School of Engineering Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

Electrical Engineering EIR 211 EMZ310

Module Website Address: http://www.ee.up.ac.za/main/en/undergrad/subjects/eir211/index Last revision: 3 April 2012 Lecturers: Prof. F.W. Leuschner Mrs. M. Ballot

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT .................................................................................................................................. 4 1. GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH........................................................................................ 4 2. LECTURERS, VENUES AND CONSULTING HOURS ............................................................................................... 4 3. STUDY MATERIAL AND PURCHASES ....................................................................................................................... 5 4. LEARNING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................................ 5 4.1. CONTACT TIME AND LEARNING HOURS .......................................................................................................................... 5 4.2. SELF STUDY AND LEARNING HOURS ............................................................................................................................... 5 4.3. LECTURES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 4.4. TUTORIAL CLASSES ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 4.5. LABORATORY WORK ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 5. RULES OF ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 6 6. GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 6.1. LATE REPORTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 6.2. CONDUCT IN CLASS ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 6.3. GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................................. 8 6.4. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY ................................................................................................................................................ 8 6.5. ABSENCE FROM CERTAIN SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES ......................................................................................................... 8 6.6. POCKET CALCULATOR SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 8 6.7. POSTING OF OFFICIAL NOTICES....................................................................................................................................... 8 6.8. PLAGIARISM WARNING................................................................................................................................................... 8 STUDY COMPONENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 1. MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES ....................................................... 10 1.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2. PREREQUISITE LEARNING ............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3. ARTICULATION WITH OTHER COURSES IN THE PROGRAMME ........................................................................................ 10 1.4. CRITICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.5. COGNITIVE LEVEL OF ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................. 11 2. MODULE STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................. 11 3. GUIDELINES FOR USING THE STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS ...................................................................... 12 3.1. LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE STUDY THEME............................................................................................................... 12 3.2. STUDY UNITS ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.3. SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................................... 12 3.4. ASSIGNMENTS FOR ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................................................. 12 3.5. CRITERIA OF ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................................... 12 4. STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 14 4.1. STUDY THEME 1: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................ 14 4.1.1 Capacitors and Inductors ............................................................................................................................... 14 4.1.2 Alternating voltage and current..................................................................................................................... 14 4.2. STUDY THEME 2: ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING ......................................................................................................... 18 4.2.1 Amplifiers and Filters .................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.2 Semiconductors: Diodes and Transistors. ..................................................................................................... 18 4.2.3 Digital Systems ............................................................................................................................................... 19 4.3. STUDY THEME 3: POWER ENGINEERING .................................................................................................................. 16 4.3.1 Introduction to electrical machines ............................................................................................................... 16 4.3.2 Power Systems ................................................................................................................................................ 17

1. PRACTICAL 1: DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF RL-, RC- AND RLC CIRCUITS .................................................... 20 1.1. SECTION A: PREPRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT: PSPICE........................................................................................... 21 1.2. SECTION B: PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT ................................................................................................................. 26 2. PRACTICAL 2: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER ............................................................................................................... 33 2.1. SECTION A: PRE-PRACTICAL TASK (TO BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE START OF THE PRACTICAL) ...................... 34 2.2. SECTION B: PRACTICAL TASK ................................................................................................................................ 35 3. PRACTICAL 3: TRANSFORMERS ............................................................................................................................. 38 3.1. SECTION A: PRE-PRACTICAL TASK ....................................................................................................................... 39 3.2. SECTION B: PRACTICAL TASK ................................................................................................................................ 41

ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT
1. GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH This course is a background study in Electrical Engineering for the various disciplines of engineering. In the limited time available for this course it is impossible to do an in depth study of electrical engineering, but as an engineer you will use electrical energy and the processing and interpretation of information in many systems. It is therefore necessary for you to have background knowledge of Electrical Engineering and its applications. University education is aimed getting students to: learn to learn, learn to think scientifically and independently and, particularly in the education of engineering students, to learn to solve new problems. This course provides an excellent opportunity for students to get some practise in these skills. This modules primary focus is on the comprehension of the newly obtained knowledge. You are expected to participate in discussions during lectures and tutor classes. As your fellow students are dependent on the inputs you make, your participation is crucial. After all, you are also dependent on their contributions. Students are required to regularly visit the modules web page for new announcements and available material. Any updates or changes to this study manual will appear on the module website. 2. LECTURERS, VENUES AND CONSULTING HOURS Name Principle Lecturer Lecturer Teaching Assistant Prof. F.W. Leuschner Mrs. M. Ballot Mr. F.P. van Wyk Room number and building Eng. III 7-98 Eng. I 13-19 Eng. I 13-26 Tel No. and E-mail Wilhelm.Leuschner@up.ac.za Tel. (012) 420-4268
magdaleen.ballot@up.ac.za

