in accident investigation reports: Carelessness Accident proneness Inattention 10

Negligence Not wearing safety equipment Bad luck Act of God Not thinking Laziness Taking short cuts.

2.1

Theoretical Frame work

Molenaar et al, (2002) in their study further defines corporate culture as the beliefs, values and behaviours that are consistent among all members of the corporation. These beliefs, values and behaviours must be consistent across all levels-upper management, middle management and field employees. This study measured the consistency of corporate culture and explored the correlations between consistent corporate safety culture and safety performance. Multi attribute analysis of construction safety culture. Measurement of corporate safety culture. Measurement of corporate safety culture using multi attribute analysis, entails the task being divided into three main categories: people, process and values.

People

Process

Values

Top Mgt

Field Personnel People

Sub Contractor

Fig (1) Safety Culture

Fig (2)

The 1st branch people they determine the beliefs, values and behaviours that create a corporations culture. This branch was further broken down into measurable characteristics (Fig 2).

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The second branch of the hierarchy process is the manner in which a company incorporates safety into practice. A good safety process is necessary for a company to properly communicate its safety goals. The final branch concerns values, which are a companys philosophies regarding safety. This determines the extent to which employees believe that safety is a high priority of the company.

Employee VS Contractor: The survey identified the relationship between the victim and the organization, which cannot be determined using the National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) data set. The number of fatalities and the estimated numbers of workers were identified for employees, contract employees under the organisations supervision, and contract employees not under an organizations supervision. The fatalities of employee not under the organization were significantly higher than the fatalities rates involving employees under organization supervision. (Cekada, Janicak & Ferguson, 2009).

Construction Workers VS Client: If green construction is to be sustainable and safety is a key component of sustainability, evaluating and considering worker safety within the construction supply chain is a reasonable expectation. Construction worker safety and health is as important as that of the end- user (Gambatese, Rajendran & Behm, 2007).

Safety Plan: This is an integral part of a companys safety practice (Molenaar et al, 2002). Contractors Motivation: Is the driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goals in order to fulfil some need or expectation

Accident Cost: The average lost time injury frequency rate and the duration rate for injuries need to be considered. You can usually obtain more information from your occupational health and safety

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authority. It is useful to consider the statistics from different points of view, according to (Taylor et al, 2004). How do they look on a gender basis, considering the gender balance in different areas of industry? What do they tell you about age, especially in regard to duration rate? What types of injury have longer duration rate? What age groups appear to be most at risk?

Frequency Rate: The frequency rate is used to identify the number of injuries experienced in a period where one million person-hour of exposure occur. The formula to calculate the frequency rate involves two important pieces of information: firstly, the number of Lost-Time Injuries (LTIs) and, secondly, the total hours of exposure experienced by the group during the period of interest (Taylor et al, 2004).

Establishing lost-time injury frequency rate for an industry When doing this we need to take into account the potential for errors due to definition changes in reporting, and staff on varied hours. The lost-tome injury frequency rate (LTIFR) is calculated using Number of lost-time injuries x 100,000 ......................(1) (Taylor et al, 2004). Number of person hours worked

Direct and Indirect cost of Workplace Accident: Insured costs are paid out by the employers insurance company or the Government authority concern with providing the workers compensation cover. Workers compensation for employees is generally compulsory. However, uninsured costs are usually concealed as part of normal operating expenses. Most organizations pay attention to 13

their workers compensation premium. The annual premium is often used as a barometer of organizational performance, as it reflects quantifiable claims experience. However, this pay-out is not an accurate guide to total accident costs. The direct costs include medical costs and other workers compensation premium per event year (Taylor et al, 2004). These direct costs of accidents are not fixed and they vary depending upon the prior safety records of the company and the magnitude of the accident. Levitt and Samelson (1993) as cited in Arboleda and Abraham (2004) opines that, the indirect costs include lost productivity among co-workers and management, liability claims from injured workers who sue the contractors for additional payments beyond their workermen claims, job schedule delays, added administrative time, training of replacement personnel, and reduced worker morale, especially when fatalities occurred. Indirect costs have traditionally been calculated by multiplying the direct cost by an indirect cost multiplier. Various estimates of this multiplier range from 2 to 20 times direct costs. Arboleda and Abraham (2004) as cited in Everett and Frank (1996) opines further that a range for the indirect cost multiplier (ICM = indirect costs/direct costs) with values between 1.65 and 2.54.

