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Overview
Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
INTRODUCTION MINERALOGY AND GRAIN SIZE WHOLE ROCK
Porosity and permeability Acoustic Properties Electrical Properties Radioactive Properties Magnetic Properties Mechanical Properties Characterisation of Matrix Composition Pore Geometry Wettability Capillary Pressure Isopore Throat Concepts
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Dr Elena Pasternak
Dr Elena Pasternak
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PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
Rock mainly composed of quartz with some feldspar (often altered) a few biotites and chlorites. Source : http://users.skynet.be/jm-derochette/sedimentary_rocks/
Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 6
PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
Shale. The fine grains are clays with organic material. The larger grains are quartz. Source: http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/
Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 9
Marble
Conglomerate
(from W.K. Hamblin, E.H. Christainsen, Earths dynamic systems, 1995)
Quartzite
Dr Elena Pasternak
Sandstones
A B 5um
http://webmineral.com/data/
http://webmineral.com/data/
Examples of clay minerals in sandstones. (A) Kaolinite, (B) Smectite, (C) Chlorite, (D) Illite
Brahmaputra River
More sandstones
E F
Examples of clay minerals in sandstones. (E) Kaolinite and Illite-smectite mixture (F) Glauconite (compacted grains). Glauconite- Affects Log Readings Significantly High Gamma-ray
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Quartz
The Effects of Burial on Reservoir Rocks: Quartz overgrowths
Zone A is characterised by zoning. Zone B is a zone of zero solutions(i.e., no indexing, which makes it likely that this area is SiO2Brahmaputra River but not quartz). Zone C is characterised by small, euhedral quartz crystal outgrowths. Zone D is porosity, filled with epoxy resin
Source: USGS website and Haddad et al. Liverpool University Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 13
Dr Elena Pasternak
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(from L. Dengler, 1976. Microcracks in crystalline rocks. In: Electron microscopy in mineralogy, 1992)
Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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The microstructure of steel, showing large grains. This is a slice through one thread of a well-annealed nut. The nut came from a fireplace grate or andiron, so it was exposed to a lot of heat before being sliced in half and polished and prepared as a sample.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Microstructure_steel_annealed_nut.jpg
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The microstructure of unaffected A36 steel: (a-left) white-ferrite, dark-pearlite and (b-right) pearlite region. Pearlite forms in bands due to manganese segregation and prior hot working. http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Biederman/Biederman-0112.html
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http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Biederman/Biederman-0112.html
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Severely eroded I beam cross sections, nominal composition (%) of A36 steel plate is: (0.29C max, 0.80 1.2Mn, 0.04P, 0.05S, 0.15 0.3Si bal Fe)
http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Biederman/Biederman-0112.html
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Underlying structure
http://www.matsci.ucdavis.edu/MatSciLT/materialsylvania/GalleryMatSci.htm
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Foam structures
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/sci87.html
Dr Elena Pasternak
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SWNT tested
http://www.matsci.ucdavis.edu/MatSciLT/materialsylvania/GalleryMatSci.htm
Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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PRESSURE (vertical):
the pressure on the fluid in the reservoir rock pores depends on the overburden height and type:
Overburden is a weight of what is above you when you are underground
P ( z ) = gz
2 extremes: If overburden is a column of water (totally supporting rock matrix) Pressure gradient is 10MPa/km (hydrostatic pressure) overburden is a column of rock Pressure gradient is 27MPa/km (geostatic pressure)
Dr Elena Pasternak
Pressure Gradient =
P = g z
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10 MPa/km
(hydrostatic limit)
27 MPa/km
(geostatic limit)
Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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TEMPERATURE:
Average temperature gradient is 30C/km Ranges from 20 C/km to 80 C/km, depending on local heat fluxes, and thermal conductivities of rocks
Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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http://qvack.lanl.gov/HDR/barhdr.html
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Concept
http://qvack.lanl.gov/HOTDRYROCK.HTML
World HDR energy resource is 30 times of fossil energy resource Accessible: < 10 km Site determination Location Depth/temperature Reservoir development Porous rock Hydraulic fracture
Dr Elena Pasternak
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HDR in Australia
http://www.petrol.unsw.edu.au/research/resource.html
Resource: 7,500 years of the current energy consumption in Australia Over 80 % of the resource is in the Eromanga Basin (in the north-eastern corner of South Australia and the south-western corner of Queensland
School of Petroleum Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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HDR Process
Queensland
http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/mines/m7.pdf
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Dr Elena Pasternak
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Borehole breakouts 1
Dyskin (2007)
Dog earing
Dr Elena Pasternak
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Borehole breakouts 2
Dyskin (2007)
Maximum principal stress Breakout
angle
depth
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Borehole breakouts
3 m diameter drift at 420 m level in the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Canada
http://www.hydrofrac.com/hfb_home.html
8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak A. Dyskin Slide 41 41
A. Dyskin Slide 42
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Borehole breakouts 2
http://earthquakes.ou.edu/RaSim6_Hiroshi_Poster.pdf
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Whiteshell Laboratories, Eastern Manitoba, Canada Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, 19901993
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URL Experiment
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Observed Fractures
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Dyskin (2007)
Gravitational Stress
Dyskin (2007)
v , h v ~ h
Shear stresses are neglected
Weight of overburden
K=
, 0 K 1 1
p ~ h
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Hydrostatic hypothesis
( is the average rock unit weight)
=g self-weight
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http://www.asprg.adelaide.edu.au/asm/maps.html
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Dyskin (2007)
Dependence of depth
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Dependence of depth - 2
Dyskin (2007)
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A. Dyskin Slide 52
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A. Dyskin
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Discontinuities (fractures)
Dislocations Microcracks (microfissures) Cracks (fissures) Joints Bedding planes Faults
Direct measuring of fundamental properties Index testing as a comparative measure of rock quality
Important Factors
Rock structure In situ stress Fluid flow in the rock mass
Dr Elena Pasternak
Rock Mass
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Specific gravity rock/ water = 2.1 - 7.6 Porosity (0.1% - 40%) Permeability (low) Thermal properties (low thermal conductivity) Friction Strength
Uniaxial (unconfined) compressive strength Tensile strength Parameters of strength (fracture) criteria for triaxal compression Point load index
Rock Properties
Deformability
Static moduli Dynamic moduli
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porosity & permeability are the key rock characteristics others are mechanical strength, degree of consolidation, distribution of particle & pore sizes, etc
Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 57
Dr Elena Pasternak
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