Tel. (012) 420-5388

FP.vanWyk@up.ac.za

Lab. Instructor Tutors Secretaries

TBA TBA

Location of the Laboratory: T.B.A Location of the Notice Board: See the module website for any announcements.

Consulting hours: Hours for consultation of lecturers, tutors and teaching assistants will be announced at the beginning of the semester, and will also be displayed on their office doors. Students may consult lecturers, tutors and teaching assistants only during the consulting hours as indicated, or by appointment. This policy also holds before tests and exams. In other words, lecturers, tutors and teaching assistants are only available during their normal consulting hours on the day before a test or examination. This policy aims to encourage students to plan their work and to work continuously. Your worked out problems, or attempt thereof, will serve as an access ticket to see the lecturers or the teaching assistants.

3. STUDY MATERIAL AND PURCHASES Prescribed text book: [1] Edward Hughes, Electrical Engineering Technology, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2008 ISBN: 978-0-13-206011-0. This book will be used extensively and it is compulsory that each student obtain a copy. The following book is prescribed for the prerequisite module EBN111 and will also be used during this module: [2] C.K Alexander and M.N.O Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, McGrawHill Higher Education. 2009, ISBN 978-0-07-128441-7 4. LEARNING ACTIVITIES 4.1. Contact time and learning hours Number of lectures per week: 3 Number of tutor classes per week: 1 Laboratory work: Four experiments of two hours each. 4.2. Self study and learning hours This module carries a weight of 16 credits, indicating that on average a student should spend some 160 hours to master the required skills (including time for preparation for tests and examinations). This means that on average you should devote some 14.5 hours of study time per week to this module. The scheduled contact time is approximately 4.5 hours per week, which means that another 10 hours per week of own study time should be devoted to the module. This leaves 1.5 hours that MUST be spent between lectures to review the work that has been covered, do homework and Click-UP assignments and to prepare for the next lecture. A fifth session of 2 hours can be spent to review the work and make summaries. 4.3. Lectures Lectures are presented in a style of co-operative and student-centred learning. Brief clarification and explanation of the subject matter and concepts are given during the lectures. Lectures will mainly consist of explaining and clarification of concepts and subject matter through problem examples from the prescribed and additional material. Students are strongly advised to attend all lectures; you are also expected to come prepared to the lectures. The lecture schedule and planning will be indicated on the web. Lectures are presented in a style of co-operative and student-centred learning. The lecture can only serve to highlight important issues and explain difficult concepts. It is also hence important that students prepare for lectures and identify and communicate which concepts they find particularly difficult beforehand. All lecture content could be form part of test and exams, it is there for important that you have knowledge of the content of the textbook in order to take notes if the specific lecture content is not covered in the textbook.

4.4. Tutorial classes Homework exercises and the dates these must be completed will be announced on the web. You are expected to do these homework problems yourself. Only selected problems will be discussed during the tutorials. All your worked out problem must accompany you (and serves as "admission ticket") if you would like to see the lecturer. The lecturer and/or the teaching assistant and tutors will be available for consultation by and assistance to students during tutor classes to discuss problems they had difficulty with. During all practicum sessions not being used for demonstration, compulsory tutorial classes will be held. Your participation rather than presence will be monitored. Four class periods per week are provided for in the timetable. Three are allocated to lectures, whilst the other period is allocated as a tutorial class. The lecturer reserves the right to, when necessary, use this period for ordinary lectures.