2.2

Health and Safety Executive

Who needs to know about the Regulations? Anyone having construction or building work carried out has legal duties under the Construciton Design and Management Regulation 2007 (CDM, 2007), unless they are a domestic client. A domestic client is someone who lives, or will live, in the premises where the work is carried out. The premises must not relate to any trade, business or other undertaking. Although a domestic client does not have duties under CDM 2007, those who work for them on construction projects will (HSE, 2007).

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA 1985) provided the minimum requirements of safety measures on construction sites. Further, one should not lose track of the fact that in the United States, OSHA is but one aspect of a companys safety program. Companies, in general, are known to adopt additional various specific programs of their own that directly impact safety performance on their projects cited in (Hassanein & Hanna, 2008). In essence, the following issues concerning both approaches were scrutinized: Safety rules and regulation as exemplified by OSHA (1985); Record keeping requirement; Site inspection; Fines and penalties; and Safety performance measures.

What will the Regulations do? These Regulations will help you ensure that your construction project is safe to build, safe to use, safe to maintain and delivers you good value. Good health and safety planning will also help ensure that your project is well managed and that unexpected costs and problems are minimised.

What do clients need to do? As a client, you have a big influence over how the work is done. Where potential health and safety risks are low there is little you are required to do. Where they are higher, you need to do more.

As a client, you need to do the following:

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All construction projects: a. Appoint the right people You are more likely to get what you need if you make sure those who design and build are competent, have sufficient resources and are appointed early enough, so the work can be carried out safely. The easiest way to find competent designers and contractors is through a reputable trade association.

b.

Allow adequate time A rushed project is likely to be unsafe and of poor quality. You need to allow enough time for the design, planning and construction work to be undertaken properly.

If in doubt, talk to those you appoint.

c.

Provide information to your team You need to pass on key information to your construction team if they are to design and construct something that is safe to build, safe to use and safe to maintain. They will need information about what you want, how you will use it, the site and existing structures or hazards, such as asbestos. This will help your team to plan, budget and work around problems.

If in doubt, talk to those you appoint.

d.

Ensure you and your team communicate and co-operate Your project will only run efficiently if all those involved in the work communicate, cooperate and co-ordinate with each other.

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During the design stage, it is particularly important that you, your designers and contractors talk early on about issues affecting buildability, useability and maintainability of the finished structure. You dont want people injured or unexpected costs because issues werent properly considered when design changes could still easily be made.

e.

Ensure suitable management arrangements are in place Construction projects can be complex and involve many different trades and occupations. Frequently they also involve high-risk activities. The work is more likely to be done safely and to time if those doing the work have suitable management arrangements in place.

You need to make sure that suitable arrangements are in place throughout the whole project. The type and level of checks needed depends on the work being undertaken and the risks involved. You may need help for more complex and high-risk project.

f.

Ensure adequate welfare facilities on site You should ensure that your contractors provide adequate welfare facilities for construction workers as soon as possible, before work starts.

g.

Ensure workplaces are designed correctly If your projects is for a new workplace or alterations to an existing workplace (e.g. a factory or office), they must meet the standards set out in the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (HSE, 2007).

You should ask anyone who is doing design work for you to confirm that these requuirements have been complied with.

