Coldes V4

User Manual
Engineering Systems

COPYRIGHT NOTICE (C) Copyright Engineering Systems Pty Limited 1992-2004. All rights are reserved. The copyright applies to this manual and to the corresponding software (together referred to herein as the licensed material). DISCLAIMER Subject to limitations imposed by law, Engineering Systems Pty Limited makes no warranty of any kind in connection with the licensed material. Neither Engineering Systems Pty Limited nor its agents shall be liable for any errors contained in the licensed material nor for any incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing or use of the licensed material. Engineering Systems Pty Limited and its agents are not engaging in the provision of consulting services in supplying or supporting the licensed material. Users of the licensed material are advised that output from computer software should be subjected to independent checks. Engineering Systems Pty Limited reserves the right to revise and otherwise change the licensed material from time to time without notification or provision of revised material. SOFTWARE LICENCE The software is supplied to the user under licence. It may be installed on as many computers as required but the number of concurrent users must not exceed the number of licences held. For network licences, use is permitted only in the country for which the licence was supplied. The software may not be sub-licensed, rented, or leased to another party. The licence can only be transferred to another party at the discretion of Engineering Systems Pty Limited. Engineering Systems Pty Limited 14 Eastern Road PO Box 85 Turramurra NSW 2074 Australia Tel: Fax: E-mail: Web: (02) 9488 9622 (02) 9488 7883 support@microstran.com.au www.microstran.com.au/coldes.htm

August, 2006

Preface
Coldes is a computer program that has been used for many years for the design and checking of reinforced concrete columns. Coldes V4 complies with AS 3600-2001 and offers a new user interface and many new features including virtual reality graphics for visualizing the column geometry and loads, strength characteristics, and the effects of slenderness. Two powerful features of Coldes are its ability to analyse columns of any shape and its rigorous theoretical treatment of biaxial bending. Accurate interaction diagrams can be produced for any column, for any load angle, without recourse to approximate code formulae for biaxial bending. The Readme.txt file contains any amendments to this manual. The file is automatically displayed during installation but it may be displayed in Notepad at any time by double-clicking the file in Windows Explorer.

Contents
Preface 1:Introduction iii 1

Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Limitations................................................................................................................................ 1 Computer Requirements ........................................................................................................... 2

2:Installation

Installing Coldes ....................................................................................................................... 3 Hardware Lock ......................................................................................................................... 3 Folders ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Starting Coldes.......................................................................................................................... 4 How to Make a Shortcut on the Desktop .................................................................................. 4 Launch with Double-Click........................................................................................................ 5 Printing in Coldes ..................................................................................................................... 6 Print and Print Preview Commands............................................................................ 6 The Windows Print Dialog Box ................................................................................. 6 The Page Setup Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 7 Configuration............................................................................................................................ 8 Configurable User Graphic on Reports................................................................................... 10 Data from Earlier Versions ..................................................................................................... 11 Web Update ............................................................................................................................ 11 Technical Support................................................................................................................... 12

3:User Interface

13

The Coldes Window ............................................................................................................... 13 The Column Dialog Box......................................................................................................... 14 Coldes Commands .................................................................................................................. 15 Coldes Help ............................................................................................................................ 16 File Menu................................................................................................................................ 18 Edit Menu ............................................................................................................................... 18 View Menu ............................................................................................................................. 19 Job Menu ................................................................................................................................ 20 Columns Menu ....................................................................................................................... 20 Help Menu .............................................................................................................................. 21 Main Toolbar .......................................................................................................................... 21
Coldes V4 Contents i

4:Column Data

23

Units ........................................................................................................................................23 Default Data ............................................................................................................................23 Concrete Properties .................................................................................................................23 Reinforcement .........................................................................................................................24 Section Types ..........................................................................................................................25 Applied Loads .........................................................................................................................27 Minimum Eccentricity.............................................................................................................28 Slenderness..............................................................................................................................28

5:Output

31

Analysis Report.......................................................................................................................31 Interaction Diagrams ...............................................................................................................31 Virtual Reality Graphics..........................................................................................................35

6:Computations

39

Assumptions............................................................................................................................39 Design Mode ...........................................................................................................................39 Minimum Eccentricity.............................................................................................................40 Fire Rating...............................................................................................................................41 Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship........................................................................................41 Confinement and High-Strength Concrete ..............................................................................44

7:DXF Output

45

General ....................................................................................................................................45 The Header DXF .....................................................................................................................45

8:Examples

47

Rectangular Column................................................................................................................47 General Shape Column............................................................................................................52

Appendix Index

55 57

References ...............................................................................................................................55

ii Contents

Coldes V4

1:Introduction

Scope
Coldes is a computer program for the design and checking of reinforced concrete columns to AS 3600-2001. Columns may be of rectangular, circular, or general shape. Minimum eccentricity and slenderness may be taken into account automatically. Reports may include interaction diagrams in several styles and column cross-sections may be output to a CAD DXF file. Virtual reality graphics is available for visualizing the three-dimensional section interaction surface together with load points showing the effects of slenderness. Column geometry and bending moment diagrams can also be displayed with virtual reality graphics.