4.5. Laboratory work Four experiments will be completed during the semester. The schedule for the practical periods and group-allocations will be done at the start of the semester as soon as the timetable is made available. Practical guides will be made available through the course of the semester on the web page at least 1 week prior to the start of the practical. Rules and requirements An additional requirement for a pass in this module is a subminimum of 40% for the laboratory work and attendance of all three practical sessions. The practical mark is compiled from the practical reports plus the laboratory notebooks. Practical preparation Students should be well prepared for the practicals, otherwise they will be refused from attending the practical and will receive zero for the specific practical. Practical reports The format for the reports will be made available on the web. The format is such that each group must complete the whole report with open spaces for measurements, graphs and conclusions prior to the start of the practical. Each group must hand in their report before the end of the practical. Practical reports must be submitted on Turn-It-In on Click-Up Laboratory Note Books Laboratory Note Books are compulsory for all modules that include practical work. Each student in the group must obtain an A4-size hardcover notebook with complete, dated notes, measurements and sketches of the experiments done in the laboratory. Details on keeping a laboratory note book is available in the EEC-guide. The guide is available at: http://www.ee.up.ac.za/main/en/undergrad/ guides. The laboratory note books will be collected at the end of the semester for evaluation.

5. RULES OF ASSESSMENT Also see the examination regulations in the Year Books of the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology (Part 1: Engineering or Part 2: Built Environment and Information Technology). Pass requirements In order to pass the module a student must 6

1. obtain a final mark of at least 50% AND 2. attend all scheduled laboratory sessions AND 3. obtain an average of more than 40% for practical work. A student will not be allowed to write the exam if all the laboratory sessions have not been completed. The final course mark will be compiled from a semester mark (compiled from the tests and practical marks) and an examination mark. Admission to examination A student must obtain a minimum semester mark of 40% and attend all the scheduled practical sessions in order to qualify for admission to examination. Calculation of the semester mark: The semester mark will be compiled as follows: Semester Test 1 35% (90 minutes) Semester Test 2 35% (90 minutes) Practical work 12% Class tests 5% Homework 13% Total 100% Calculation of the final mark: The final course mark will be compiled as follows: Semester mark 50% Examination mark 50%_ (180 minutes) Total 100% Semester tests: Two tests of 90 minutes each will be written during the scheduled test weeks of the School of Engineering: First test week: 10-17 March 2012 Second test week: 14 & 21-26 April 2012 Dates, times and venues will be announced as soon as the timetables become available. Always verify the date and times of all tests and exams with at least one of your friends, one or two days before any scheduled test or exam and verify with the official timetables. Assembly of tests and examination: The semester tests will evaluate the students theoretical knowledge and insight into the principles. Up to 20% of the marks in the semester tests and examination, may cover the preparation and execution of the practical experiments and assignments. Any absence from semester tests must be supported by an official and valid statement (e.g. a medical certificate) to be submitted to Ms. C Freislich (Eng. I 13 20) within seven days of the date of the test. A special semester test for all legitimate absentees will be taken on the date as set by the department after the second test week. This test will be based on all the work done in the module by the date of sick-test.

6. GENERAL 6.1. Late reports Practical reports handed in late will not be accepted. A zero mark will be awarded. 6.2. Conduct in class No talking during lectures will be tolerated. It is very disruptive for those students who want to concentrate and impolite towards the person presenting the lecture. 6.3. Grievance procedures Any problems with regard to any aspect of the module and/or lecturer and/or teaching assistant must please first be discussed with the individual her/himself as soon as possible. If the problem cannot be resolved between the two of you, you should involve the coordinating lecturer. If the problem is still not addressed, the class representative can consult with the guardian lecturer, who will discuss the matter with the individual and coordinating lecturer. 6.4. Academic dishonesty Any copying of homework assignments and/or practical reports is completely unacceptable and illegal. Both parties will receive zero for the assignment/report if copies are found and disciplinary steps may be taken. The mark of the party whose work has been copied (A) will remain zero unless the party who copied (B) admits in the presence of the lecturer and party A that he/she copied the work without the knowledge and consent of party A. In case of academic dishonesty during tests or examination the following procedure will be followed: - The guilty persons answering sheet will be taken immediately as evidence without warning. - The guilty person will then receive a new blank answering sheet for the remainder of the time. - At the end of the test/exam the persons paper from whom was copied will also be kept as evidence and the matter will be dealt with according to University Policy. 6.5. Absence from certain scheduled activities Attendance of all practical sessions is compulsory and a pre-requisite for passing the module. If you were not able to attend a practical, the same procedure applicable to tests or examination must be followed. 6.6. Pocket calculator specifications Any calculators that operate noiselessly may be used in the tests and examination. A calculator capable of using complex numbers will definitely be useful. It is however not a requirement as sufficient time will be allowed during test and exams to allow you to solve the problem with a normal scientific calculator. Some test will be written without a calculator. 6.7. Posting of official notices All official announcements and notices will appear on the module webpage. Students are required to look at the modules webpage at least once a day for new announcements and available material. 6.8. Plagiarism warning Students are encouraged to discuss work with each other. However, each student should hand in his/her own work for assignments. Plagiarism, which also includes copying the work of another student during tests and exams and copying from the Internet, can lead to expulsion from the University. Even if another student gives you permission to use his/her assignments or other research to hand in as you own, you are not allowed to do it. It is a form of plagiarism. You are also not allowed to let anybody copy your work with the intention of passing it off as his/her own work.