2.3

Standard For Uniformity 17

Construction H&S is clearly a stated or implied need of the client and should therefore be used as criteria in selection and appointment of the project participants. Construction Industry Development Board South Africa, cidb (2010) Best Practices Guidelines; Evaluating Quality in Tender Submissions (1004) provides further guidance on quality criteria, namely: a. technical merit; b. response to the proposed scope of work/project design; c. aesthetic and functional characteristics; d. safety and environment characteristics; e. quality control practices and procedures which ensure compliance with stated employers requirements; f. reliability g. durability h. organizational, logistics and support resources relevant to the scope of work; i. qualifications and demonstrated experience of the key staff (assigned personnel) in relation to the scope of work; j. demonstrated experience of tendering entity with respect to specific aspects of the project/comparable projects; k. running cost; l. after-sales service and technical assistance; m. delivery date; and n. delivery period and period of completion.

2.4

Aging Workers from the Perspective of Occupational Health Professionals

Persons over 45 years of age are called aging workers in Finland (Korpivuoma & Pirttila, 2001; Reina Knuutila, 2001) as cited in (Naumanen, 2006)

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All people age chronologically at the same speed, but the ways in which people get older depends on their genetics, health habits, illnesses, environment, and work. Aging does not simply mean an increased morbidity but on increased risk of losing ones health permanently (Heikkinen, 1994) as cited in (Naiemanen, 2006). According to the Health 4 European Program, Health is defined as total physical, psychological, and social welfare throughout life. Health promotion is defined as a process by which individuals and communities can control health factors and improve them (World Health Organization 1999). Health promotion means preventing, minimizing and eliminating health hazards at the workplace, maintaining and promoting ones work ability, and developing work, working methods, and the work environment (Naumanena Tuomela, 2001) as cited in (Naumanea, 2006). The physical ability to work tends to weaken between the ages of 50 and 60 years, but the weakening can be prevented by exercising, as cited in (Naumanea, 2006) the psychological ability to work, as well as many intellectual functions, tend to stay at the same level and may even improve during adulthood. According to the 8 + 8 + 8 model, the time spent on work, leisure time activities and rest should be in equal proportions.

2.5 2.6

Conceptual framework
Impact of The Construction Regulations

The construction regulations are perceived to have had a wide spread impact, and in particular increased H&S awareness and increased consideration by project managers, and general contractors. Although it cannot be quantified, it can be inferred that the Construction Regulations have not had a positive impact on reducing H&S accidents in Nigeria (Idoro, 2008).

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The perceived problems of H&S in Nigeria are: Impact of H&S/Compliance Effect of H&S Performance on Projects

Impact of H&S compliance (HIS) (SMI)

Project Time, Cost, Quality, Environment Client Satisfaction

Health & Safety Culture, Nation Economic growth, Government Intervention (GIF)

Construction Participant (CPF) Fig (3) Tertiary Institution (TIF) Construction Supervisions (CSF) Client Involvement (CIF)

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Distribution Curves of H&S


Normal Curve

Fig. 6

-1

+1

Skewness

Fig. 7

+1

Kurtosis

-1 Fig. 8

H&S Cases of Non-Performance/Performance: Could it have been that there is non-performance of H&S in the industry as a result of nonexistence of H&S culture. Could it have been that there is non-compliance of H&S in the industry; of H&S. For a Single Parameter case: (Time T; Cost C; & Quality Q) Thus, Non-compliance Non performance: c p; Therefore HS T; HS C; = k. Do we say ; What is the effect of H&S on project time? HS = KT (1) HS = KC (2) 21 (if there is non-compliance there will be non-performance) however there may be existence

HS Q;

HS = KQ (QMS & TQM) .(3)

For a Double Parameter case: (T&C; T&Q; & C&Q) Thus, Non-compliance Non performance: c p1 * p2; Therefore; = k.T x k.C ; = k.T x k.Q ; = k.C x k.Q HS [T, C]; HS [T,Q]; HS [C,Q]; HS = K1[T,C] ..(4) HS = K2[T,Q] ..(5) HS = K3[C,Q] ..(6)

For a Triple Parameter case: (TCQ) Thus, Non-compliance Non performance: c p1 * p2 * p3; Therefore; HS [T, C, Q]; HS = K4[T,C, Q]; = k.T x k.C x k.Q HS = KT[T,C, Q] * [] ..(7)

...
in-turn the function for HS Productivity Rule.