Limitations
The following limitations apply to Coldes: Torsion and shear are not considered. Reinforcing bar clearances are not checked. All reinforcing bars have the same yield stress. Some concrete stress-strain relationships are limited to certain concrete strength grades. Slenderness calculations are not available for general shape columns. No checks are done for lateral reinforcement. The assumed concrete stresses can only be attained with adequate confinement, which Coldes does not check.

Coldes V4

1:Introduction 1

Computer Requirements
Minimum Pentium IBM PC or compatible. Windows 98. 64 MB RAM. 100 MB free hard disk space. 800 x 600 resolution. 16-bit color display. CD drive. Pentium 1 GHz or higher IBM PC or compatible. Windows 2000 or later. 1024 x 768 resolution or higher. 32-bit color display. Color printer.

Recommended

2 1:Introduction

Coldes V4

2:Installation

Installing Coldes
The Coldes Setup program will normally start automatically when you insert the CD into the drive. If it does not start automatically, follow these steps: Click on the Windows Start button and select Run. Browse to the Setup program on the distribution media. Execute the Setup program.

Setup will guide you through the installation process, prompting you for the program folder, and then copy the required files to the hard disk. Any required fonts will be installed if they are not already installed.

Hardware Lock
Coldes is normally supplied with a hardware lock that must be attached to the computer before you can start the program. Locks are available for either parallel (printer) or USB ports. Both types are shown at left. You must have Administrator privileges to install on Windows NT/2000/XP computers. Printer Port Lock A network lock is available to validate users over a network (i.e. the lock can be located on a remote computer). The additional set-up procedures required are described on a separate data sheet.

USB Lock Note: Plugging a printer port hardware lock into a serial port may damage your computer, the hardware lock, or both.

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2:Installation 3

Folders
The Setup program will establish a number of folders under the specified Coldes folder. If you use the default name the folders as displayed in Windows Explorer will look like this:

Folder Name
Coldes .....Data .....Drivers .....PDF .....Program

Comment
Coldes folder you can choose this name during installation. The default name is Coldes. Default data folder Coldes jobs can be stored in other folders if you wish. Hardware lock drivers. Adobe Acrobat PDFs. All Coldes program files and Help files.

Starting Coldes
The Setup program creates a Coldes entry on the Windows Programs menu. Select Start > Programs > Coldes to start Coldes.

How to Make a Shortcut on the Desktop

To make a shortcut to Coldes on the desktop drag the Coldes item from the Start > Programs menu while holding down the Ctrl key.

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Coldes V4

Launch with Double-Click

Coldes job files (Job.col, where Job is the job name) should be identified in Explorer with the Coldes icon. It is convenient to be able to double-click on one of these files in Explorer to start Coldes with the job. To do this, the COL file type must be associated with Coldes. The association between Coldes and the .COL file type may be established when Coldes is installed. You may also establish the association with the procedure set out below. These are the steps necessary to make Coldes launch with a doubleclick: In Explorer select the Tools > Folder Options command. Select the File Types tab. In the list box search for the Coldes job file type, which may be shown as COL File or Coldes Job File. If found, select this file type and click the Delete button. Close the dialog box. In Explorer browse to the Coldes data folder and double-click on any Coldes job file (if the file name extension .col is not visible you may see it by right-clicking and displaying the properties of the file). In the Open With dialog box click on the Browse button and browse to the Coldes program folder and select Col4.exe. In the Description box type Coldes Job File and click OK.

Now, check that you have successfully set up your system by browsing to a Coldes job file and double-clicking.

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2:Installation 5

Printing in Coldes
Print and Print Preview Commands
The File > Print command will print column details either multiple columns, or just one column at a large scale. There is also a Print button on each column dialog box to print reports for the current column. The File > Print Preview command displays the picture that would be printed by the File > Print command. The preview shows exactly what the printed page will look like so you can check margins and page orientation without wasting paper. Print previews are not available for reports. Note: If the preview shows a logo that is not printed there may be a problem with the printer driver. See Configurable User Graphic on Reports below.

The Windows Print Dialog Box

The File > Print command displays the Windows Print dialog box so you can change the target printer, the number of copies, or printer settings with the Properties button. When you click OK in this dialog box the selected printer becomes the current printer. Clicking the Print button on the main toolbar initiates a graphics print without the display of the Windows Print dialog box. The view is printed immediately to the current printer notice that the tooltip for the Print button shows the name of the current printer. The Print button in each column dialog box also displays the Windows Print dialog box before printing. Clicking the Properties button displays the printer properties dialog box. The page orientation setting in this dialog box is ignored as Coldes uses the orientation setting from the Page Setup dialog box.

WINDOWS PRINT DIALOG BOX

The Preview command, File > Print Preview, and the Preview button do not display the Windows Print dialog box. The preview is always for
6 2:Installation Coldes V4

the current printer. When you see a print preview on the screen there is a Print button at the top left of the preview window. Clicking this will initiate printing on the current printer. If you want to change the current printer after seeing a preview, close the preview window and then select the File > Print command.

The Page Setup Dialog Box

The Page Setup dialog box allows you to change settings affecting the printing of graphical output or reports. The current printer is initially set to the Windows default printer. A different printer may be selected in the Windows Print Setup dialog box that is shown when you click the Change button. You may also change the current printer in the Windows Print dialog box, shown when you select the File > Print command from the main menu.