Speak to your lecturer if you are uncertain about what is required. For more information, see http://www.ee.up.ac.za/main/en/undergrad/guides or consult the brochure available at the Academic Information Service. A statement regarding the originality of your work must be appended to ALL written work submitted for evaluation in this module. The statement can be found at http://www.ee.up.ac.za/ main/en/undergrad/guides.

STUDY COMPONENT

1. MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.1. General Objectives This course is a background study in Electrical Engineering for various other disciplines of engineering. In the limited time available for this course it is impossible to do an in-depth study of electrical engineering, but as an engineer you will use electrical energy in your processes and equipment. It is therefore necessary for you to have some background knowledge of Electrical Engineering and its applications. Electrical Engineering has three main tasks. The first task (Electrical Engineering) is the generation, distribution, application and control of energy in the form of heat or movement (e.g. generators, electrical cables, motors and industrial electronics). The second task (Electronic Engineering) is the transfer of information from one location to another (e.g. telephones and radios) and the final task (Computer Engineering) is to manipulate the information into some useable form (e.g. computers). All of these tasks use the physical properties of electricity as a tool. In this course we are focusing on acquiring these tools to enable you as future engineer to communicate with other engineers. In the practical sessions other aspects such as measurement and measuring techniques will be addressed.

1.2. Prerequisite learning For this course you need a thorough understanding of the following mathematics: Matrix algebra: You must be able to invert matrices at least up to a 3x3 matrix. Differential equations: You must be able to solve linear separable differential equations. Complex Number Algebra: - You must be able to do calculations with complex numbers.

1.3. Articulation with other courses in the programme This subject introduces various terminology and technology of electrical engineering. This module follows on the first year module dealing with electrical circuit theory and components. For some, this module will be the introduction to many other modules that will go much deeper in the different topics, and for other this will be the last module introducing the field of electrical engineering.

1.4. Critical learning outcomes The following ECSA exit-level outcomes are addressed in the module, i.e. at the conclusion of this module the student will be capable of: ECSA 2.1: Engineering problem solving At the end of this module the student will be able to analyze various problems in the field of Electrical Engineering as applicable to the students field of specialization. The student will also acquire additional thinking skills that will enable the student to approach problem solving with limited knowledge and skills. ECSA 2.2: Application of fundamental and scientific knowledge

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The student will be able to use fundamental principles and concepts of electronic circuits, physics and mathematics to analyze, interpret and solve basic as well as more specialized electrical and electronic problems. ECSA 2.4: Investigations, experiments and data analysis The student will be able to conduct electronic circuit experiments using the correct equipment; to calculate and predict the characteristics of circuits and components from the experimental data obtained; to critically analyze, interpret and present the results and to compile a scientific-technical report on the findings. 1.5. Cognitive level of assessment %* 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Other skills** 20 20 20 15 5 5 10 * Estimate of the % of the total assessment, including all forms of assessment applied in this module, devoted to the various levels of cognitive thinking skills and of other skills. ** Assessment of other skills: Presentation skills Report writing and language skills Practical skills Team working skills

2. MODULE STRUCTURE Study theme and Study units 1. Electrical and electronic circuit principles 1.1. Capacitors and Inductors 1.2. Alternating voltage and current 1.3. Filters and the frequency domain 2. Power Engineering 2.1. Introduction to electrical machines 2.2. Power Systems Mode of instruction Lectures Class discussions Tutorial classes Click-UP exercises Class test Lectures Class discussions Tutorial classes Click-UP exercises Class test Lectures Class discussions Tutorial classes Click-UP exercises Class test Total Notional hours 63 Contact sessions 19

43

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3. Electronic Engineering 3.1. Semi-conductors: diodes and transistors 3.2. Lighting 3.3. Digital Systems Prakticals

54

16

160

4x3 60

Note: The notional hours include the contact time, as well as the estimated time to be allocated for self-study, preparation of assignments and preparation for tests and the examination.