.......(Ganis Principle of HS Productivity)

The Cruzeiro sign is a currency symbol adopted by the researcher to represent Gani which is

Thus, K4 = KT = K1 * K2 * K3 (Product).(8) Therefore, the further questions arising are: What is the effect of HS of projects on completion time of the project? What is the effect of HS of projects on completion cost of the project? What is the effect of HS of projects on completion quality of the project? What is the effect of HS of projects on productivity of the project? What is the effect of HS of projects on client satisfaction of the project?

Accident causation factors An important part of any safety strategy is the provision of an effective accident investment methodology. For accident investigation to be meaningful, selecting the appropriate accident causation model is essential.

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There are two major classifications of accident events, namely; essential and contributory factors. These events can be identified as follows: Essential the accident would not have occurred without this, e.g. a person slips over because some fluid is on the floor Contributory if not present the accident could still occur, but the probability increases if this factor is present, e.g. when the person slipped over on the floor the lighting level in the area was very poor.

Accident Models There are many models of accident causation by different authors from many disciplines such as engineering, psychology and science. These models relate events to outcomes and explain complex relationship between the employee and his or her work dynamics.

Energy damage model This model looks at the relationship between the source of the energy and the resultant effect of the energy exchange on the recipient (e.g. person, environment, or equipment). The types of energy which cause the damage are numerous (Taylor et al, 2004). These are: Kinetic energy Thermal energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy Chemical or biochemical energy Acoustic/vibration energy.

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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Research Method

A descriptive research design was adopted; which provides answers to unanswered quesitions about the subject of the study and assisted in making generalization of its findings about the population.

3.1

Research Design

The sample survey strategy was adopted; the sample survey used generated the kind of information required as well as providing a good basis for generalization of findings inspite of limited resources (time, money and respondent sincerity).

3.2

Characteristics of the study population

The population of study was made up of construction professionals and other field workers that are on ongoing construction project in Lagos, Abuja, and Kaduna.

3.3

Sample sizes, sampling techniques

The total 30 construction companies (multinational and indigenous) of which the entire 30 are registered corporate organisation with Federation Of Construction Industry (FOCI) was considered. These companies granted access to their head offices and branch offices and as well their ongoing construction worksite. Note; there must be an ongoing worksite per Construction Company. The data centers on Worksite supervisors or Project Manager in each cases of the 30 registered contractors. The Sampling technique adopted was the non-random sampling techniques that focused on primary data essentially. 24

3.4

Data Collection Instrument:

The research centred on the objectives of the study by collection of primary data through the use of a structured questionnaires and also by participant observation method. Oral interviews were also conducted at visitation to selected construction companies ranging from multinational to indigenous contractors in Nigeria.

3.5

Pilot Study

A pilot study was first undertaken to enable the researcher have an overview of possible constraint and as well be decisive of the final data instrument to be adopted for the research study.

3.6

Validity of the Study Instrument

Validity means whether the instrument is truly measuring the specific that is supposed to measure. That means, the more adequate the measurement the more valid is the instrument. The questionnaire was made available to the supervisor for scrutiny.