PAGE SETUP

Logo Tick this box if you want Coldes to print a logo at the top of each page of printed output. When the box is checked you may choose one of the available bitmap files from the adjacent combo box. See Configurable User Graphic on Reports on page 10. Orientation Portrait or landscape orientation may be chosen independently for reports and graphics. Graphics includes section details and interaction diagrams. Margins You may set margin sizes independently for reports and graphics.

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2:Installation 7

Report The text size may be specified in points. There are 72 points to the inch. The default value is 8. Multi-column reports are available as long as there is room on the page. When there is insufficient room for the number of columns selected the number of columns is automatically reduced. To increase the density of printing in a report you may increase the number of columns and reduce the text size and margins. Graphics The specified text size determines the size of text in printed interaction diagrams. In section details, either single or multi-cell, the text size is determined automatically as a fraction of the cell height.

Configuration
The File > Configure command allows you to set a number of program parameters. Configuration settings are saved from run to run, for each user. Configuration settings are saved in the Windows registry under the HKEY_CURRENT_USER key. When you start a new job configuration settings are restored as they were at the last run. If necessary, you may delete all Coldes configuration data stored in the Windows registry by running ColReset.exe in the program folder. The File > Configure command displays the Configuration dialog box.

CONFIGURATION

Configuration items are: Country This determines reinforcement grades available. SI metric units are used unless the country setting is US and the Customary box is checked.

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Coldes V4

Design code Rules for checking a column are determined by this setting. When Coldes is supplied it is validated for design to one or more design codes. Only validated design codes may be selected. Use transformed area With this box checked, Coldes calculates section properties using the transformed area. Otherwise, section properties are based on the gross concrete section. Min. eccentricity method When this box is checked an alternative method is used for evaluating the minimum eccentricity for short columns. Instead of applying minimum eccentricities in the X and Y directions simultaneously, Coldes checks the eccentricity of the resultant moment against a value interpolated on an ellipse passing through the X and Y axis points of minimum eccentricity. The load angle is not changed by application of the minimum eccentricity. Choosing this method does not affect the evaluation of slenderness effects. Dialog box size The standard setting gives a Column dialog box of 770 591 pixels in size, or 962 756 pixels when the large font is selected in Display Properties. The large setting gives a size of 1024 726 pixels or 1280 930 pixels when the large font is selected. Output window The text size for the output window in column dialog boxes normal size is 11 or 12. This does not affect the size of printed text, which is determined in Page Setup see The Page Setup Dialog Box on page 7. Screen graphics Windows screen graphics is based on GDI, the Graphics Device Interface. GDI+, released in Windows XP, is an optional enhancement that provides higher quality screen graphics than previously attainable. GDI+ Check this box to use GDI+. This option may not work properly on older computers. The Delay control may be set if you experience problems with GDI+. Delay This control is only required if screen graphics does not work properly with GDI+. If screen images are incomplete select the minimum value that fixes the problem. OpenGL graphics OpenGL is the graphics system used in Windows for display of virtual reality images.

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2:Installation 9

Background color Background color may be black, grey, or white. White is recommended when you need to print an OpenGL image. OpenGL pixel format On computers supporting OpenGL there are 24 or more pixel formats, only some of which are suitable for Coldess virtual reality viewer. When the pixel format in the OpenGL Configuration dialog box is set to zero a pixel format is chosen automatically. If your display has the necessary color depth and the virtual reality viewer does not work, you may need to set the pixel format. Check the Readme.txt file for help if you need to choose a pixel format. WARNING: Use of an inappropriate value is likely to crash a computer running Windows 98 or ME.

Configurable User Graphic on Reports

You may use this feature to place your company logo at the top of all printed output.

Coldes allows you to have a small graphic at the top of each page of printed output. Any valid Windows bitmap file existing in the program folder may be selected in the Page Setup dialog box. Select the logo option to print the graphic on each page. If the option is not selected no graphic will be printed and no space will be allowed for it. On installation Coldes is configured to use the graphic shown below. You can unselect the option in Page Setup if you do not want a graphic.

DEFAULT GRAPHIC

The specification of the bitmap is: Width 1200 pixels Height 200 pixels Colors 256

Coldes prints the graphic in a space 50.8 mm wide and 8.5 mm high. Note: The Windows drivers for some printers do not support the printing of bitmaps. In such cases the logo may be shown in the print preview without actually printing.

10 2:Installation

Coldes V4

Data from Earlier Versions

Coldes V4 can import the .DAT data files created by previous versions of the program. A new job is automatically created for imported data.

Web Update
Minor program updates may be downloaded from the Coldes website.

You may use the web update facility in Coldes to determine when an update is required. While your computer is connected to the internet, clicking the Check Version button in the Help About dialog box displays the dialog box shown below. This displays the dates of your Coldes software and dates of the current web downloads so you can see whether an update is required.

You can connect to the Coldes website by clicking the Downloads hot link in the Help About dialog box. Here, you will find the components you need to download. Each is an executable file run it to unpack the update files. You may use the hot-link to e-mail Support for the passwords required. Note: You will have to stop Coldes prior to updating the main executable file. A new CD may be purchased as an alternative to using the internet download facility. New versions or major upgrades may not be downloaded from the Coldes website but may be purchased on CD when available.

