Describe Communication System Model with block diagram:

Source: The device generates data to be transmitted. Transmitter: A transmitter transforms and encodes generated data in such a way as to produce electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted. Transmission System: A single transmission line or complex network connecting source and destination. Receiver: The receiver accepts the signal transmitted by the system and converts it into a form that can be handled destination.by the Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver.

Data Communication deals with the transmission of signals in a variable and efficient object; This covered: Signal Transmission Transmission Media Signal Encoding Interfacing Data Link Control Multiplexing

Signal transmission: The principles of data transmission underlie all of the concepts and techniques presented in this book. To understand the need for encoding, multiplexing, switching, error control, and so on, the reader must understand the behavior of data signals propagated through a transmission medium. Transmission Media: Transmission media can be classified as either guided or wireless. The most commonly- used guided transmission media are twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Wireless techniques include terrestrial and satellite microwave, broadcast radio, and infrared. Chapter 3 covers all of these topics.

Signal Encoding: Usually, the data generated by a source system are not transmitted directly in the form in which they were generated. Rather, a transmitter transforms and encodes the information in such a way as to produce electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted across some sort of transmission system. Interfacing: The receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it into a form that can be handled by the destination device. Data Link Control: True cooperative exchange of digital data between two devices requires some form of data link control. Chapter 6 examines the fundamental techniques common to all data link control protocols including flow control and error detection and correction, and then examines the most commonly used protocol, HDLC. Multiplexing: Transmission facilities are, by and large, expensive. It is often the case that two communication stations will not utilize the full capacity of a data link. For efficiency, it should be possible to share that capacity. The generic term for such sharing is multiplexing. The key elements of the Communication model are: Transmission system utilization Addressing Interfacing Routing Signal generation Recovery Synchronization Message formatting Exchange management Security Error detection and correction Network management Flow control Addressing Routing Recovery Message formatting Security Network management

Transmission System Utilization: Refers to the need to make efficient use of transmission facilities that are typically shared among a number of communicating devices. Various techniques are used to allocate the total capacity of a transmission medium among a number of users. Congestion control techniques

may be required to assure that the system is not overwhelmed by excessive demand for transmission services. Interface: In order to communicate, a device must interface with the transmission system. All the forms of communication discussed in this book depend, at bottom, on the use of electromagnetic signals propagated over a transmission medium. Signal Generator Recovery: Thus, once an interface is established, signal generation is required for communication. The properties of the signal, such as form and intensity, must be such that they are (1) Capable of being propagated through the transmission system (2) Interpretable as data at the receiver. Synchronization Message Formatting: Not only must the signals be generated to conform to the requirements of the transmission system and receiver, but there must be some form of synchronization between transmitter and receiver. The receiver must be able to determine when a signal begins to arrive and when it ends. It must also know the duration of each signal element. Exchange Management: Beyond the basic matter of deciding on the nature and timing of signals, there are a variety of requirements for communication between two parties that might be collected under the term exchange management. Error detection and correction: n all communications systems, there is a potential for error; transmitted signals are distorted to some extent before reaching their destination. Error detection and correction are required in circumstances where errors cannot be tolerated; this is usually the case with data processing systems. Flow Control: Flow control is required to assure that the source does not overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than they can be processed and absorbed. Addressing and Routing: When a transmission facility is shared by more than two devices, a source system must somehow indicate the identity of the intended destination. The transmission system must assure that the destination system, and only that system, receives the data. Further, the transmission system may itself be a network through which various paths may be taken. Recovery: Recovery is a concept distinct from that of error correction. Recovery techniques are needed in situations in which an information exchange, such as a data base transaction or file transfer, is interrupted due to a fault somewhere in the system. Message formatting: It has to do with an agreement between two parties as to the form of the data to be exchanged or transmitted. For example, both sides must use the same binary code for characters. Security: Frequently, it is important to provide some measure of security in a data communications system. The sender of data may wish to be assured that only the intended party actually receives the data; and the receiver of data may wish to be assured that the received data have not been altered in transit and that the data have actually come from the purported sender.

Network management: Finally, a data communications facility is a complex system that cannot create or run itself. Network management capabilities are needed to configure the system, monitor its status, react to failures and overloads, and plan intelligently for future growth. Signal Properties: The properties of signal to be generated 1. Capable being propagated through the transmission system 2. Interpretable as data at the receiver Data Communication Networking: It is often impractical for two communication devices are directly, point to point connected. This is so for one of the following configures: - The devices are very far apart, it would be or during expensive - There is a set of devices, each of which may require a link to many of the other at various times. Local Area Networks: Local Area Network (LAN) is used to connect the devices which are geographically located very close to each other, like in Home, Building itself or Campus environment. LANs are designed to allow resource sharing between personal computer and workstation. Shared resources can be Hardware, software or data. LAN network may be very simple depending upon the need and type of technology used. LAN network may be just two computers and a printer, or in an organization where hundreds of computers are interconnected.

Metropolitan Area Network: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a hybrid between LAN and WAN. Like WAN, MAN usually connects two LANs in same geographical area like two buildings in a city. MAN normally covers area inside the city. Whereas WAN usually gives low to medium speed, MAN provides high speed connection such as T1 A good example of MAN is part of the telephone company network that can provide a high speed DSL line to the customer. Devices used to provide connections for MANs include high-end routers, ATM switches, and optical switches.

Wide-Area Networks: Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to connect the devices which are geographically located at large distances. WAN can be used to connect two or more LANs together, that

may be geographically separated. A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the internet. We have first referred to switched WAN and point to point WAN.

Major transmission impairments: The major transmission impairments are as follows:

Attenuation: Attenuation means loss of energy. Any signal loses some of its energy in overcoming the resistance of a medium when being transmitted through that medium. The strength of a signal falls off with distance over any transmission medium.

Delay Distortion: Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape. Each frequency component has its own speed of propagation through a medium. Therefore a delay can be introduced within those components due to the difference in speed.

Noise: Any unwanted signal is a noise. Several types of noise, such as thermal noise, induced noise; crosstalk and impulse noise may corrupt the signal.

Channel Capacity: The rate at which data can be transmitted over a given communication path or channel under given conditions, is called Channel capacity of that channel. There are four concepts that relate to each other: Data Rate Bandwidth Noise Error Rate Data Rate: A very important consideration in data comm. is how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel. It depends on three factors: The bandwidth available The level of the signals we use The quality of the channel Error Rate: The rate at which error occurs, where an error is reception of 1 when a 0 is transmitted or vice-versa. Show the flow transmission of a simplified architecture for file transfer

Show the protocols of a simplified architecture.

Show the protocols architecture model.

Describe the OSL layer model.

Show the TCP/IP and OSI model layer protocol architecture and application level.

Describe transmission media and their diagram with details

What do you know about CRC, parity check and error detection?