3.7

Reliability of the Study Instrument

The two common type of reliability test are: Test re-test method and the Split-half method. The Test re-test method was adopted for the purpose of this survey. Test/Re-test = 1, or Test score Re-test = 0 ................................................Reliable Test/Re-test 1 .............................................................................................Not reliable (Kumar, 1996) 3.8 Data Analysis:

SPSS was used to carry out the general analysis of the survey instrument which analyses the section A of the questionnaire. Relative importance weighting (RIW) was also used particularly for

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objective 3, which is to determine whether there is a safety standard of worksites and construction labour in Nigeria.

where RIW =

ai
1=1

x ni ------------------------------------- (1) xy 4, 5, ai = 5 4 3 2 1 (Kumar, 1996)

i =1

i = 1,

2, 3,

The Characteristics of the population considered are multinational and indigenous contractors, however because of time constraint the research only focused on indigenous client organizations, contractors, and consultants as earlier stated. The Sample size is not necessarily a representative of the population as a result of time constraint of delivering this study, thus the sampling technique is non-probability sampling. The method of data collection was by hand, which necessitated physical visit to the various construction worksites around Lagos, Kaduna and Abuja. The response rate of the total of 30 questionnaires distributed was 100% although there may be 1 or 2 un-answered questions now and then. The summary of recovered questionnaires is 30. The operationalization of the variables that was used in the descriptive statistic is hypothetical statement that is being measured in percentages for table 1 and 2. For table 3, Likert scale of; = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = neutral, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree. other tables scale corresponds to the secondary source for uniformity purpose as; 6=Very important, 5=Important, 4=Somewhat important, 3=Little importance, 2=Not important, 1=Unsure. The questionnaire sought, amongst others objective on prevailing H&S concept: Construction Occupational H&S practices; Project delivery parameters, that is, H&S culture and H&S practices; Sources of awareness of Construction legislations and regulations; Extent of Stakeholders contribution to H&S; Performance of Occupational H&S culture on Project performance; and on Safety performance; Safety factor analysis effects on Preconstruction safety plans. 26 5 The

The questionnaire was self-administered. It is important to note that Nigeria has little or no secondary data on H&S records and regulation of its Construction industry (Idoro, 2004 as cited in Idoro, 2008) and so the researcher was challenged with the plight to publish secondary information as a way to address the decadence of H&S non-compliance in Nigeria construction industry. The focus is to access H&S input on the above H&S conceptual frame work. The aim therefore is to elicit opinions of major key actors in construction administration like; Architects, Contractors, Engineers, Insurers, Project Managers, Private Sector Client, and Public Sector Client, Quantity Surveyors, and Others.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.0 Introduction 27

30 questionnaires were recovered and analyzed using SPSS for section A (Bio-data) and RIW for section B (objective 2, 3, & 4). Thus, the presentation is as highlighted below.

4.1

Analysis of Bio-Data

Role in the construction industry The results of the statistical table below indicates that there are more Contractors than the other Construction participant. This occurrence percentage is approximately 59% and is true for a real life situation of what is applicable in the Nigeria Construction business environment.

Table 1: Role in construction industry

Participant Client organization Contractor Consultant Total

Frequency 6 17 6 29

Percent 20.7 58.6 20.7 100

Years of involvement in occupational H&S in construction industry There are younger Engineers on construction sites now a day than it was in the 1980s. The older ones are the present Project Managers. The less than 10 years working experience are 22 Nos out of 30 questionnaires administered. This percentage represents 75.8%, that is, 3/4 of the total study population which is quite acceptable.

Table 2: Years of H&S Experience in Construction Industry Years none less than 10 years 11-20 years Frequency 3 22 3 Percent 10.3 75.8 10.3

28

above 30 years Total

1 29

3.4 100

Stakeholders involvement in H&S The table below is the summary of the situation of what is obtainable in the Nigeria Construction Industry. What constitute the bulk of young supervisors on Nigeria construction worksites are the Civil Engineers or Quantity surveyors. This will also be very true if a larger Sample population is investigated. The two disciplines forms minimum of 1/3 of the total sample population. Their combined population is estimated as; 37.9% + 34.4% = 72.3% which also form 3/4 of the total studied population and tallies with the result of the Less than 10 years working experience of young Site Supervisors/Engineers as above (table 2).