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2:Installation 11

Technical Support
Coldes technical support is available to licensed users by telephone, fax, or e-mail. Use the Help > About Coldes command to display the serial number, the exact version number, and the configuration of your software. This information is required when you ask for technical support. In addition, the Help About dialog box contains hot-links directly to the Coldes website and to e-mail Support.

12 2:Installation

Coldes V4

3:User Interface

The Coldes Window

Right-clicking on a thumbnail displays a menu offering commands to show the column at full size, show an interaction diagram, edit, copy, delete, or print the column.

The Coldes window is a multi-cell view with the main menu and toolbar at the top. Each column in the current job is shown in miniature as a thumbnail in a cell. A data tip appears when the cursor passes over a cell containing a column. Double-clicking on a thumbnail displays a dialog box with the column data. The main menu is the principal command interface. Each main menu item gives access to a drop-down menu of commands. In general, each toolbar button corresponds to a menu item.

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3:User Interface 13

The Column Dialog Box

DIALOG BOX FOR RECTANGULAR COLUMN

Double-clicking on a thumbnail or selecting a command on the Columns menu displays a dialog box displaying input data and results for the selected column. The buttons located over the main window select the display. Detail gives a dimensioned detail diagram of the column crosssection. Key diagram shows cross-section parameters. Stress-strain shows the current concrete stress-strain relationship. Interaction displays an interaction diagram. Click the adjacent button to set the type of interaction diagram. Click the 3D button on the interaction diagram to show a virtual reality (VR) view of the interaction curves.

The data defining the column and loads are shown to the right of the main window. The adjacent buttons permit editing of any of the enclosed parameters. Click the 3D button inside the Loads group box to display a three-dimensional VR view of the column geometry and bending moment diagram. The output window at the bottom of the dialog box displays the results of the check operation. The Expand button enlarges the output window to show more of the results. Click the X button to close the expanded output window.

14 3:User Interface

Coldes V4

The Design option button initiates the design operation, which determines the bar size necessary for the column section to resist the applied loads. Click the 3D View button to display a three-dimensional VR view of the section interaction surface with load points. The Print button prints a report containing the current results. The report contains either the cross-section detail or the interaction diagram. The DXF button creates an AutoCAD format drawing exchange file containing cross-section details for the current column.

Coldes Commands
Coldes commands are available from: The main menu. Toolbar buttons. The context menu.

All program commands are available on the main menu and commonly used commands are also available on toolbar buttons or the context menu for added convenience. Commands selected from the main menu are referred to as shown in this example: File > Print Preview Commands selected by clicking a toolbar button are referred to by the name of the button, as shown in the tooltip.

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3:User Interface 15

Coldes Help
User Prompt The prompt is displayed at the bottom left side of the status bar whenever the cursor is positioned over a toolbar button or a menu item. Context-Sensitive (Pop-Up) Help
Pop-up or Whats This? Help is acknowledged as the easiest and most direct Help method.

Context-sensitive Help gives quick access to information about dialog box items. Simply click the question-mark button in the title bar then the item.

POP-UP HELP

Tooltips in Dialog Boxes Dialog box tooltips appear when the mouse cursor hovers over dialog box controls.

TOOLTIP

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Coldes V4

On-Line Help
HTML Help is an integral part of all versions of Windows since Windows 98.

Coldes on-line help allows you to browse help topics, look through an index, or do a full-text search for any word or phrase. The Coldes User Manual is available through on-line help.

HTML HELP

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3:User Interface 17

File Menu

New Open Save Save As Print Print Preview Page Setup Configure Recent File Exit

Create a new job. Open an existing job. Save the current job using the same file name. Save the current job to a specified file name and changes the name of the current job accordingly. Print the current view. Display the view as it would appear printed. Change the printing options. Configuration settings. Select recently used job. Exit Coldes

Edit Menu

Edit Cell Copy Cell

Edit a column. Click on a cell to select it for editing. Copy a column. Click on a cell to select it for copying to a new column. The new column name is derived from that of the source column.
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18 3:User Interface

View Menu

Toolbar Status Bar Show Full Size

Shows the toolbar. Shows the status bar. Permits selection of a column to be shown filling the view. Use the Show All command or the Back button to restore the view to its previous state. Permits selection of a column for which the interaction diagram is to be shown filling the view. Use the Show All command or the Back button to restore the view to its previous state. Shows all columns in the current job, up to the number of cells in the view. You may increase the number of cells displayed with the View > Make Cells Smaller command. Lists all columns in the current job in a table. Redraws the current view with an additional column of cells. This reduces the scale at which column thumbnails are shown. The number of rows is determined automatically according to the size of the main window. Redraws the current view with one less column of cells. This enlarges the scale at which column thumbnails are shown. Moves all cells up so that the top row is no longer visible. Moves all cells down. The bottom row may no longer be visible.

Interaction Diagram

Show All

List All Make Cells Smaller

Make Cells Larger Scroll Down Scroll Up

Coldes V4

3:User Interface 19

Job Menu

Name

Allows input of the job name. When Coldes starts from a shortcut the initial job name is Unnamed. Select this command to change the job name. Allows input of the job description shown on printed output.