Table 3: Stakeholders Profession architect contractor engineer private sector client quantity surveyor other Total Frequency 2 3 11 2 10 1 29 Percen t 6.9 10.3 37.9 6.9 34.4 3.4 100

4.2

Performance of H&S Culture as it affects Constrictors project performance in terms of; cost, quality, time, project H&S and public HSE.

The above field analysis shows that Cost and Quality as Project factors have the greatest impact to negatively affect or improve the H&S performance of construction projects. 29

This invariably means certain cost must be budgeted for H&S design, plans, provisions at the procurement phase well before the inception of the construction work. The quality of the project becomes definitely defined as there will not be incidences of accident that might greatly disrupt and delay the project and subsequently impact accident cost on the project. The implication of total accident costs is the direct costs which forms workers compensation premium per event year (Taylor et al, 2004). The other implication of incidences of accident is frequent replacement of artisan which often slow down the pace of work and greatly affects quality of the project.

Table 4. : Construction Parameters as they affect Project Performance of H&S Culture.


Project Parameters effects of project cost on project performance effects of project quality on project performance effects of project H&S on project performance effects of project time on project performance effects of public HSE on project performance N 30 Mean 5.67 Rank 1

30

5.43

30 30 30

5.13 5.07 4.90

3 4 5

Scale: 6=Very important, 5=Important, 4=Somewhat important, 3=Little importance, 2=Not important, 1=Unsure 4.3 Best H&S Practices

Discussion of Result The Construction Regulations are currently being extensively reviewed as part of the ongoing effort to improve the H & S performance of the industry. The above field analysis shows that Client 30

Satisfaction, Cost and Quality as a Project indicator for best H & S practices in construction projects in Nigeria which agrees with the result of objective one above Also in agreement are Smallwood and Haupt (2005), findings from the perception survey conducted in South Africa which has Client Satisfaction to predominate in terms of the importance of various project parameters, followed by Quality, and Cost. Finally, Huang and Hinze (2006), with regards to Best Practices the involvement of Owners has been regarded as an essential requirement for zero injuries objective.

Client Satisfaction as it affects Best H&S Practices Client Satisfaction as it affect best H & S practices appears as below from the field data analysed. The result gave Mean 5.30 as the highest respondent which implies that Client Satisfaction will go a long way in determining good or bad H & S practices at worksite in Nigeria construction industry.

Cost as it affects Best H & S Practice Cost as it affect best H & S practices appears as below from the field data analysed. The result gave Mean 5.23 as the 2nd highest respondent which implies that more cost set aside or incorporated at Preconstruction stage for all possible risk analysis which tended towards Safety Design Planning by the H&S Designer will help prevent and reduce accident, injuries, hazards and fatalities at the construction site. Therefore, more cost implies best H & S practices at worksite in any Construction industry. This is Fundamental everywhere. Quality as it affects Best H & S Practices Quality as it affect best H & S practices appears as below from the field data analysed. The result gave Mean 5.17 as the 3rd highest respondent which implies that Qualitative work done at any

31

construction site tells the extent of adherence to best H & S practices at that worksite in any Construction industry. This is Fundamental everywhere always.

H & S Culture as it affects Best H & S Practices H & S culture as it affect best H & S practices appears as below from the field data analysed. The result gave Mean 4.90 as the 4th highest respondent which implies that H & S not use as way of life will and always affect best H & S practices at worksite in Nigeria construction industry.

Environment as it affects Best H & S Practices Environment as it affect best H & S practices appears as below from the field data analysed. The result gave Mean 4.83 as the 5th highest respondent which implies that Business Environment may not really affect H&S way of life or perception of a set of people. This is universal and logical.

Productivity as it affects Best H & S Practices Productivity as it affect best H & S practices appears as below from the field data analysed. The result gave Mean 4.77 as the 6th and last respondent which implies that Productivity is also Significant but not pressing among Parameters that affect best H & S practices at worksite in Nigeria construction industry.

Table 5. : The Level of Importance of Parameters as it affects Best H&S Practices


Mea n 5.30

Project Parameters Client satisfaction as it affect best H&S practices

N 30

Rank 1

32

Cost as it affect best H&S practices Quality as it affect best H&S practices H&S Culture as it affect best H&S practices Environment as it affect best H&S practices practices Productivity as it affect best H&S practices

30 30

5.23 5.17

2 3

30

4.93 4

30

4.83

30

4.77

Scale: 6=Very important, 5=Important, 4=Somewhat important, 3=Little importance, 2=Not important, 1=Unsure.

4.4

H&S Practices

Contractor: Contractor H&S performance is influenced by a number of (internal and external) factors as below of a total 32 common factors inherent of construction projects (Smallhood &

33

Haupt, 2005) as cited in (cidb, 2010). However, Idoro, (2007) says, Safety performance is viewed in terms of a healthy and safe working environment. Researchers used several factors to represent or measure H&S performance. In addition, H&S performance is influenced by upstream factors and specifically monitoring of compliance by the clients agent. Nigerian contractors demonstrated the following attitude as unveil by this survey: The head office management addressing H&S issues. Workers are rewarded for good H&S. Nigeria construction Industry demonstrates a fair Communication and feedback culture in the aspect of: Regular H&S meetings; Workers being encouraged to report unsafe and unhealthy behaviour and working conditions; This implies Nigeria construction workers do not report unsafe and unhealthy working conditions as cited in (Idoro, 2008) which implication is that records of construction accident, injuries, fatalities and hazards will not be taken and kept. Nigeria Construction Industry has a good H&S supervisory environment except in the aspect: H&S inspection which are done regularly and at least daily which is likely to be un-true if an Hypothesis test is conducted; Nigeria also has a fairly okay supportive environment; Health and Safety rules and Procedures: Nigeria does have a written H&S Policy in place which has not reflected in our ways and attitude at construction worksite. Training and Competence Level: Workers do not undergo H&S induction before they are allowed to start work; poor attitude to proper care and use of PPE; greatly required H&S education and training. Work Pressure: 34

Workers are not allowed to participate in H&S policy drafting Nigeria workers lack proper H&S supervision. Though, Hinze (1997) cites in Fang, Huang, & Hinze (2004) says that, the level of authority of Foreman on site is key to safety management on site because first line supervisors directly influence workers on the project.

Table 6. : The effects of Occupational H & S culture on health and safety performance. H & S Factors
More H & S education and training is needed The H & S of workers is important to the head office management The head office management ensure compliance with H & S legislation and regulations Workers often work shifts or overtime Workers have the right to refuse to work in unsafe conditions The head office management insists on the elimination of hazards Results of H & S inspections are always discussed at H & S meetings All workers are kept informed of the provisions of the H & S plan Each project has a project-specific H & S plan Construction accidents are caused by unsafe worker acts or behaviour Workers are encouraged to report unsafe and unhealthy behaviour and working conditions The head office management always address H & S issues The head office management are intolerant of poor construction H & S All workers undergo orientation/induction before they are allowed to start work on site The firm is only concerned with getting the job done as quickly as possible We have regular H & S meetings We have a written H & S policy in place H & S inspections are done regularly and at least daily Workers are responsible for the H & S of their fellow workers Workers are trained in the proper care and use of PPE Workers are responsible for their own H & S The firm employs trained H & S staff on projects Most workers on site view health and safety as important Workers are involved with H & S inspections Workers are consulted when the H & S plan is complied

Mean

Rank

4.4 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3

1 2 3 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 11 12 12 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 22 22 22 22

35

Workers regularly report unsafe and unhealthy behaviour and working conditions We have trained H & S representatives on site Workers are regularly trained in H & S The firm penalizes workers for poor H & S Workers are rewarded for good H & S Workers participated in the formulation of the H & S policy There is a general lack of proper supervision