Title

Columns Menu

Rectangular Section Circular Section

Creates a new column of rectangular section and displays the column dialog box for this column. Clicking OK in this dialog box saves the column in a cell in the main view. Creates a new column of circular section and displays the column dialog box for this column. Clicking OK in this dialog box saves the column in a cell in the main view. Creates a new column of general shape section and displays the column dialog box for this column. Clicking OK in this dialog box saves the column in a cell in the main view.

General Section

20 3:User Interface

Coldes V4

Help Menu

Help Topics

Displays the Help Topics dialog box. This has three tabs, Contents, Index, and Search, so you can easily find help topics. Displays details about this copy of Coldes and system resources. Also contains links to internet.

About Coldes

Main Toolbar

Open a new job. Open an existing job. Coldes displays the Open dialog box, in which you can locate and open the desired file. This command is for opening an existing job (one previously saved from Coldes). Save the job. Print the view; i.e. print a picture showing all thumbnail cells currently displayed. If the view contains a full-scale section detail or interaction diagram, this will be printed. Use the Print button in each column dialog box to print a report. Print preview; i.e. display exactly how the graphics will be printed. Back. Click this button to go back to the view of all columns after showing a column or interaction diagram at full size. Cells will be shown at a larger scale. Cells will be shown at a smaller scale. Scroll down. Scroll up. Help Topics on-line Help contains all information in the manual. Help About Coldes.
Coldes V4 3:User Interface 21

22 3:User Interface

Coldes V4

4:Column Data

Units
Coldes uses the units shown below. Item
Section dimension Column length Force Moment Stress Angle

SI Metric
mm m kN kN.m MPa (N/mm2) degree

US Customary
in. ft. kip kip-in ksi degree

Default Data
When you select a new column default values will appear for each parameter so that no additional data input is required to define a complete column. Interaction diagrams may be produced but load data must be added in order to check the column.

Concrete Properties
The concrete grade and stress-strain relationship are set in the Concrete Properties dialog box.

CONCRETE PROPERTIES DIALOG BOX

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4:Column Data 23

Several stress-strain relationships are available the rectangular stress block and the CEB 73, CEB 90, Modified Scott, and Collins-MitchellMacGregor (CMM) stress-strain curves. These are discussed in Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship on page 41. The table below shows standard concrete grades available with the different stress-strain relationships. You may type a value for fc instead of choosing a standard grade but values greater than 65 MPa are permitted only with the CEB 90, Scott, and CMM curves. Values above 80 MPa are permitted only with the Scott and CMM curves. The maximum value permitted is 100 MPa. Rect.
20 25 32 40 50 65 -

CEB 73
20 25 32 40 50 65 -

CEB 90
20 25 32 40 50 65 80

Scott
20 25 32 40 50 65 80

CMM
20 25 32 40 50 65 80

Note: Concrete grades above 65 MPa (high-strength concrete) do not comply with AS 3600-2001. Specialist knowledge is required to design columns using high-strength concrete.

Reinforcement
Steel yield stress may be selected from the fsy box pull-down in the Reinforcement Properties dialog box. Standard values are 250, 400, and 500 MPa. You may type a value for fsy instead of choosing a standard value but values greater than 550 MPa are not permitted. The reinforcement grade, and hence ductility, is inferred from the yield stress N is 500 or greater, Y is 400 or greater but less than 500, and R is anything else. Reinforcement grades above 500 MPa do not comply with AS 36002001.

REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES DIALOG BOX

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Coldes V4

Section Types
Coldes accommodates rectangular, circular, and general shape columns. Rectangular and Circular Sections The dialog box for entering the details for rectangular and circular sections is shown below. You may refer to the key diagram in the parent dialog box.

COLUMN SECTION DIALOG BOX

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4:Column Data 25

General Shape Section Columns that are not symmetrically reinforced rectangular or circular sections may be described as general sections. The section boundary is represented by a series of points whose coordinates must be entered in a clockwise sense. Coordinates are also given for the centroid of each reinforcing bar.

GENERAL SECTION PROPERTIES DIALOG BOX

Hollow sections must be specified by making one or more cuts in the wall of the section. Coordinates of vertices on the boundary are entered clockwise. The coordinates of the end points of cuts will appear twice. Boundaries may have up to 200 vertices and there may be up to 1000 reinforcing bars. An example is shown below.

INPUT OF GENERAL SHAPE SECTION

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Coldes V4

Applied Loads
Up to 100 load cases may be input for each column. Each load case is specified as an axial force acting at the plastic centroid of the section with co-existing bending moments acting about the section X and Y axes. Axial force is positive if compressive and moments are positive when acting in a right-handed sense. Note that an axial force acting in the first quadrant results in negative Mx and positive My. In the diagram below, the moments resulting from the eccentric axial load are shown.

SIGN CONVENTION FOR APPLIED LOADS

While a short column has a single section at which design loads are evaluated, a slender column has three each end, referred to as A and B, and the design section, usually a point of maximum bending moment about X or Y. Each new column input from the Columns menu is, by default, a short column. Clicking the Slender button in the column dialog box permits the input of moments at end A and end B for each existing load case. The ratio Q/G may also be input for each load case. Q and G are the design axial load components due to live load and dead load, respectively.