3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9

22 27 27 29 30 30 32

Scale 5 = strongly agree, 4 = strong, 3 = neutral, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree

Table 7: Best H&S Practices and Worst H&S Practices Best H & S Factors
More H & S education and training is needed The H & S of workers is important to the head office management The head office management ensure compliance with H & S legislation and regulations

Mean Rank

4.4 4.2 4.0

1 2 3

Worst H& S Factors


Workers are rewarded for good H & S Workers participated in the formulation of the H & S policy There is a general lack of proper supervision

Mean

Rank

2.9 2.9

30 30 32

36

4.5

Degree of Contribution of Stakeholders/Participant on Project H&S

The Construction Regulations place the responsibility for construction H&S on all participants in the construction process including Clients. In addition to good corporate governance issues, the client therefore has a legal obligation to address H&S in procurement process, which is reflected in (amongst other) the selection and appointment of the project participants and contract documentation. The above result gave Project Managers and Contractors as the highest contributors to Project H&S in Nigeria. This result is supported by a similar research of H&S perception survey carried out in South Africa by Smallwood and Haupt (2005) which concludes that, Contractors predominate in terms of the perceived extent to which stakeholders can contribute to H&S. The below is the result of the Extent to which the Nigerian Construction Stakeholders can contribute to H&S in the Construction Industry in the order significance.

Table 8. : Degree of Contribution of Stakeholders/Participant on Project H&S

37

Organization/Stakeholders Project managers Contractors Engineers Architect Quantity Surveyors Source: (field source)

Mean

Rank

4.4 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.3

1 2 3 4 5

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion

The converging points of observation from this survey carried out are thus concluded below: Quality and Cost are Project factor that has the greatest impact to negatively affect or improve the H&S performance of construction projects in Nigeria. Client Satisfaction, Cost and Quality as Project indicators for best H&S practices in construction projects in Nigeria. The Nigerian construction workers does required more H & S education and training. Project Managers and Contractors are the highest contributors to Project H&S on Construction worksite in Nigeria.

5.2

Recommendations

38

To enhancing the quality and cost of projects, pre-contract plan must be such that constitute bills of quantities to include itemised provisions for H&S of workers;

Client involvement is imperative in selecting Contractors based on Construction H&S practices and procedures;

Government and Construction Professionals to create separate construction regulatory and supervisory body to monitor H&S training vis-a-vis H&S performance and report unsafe H&S attitude, treatment and unfair compensation of construction workers;

The bulk of people that makes up the present Project Managers and Contractors in the industry now a days are Civil Engineers and Quantity surveyors who were the vast population that makes up the site engineers one decade ago and are in better position to monitor H&S performance of construction labour in Nigeria;

Contribution to Knowledge Health and Safety issues are really talked about as a result of lack of sensitization, orientation, symposia and workshops held over it. The society which supposed to be fully endowed with sanity, good health hygiene, water availability, fresh free air, protection of the ozone layers, green culture, etc have lacked drastically and this therefore call for this study to bring about awareness not just in our commune environment but also at construction workplaces world over. The H&S is write up on construction industry in Nigeria will assist the Government to plan and budget the necessaries to provide sustainable HSE system for Nigeria construction workers. Records of accident, fatalities, hazards, and injuries will henceforth be kept and when the need arises compensation will be given to whoever suffers damages which will form part of the duty of care the construction employee deserves from their employers.

Further Study 39

Further study will explore details into the Triple Parameter Case TCQ; Time, Cost and Quality. The Cruzeiro sign is a currency symbol adopted by the researcher to represent Gani which is in-turn the function for HS Productivity Rule of Triple Parameter Case (TCQ). Where: Non-compliance Non performance: c p1 * p2 * p3; = k.T x k.C x k.Q. HS [T, C, Q]; HS = K4[T,C, Q]; HS = KT[T,C, Q] * [] .(7).

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