LOAD INPUT

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4:Column Data 27

Minimum Eccentricity
AS 3600 Cl. 10.1.2 specifies a minimum design bending moment about each principal axis equivalent to the design axial force acting at an eccentricity of 0.05 times the section dimension in the plane of the bending moment. A checkbox in the column dialog box controls the treatment of minimum eccentricity. When this box is empty, all moments are used as they have been input, and design or check results will take no account of the code minimum eccentricity. When the box contains a tick mark, Coldes automatically increases moments if necessary. The input values remain unchanged but the design moments may be changed. Refer to Minimum Eccentricity on page 40 for more information on the application of minimum eccentricity.

Slenderness
When the Slender checkbox in the column dialog box contains a tick, Coldes automatically evaluates the effect of slenderness using the information input in the Effective Lengths dialog box.

EFFECTIVE LENGTHS DIALOG BOX

Slenderness is considered independently for both the X and Y axes. In this dialog box you must specify the length of the column and, for each direction, whether it is braced or unbraced and the effective length (k) factors. When unbraced you must enter k factors for both the braced and unbraced conditions. This permits Coldes to determine the moment magnifier according to AS 3600 Cl. 10.4.3 as the larger of b, which is computed, and s, which is entered in the dialog box. The k and s values for the unbraced condition are not required where the column is braced. For either direction of bending the slenderness is compared to the kL/r limit obtained from Cl. 10.3.1(a) in order to determine whether the slenderness may be ignored. Note that the expression for a braced column can produce unrealistically large values. As a result, Coldes will not permit a limiting kL/r value exceeding 40 for a braced column.
28 4:Column Data Coldes V4

Load input for slender columns includes moments at each end of the column in addition to those at the design section see Applied Loads on page 27. End moments having the same sign correspond to single curvature bending of the column. AS 3600 uses the opposite sign convention for the ratio M*1/M*2, which determines whether the column is bent in single or double curvaure. Coldes takes this into account in computing M*1/M*2. Refer to Minimum Eccentricity on page 40 for more information on slenderness. The moments at all three sections in a slender column are magnified according to the code procedure and used for checking of the column cross-section. The report shows the input and magnified moments. The effect of slenderness on a column is graphically illustrated in the virtual reality image obtained by clicking the 3D View button in the column dialog box. See Virtual Reality Graphics on page 35.

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4:Column Data 29

30 4:Column Data

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5:Output

Analysis Report
Coldes generates reports individually for each column detail in the main multi-cell view. The report is headed by a plot which may be either a detail of the column section or an interaction diagram. The body of the report shows all input data for the column and computed capacities. If loads have been specified the analysis results will be included unless an interaction diagram is being displayed. Analysis results include capacity checks for each input load case, including the location of the section neutral axis and the maximum allowable value of the resultant moment. The ratio of the actual moment to the maximum allowable moment provides a measure of the column efficiency. The inverse of this ratio is a type of load factor and the minimum for all load cases is displayed in the data tip for each column. Typical reports are shown in Chapter 8:Examples.

Interaction Diagrams
Three types of interaction diagram are available: Single load angle, multiple reinforcement percentages. Multiple load angles. Interaction surface represented by N-Mx plot with My contours.

You may select the type and the desired options by clicking the ... button next to the Interaction button in the Column dialog box. This displays the dialog box shown below.

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INTERACTION DIAGRAM PROPERTIES

Single load angle, multiple reinforcement percentages

The load angle, , is shown in the title of the interaction diagram and represented graphically by the load symbol in the key diagram (if shown). The eccentricity of the load symbol is not significant its function is to show the load angle. The percentage of steel is shown for each curve. Load points are shown, together with the load case number, for any loads having an angle that is within +/- 1 degree of the load angle of the diagram. The red minimum eccentricity line represents the minimum bending moment stipulated in AS 3600 Cl. 10.1.2 and applies to all curves on the plot. When the load angle does not correspond to the X or Y axis the minimum eccentricity is interpolated on an ellipse passing through the values of 0.05B and 0.05D for the X and Y axes, respectively.

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Multiple load angles

The steel percentage, p, is shown in the title of the interaction diagram and the load angle is shown for each curve. Each curve has a minimum eccentricity line of the same color. It applies only to load points having the same angle as that of the curve. When the load angle does not correspond to the X or Y axis the minimum eccentricity is interpolated on an ellipse passing through the values of 0.05B and 0.05D for the X and Y axes, respectively. All load points are plotted using the vector sum of the Mx and My components.

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Interaction surface represented by N-Mx plot with My contours

The steel percentage, p, is shown in the title of the interaction diagram. Each curve represents a constant My contour, the outer one being for zero My moment. Minimum eccentricity is not shown. All load points are plotted using the Mx component with the My component represented in the same color range as that used for the curves. The plot can be displayed in a three-dimensional OpenGL view by clicking the 3D View button.

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Virtual Reality Graphics

Coldes uses OpenGL graphics as an aid for visualizing the capacity of the column, applied loads, geometry, and bending moments. The Column dialog box has buttons for displaying the various types of image see The Column Dialog Box on page 14. Interaction Surface Display Clicking the 3D View button in the Column dialog box displays the interaction surface together with any loads. The effect of slenderness on a column is graphically illustrated in the virtual reality image shown below. This displays the first quadrant of the interaction surface and load points corresponding to all three sections for each load case. Each load point is displayed in its original input location and with moments as increased for minimum eccentricity and slenderness effects.

3D VIEW SHOWING LOAD POINTS WITH MAGNIFIED MOMENTS Coldes V4 5:Output 35

Interaction Curve Display Clicking the 3D button superimposed on the interaction diagram in the Column dialog box displays a representation of the curves in threedimensional space. This may be useful when considering loads and load angles not in the first quadrant.

3D VIEW SHOWING INTERACTION CURVES

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Column Geometry and Bending Moment Display Clicking the 3D button in the Loads group box displays a threedimensional representation of the column showing longitudinal reinforcement. Bending moment diagrams are superimposed on the image for slender columns, where bending moments are input at each end and a design section. For a short column the bending moment diagram is represented only at the mid-height of the column because the end moments are not known. The View > Exaggerated Horiz. Scale command allows you to increase the horizontal scale to give a better view of the cross-section. For a slender column you may select the View > Magnified Moments menu command to toggle the bending moment diagram between that for the input and the magnified values.

3D VIEW SHOWING COLUMN GEOMETRY AND BENDING MOMENT

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6:Computations

Assumptions
In computing section capacity the following assumptions are made: The strain distribution in both concrete and reinforcement is linear across the section, i.e. plane sections remain plane. Concrete tensile strength is neglected. Concrete stresses are determined from either a rectangular stress block or a stress-strain curve meeting code requirements. For the rectangular stress block the ultimate strain in the concrete varies linearly from 0.003 when the neutral axis is within the section, to the steel yield strain when the neutral axis is at a large distance from the section. For stress-strain relationships other than the rectangular stress block, the ultimate bending strain may be less than 0.003 and the ultimate axial compression strain may be less than the steel yield strain. The reinforcing steel is perfectly elasto-plastic. Yield stress is the same in tension and compression.

Coldes uses a rigorous strain compatibility method to compute biaxial bending effects rather than empirical interaction formulae in combination with uniaxial capacities. The assumed position of the neutral axis is adjusted until the resultant load and moments converge to the applied load and moments. The column capacity is computed using discrete values for the area and locations of individual bars.

Design Mode
In design mode, bar size is incrementally increased until the section can resist all applied loads. As computations proceed, bar centroid locations in rectangular and circular sections are progressively recomputed for the current bar size. In general shape columns bar centroid locations are not changed.

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The automatic design mode may not always obtain the optimum result because it simply increases the size of existing bars. In some cases, it may be better to add more bars or change the bar arrangement.

Minimum Eccentricity
AS 3600 Cl. 10.1.2 states that: At any cross-section of a column, the design bending moment about each principal axis shall be taken to be not less than N* times 0.05D, where D is the overall depth of the column in the plane of the bending moment. When the minimum eccentricity checkbox is ticked Coldes automatically increases moments less than the code minimum. The exact behaviour depends on whether slenderness is considered or not. The X and Y axes are treated as if they are the principal axes. Note: Coldes computes the minimum radius of gyration for the column section. If this is less than the minimum of the X and Y radii of gyration the section principal axes are not aligned with the X and Y axes. Slender Column Slenderness must be considered independently for both the X and Y axes. The input moment for each axis is increased if necessary to satisy the code minimum. The new value is then used in calculating the moment magnification factor for bending about the corresponding axis. Short Column By default, Coldes checks the bending moments about the X and Y axes independently and increases each input moment if necessary to satisy the code minimum. When the input moments are zero the minimum eccentricity moment is applied about each axis simultaneously with the load angle being in the first quadrant (i.e. positive X and Y eccentricity). Coldes may be configured to use an alternative method for calculating the minimum eccentricity in short columns (see Configuration on page 8). With this method, the minimum eccentricity is calculated by interpolating (on an ellipse) between the X and Y axis values. The effect of this is to reduce the minimum eccentricity by up to 30% in some cases. The minimum eccentricity lines shown on interaction diagrams for load angles not corresponding to the X and Y axes are derived using this method. The load angle is not changed by application of the minimum eccentricity.

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Fire Rating
Fire ratings are computed in accordance with AS 3600 Fig. 5.6.3 and are reported for rectangular and circular columns assuming the column is exposed to fire on all sides.

Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship

Coldes offers several different concrete stress-strain relationships: Rectangular stress block. CEB 73. CEB 90. Modified Scott stress-strain curve. Collins-Mitchell-MacGregor stress-strain curve.

Graphs of each of these are shown below for 40 MPa concrete. Rectangular Stress Block The parameters defining the rectangular stress block are given in design codes (Ref. 1, Ref. 2). Coldes does not permit its use for concrete strengths exceeding 65 MPa.

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CEB 73 Stress-Strain Curve See Ref. 3. This curve is valid for concrete strengths up to 65 MPa. It is used for the interaction diagrams in the C&CAA T38 RC design handbook (Ref. 5) and it is also used in the Beletich & Uno textbook, Ref. 7.

CEB 90 Stress-Strain Curve See Ref. 4. This curve is valid for concrete strengths up to 80 MPa.

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Modified Scott Stress-Strain Curve This curve is discussed in Ref. 6.

Collins-Mitchell-MacGregor Stress-Strain Curve This curve is used in Ref. 7 for computing interaction diagrams for concrete strengths up to 120 MPa.

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Confinement and High-Strength Concrete

Lateral confinement of the core of the column and the design of lateral reinforcement are not considered in Coldes. The assumed concrete stresses are not attainable unless there is adequate lateral reinforcement. Coldes is an aid for designing columns. Specialist knowledge is required to design columns using high-strength concrete.

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7:DXF Output

General
Clicking on the DXF button in a column dialog box outputs the column detail to an AutoCAD-compatible DXF (Release 12). The detail is similar to the diagram of the column displayed in the column dialog box. Each time the DXF button is clicked a new DXF is created with a name of the form Job name_id.dxf, where Job name is the job name and id is the column name input by the user (up to 20 characters including embedded spaces). The DXF is saved to the data folder and a message box shows the path and name of the file written.

Any existing DXF for a particular column will be overwritten the next time the DXF button is clicked while editing that column.

The Header DXF

Drafting variables such as line types and dimension style are specified in the header DXF. This is a file called Coldes.dxf that is located in the Coldes program folder, normally \Coldes\Program. The header DXF is, in effect, a prototype drawing to which the column detail is added. It is read by Coldes, interpreted as required, and written to the output DXF. The Coldes.dxf file distributed with Coldes is compatible with AutoCAD Release 12. It may be changed as required by editing with a text editor, such as MsEdit. Items that may be changed include layer names, colors, line types, and the dimensioning variables. To avoid the possibility of conflicts between the prototype drawing and the header DXF, it is recommended that your CAD program is configured for no prototype drawing. The following dimension variables defined in the header DXF are interpreted by Coldes. When these are altered, the detail drawing will be
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affected accordingly. If arrowheads are required on dimension lines instead of 45 tick marks, the variable DIMTSZ must be set to zero.
DIMASZ DIMDLE DIMDLI DIMEXE DIMEXO DIMTSZ DIMTVP DIMTXT Arrow size Dimension line extension Increment between continuing dimension lines Extension distance for extension lines Offset distance for extension lines Tick size (arrows if zero) Text vertical position Text size

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8:Examples

Rectangular Column

This is the Example 7 from Design Handbook for Reinforced Concrete Elements (page 264). The printed output on the following pages is obtained by clicking the Print button in the column dialog box. When loads have been specified the content of the output depends on which of the Detail, Key diagram, Stress-strain, or Interaction buttons is selected. The first two pages of output are obtained when the Interaction button is selected and the next two pages, containing load case results, are obtained when the Detail button is selected.
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General Shape Column

The printed output on the following pages is obtained by clicking the Print button in the column dialog box shown above. Many different styles of printout may be obtained by adjusting parameters in the Page Setup dialog box (File > Page Setup command).

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Appendix

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. AS 3600-2001 Concrete Structures. Deformability of Concrete Structures Basic Assumptions Bulletin dInformation No. 90 CEB, 1973. CEB-FIP Model Code 90 Thomas Telford, 1993. Reinforced Concrete Design in accordance with AS 3600-2001 C&CAA T38. Design of High-strength Concrete Members Priyan Mendis EA Books, 2001. Design Handbook for Reinforced Concrete Elements A.S. Beletich & P.J. Uno UNSW Press, 2003.

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56 Appendix

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Index

Effective length 28 E-mail 12 Example 45, 50 Explorer 5

F
File menu 18 File type 5 Fire rating 39 Folders 4

A
Analysis report 29 Applied loads 27 Assumptions 37

G
General shape section 26 Graphics 8

H B
Bending moment diagram 14 Bitmap 10 Help About dialog box 12 Help menu 21 High-strength concrete 24 Hot-links 12

C
CEB 73 stress-strain curve 40 CEB 90 stress-strain curve 40 Check Version 11 Circular section 25 CMM stress-strain curve 41 Coldes website 12 Collins stress-strain curve 41 Color 2 ColReset 8 Columns menu 20 Concrete properties 23 Configuration 8

I
Installation 3 Interaction diagram 29

J
Job menu 20

L
Launch 5 Load angle 30, 38 Load cases 27 Load point 30, 31, 32 Logo 7, 10

D
Data folder 4 Data tip 13, 29 Default data 23 Design 37 Design code 9 Directories 4 Double curvature 28 Double-click 5 Ductility 24 DXF 43

M
Main toolbar 21 Margins 7 Minimum eccentricity 9, 28, 30, 31, 38

O
On-line help 17 OpenGL 9, 33 Orientation 7
Index 57

E
Edit menu 18
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P
Pixel format 9 Pop-up help 16 Principal axes 38 Print preview 6 Printing in Coldes 6 Program folder 4

W
Web update 11 Website 12

Y
Yield stress 24

Q
Q/G ratio 27

R
Radius of gyration 38 Rectangular section 25 Rectangular stress block 39 Registry 8 Reinforcement 24 Report 29 Reports 8

S
Scott stress-strain curve 41 Screen resolution 2 Section types 25 Serial number 12 Short column 27, 38 Shortcut 4 Sign convention 28 Single curvature 28 Slender column 27, 38 Slenderness 28 Steel properties 24 Stress-strain relationship 24, 39 Support 12

T
Technical support 12 Tooltip 16 Transformed area 9

U
Units 8, 23

V
View menu 19 Virtual reality 14, 33

58 Index

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