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3. GUIDELINES FOR USING THE STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS The information given in the next sections of this study manual under the various study theme headings is intended to assist students in their learning, in order to acquire the required skills and achieve the learning outcomes effectively. The following specific informational items are included under each of the study theme headings: 3.1. Learning outcomes of the study theme The given learning outcomes for each study theme are essential to achieve the critical learning outcomes as set out in Section 1.4. 3.2. Study units The title of the study unit and references to appropriate study material are given here. The study of the referenced study material is regarded as the minimum required to achieve the learning outcomes satisfactorily. 3.3. Self-study activities Here information is given about exercises and problems related to the study material, which should be attempted, and which are in accordance with the criteria of assessment of the study theme. 3.4. Assignments for assessment Here information is given about assignments to be submitted for marking and assessment. 3.5. Criteria of assessment The criteria of assessment are a list of specific skills to be mastered by the student in order to achieve the learning outcomes of the syllabus theme. During assessment (tests and the examination), students will be evaluated in terms of these criteria. The statements used to define the criteria of assessment are classified in terms of a series of lower- to higher-order thinking skills (cognitive domains), in accordance with Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom BS and Krathwohl DR, Taxonomy of educational objectives. Handbook 1. Cognitive domain, Addison-Wesley, 1984): 6. EVALUATION 5. SYNTHESIS Level of 4. ANALYSIS 3. APPLICATION 2. COMPREHENSION 1. KNOWLEDGE complexity

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The characterisation of the cognitive domains is given in the table below. Cognitive Domain 1. Knowledge Definition Remembering previously learned information. Understanding the meaning of information. Typical Action Verbs Arrange, define, describe, identify, label, list, match, name, outline Classify, discuss, estimate, explain, give example(s), identify, predict, report, review, select, summaries, interpret, "in your own words"

2.

Comprehension

3.

Application

Using the information appropriately Apply, calculate, demonstrate, in different situations illustrate, interpret, modify, predict, prepare, produce, solve, use, manipulate, put into practice Breaking down the information into Analyse, appraise, calculate, compare, the component parts and seeing the criticise, derive, differentiate, choose, relationships. distinguish, examine, subdivide, organise, deduce Putting the component parts together to form new products and ideas. Assemble, compose, construct, create, design, determine, develop, devise, formulate, propose, synthesise, plan, discuss, support Appraise, assess, compare, conclude, defend, determine, evaluate, judge, justify, optimise, predict, criticise

4.

Analysis

5.

Synthesis

6.

Evaluation

Making judgments of an idea, theory, opinion, etc., based on criteria.

The list of criteria of assessment for a study theme and its accompanying envisaged learning outcomes should contain statements applicable to all six levels of thinking. Accordingly, students will be evaluated in terms of a mix of all six levels of thinking skills. On the first-year level, a larger proportion of questions will be based on the lower levels (levels 1 to 3), whilst final-year examinations will contain a larger proportion of questions based on the higher-level thinking skills (levels 4 to 6).

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4. STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS 4.1. STUDY THEME 1: Electrical circuit principles 4.1.1 Capacitors and Inductors Study Outcomes: After completion of you should be familiar with capacitor and its ability to store electric charge - self study have an understanding of the relation between voltage and charge (and e.m.f.) be able to analyse series and parallel capacitors - self study have an understanding of the charging and discharging processes that occur in circuits containing a capacitor. be able to analyse such growth and decay be able to perform transient response analyses of a RC circuit be able to determine the energy stored in an capacitor have an understanding of inductance be familiar with the factors affecting the inductance of a coil be able to analyse the growth and decay of the current in a inductive circuit be able to perform transient response analyses of a RL circuit be able to determine the energy stored in an inductor. be familiar with mutual inductance be able to calculate the inductance of coils connected in series. be able to recognise different types of inductors and their symbols. be able to determine the (time-domain) differential equation of a second order circuit. be able to determine the initial conditions of the differential equation be able to determine the solution of such a second order differential equation either through the application of calculus or through a "recipe" method. be able to distinguish between under-dumping, optimal damping, critical damping and overdamping in second order circuits. Reference: [2] Alexander & Topic [1] Hughes Sadika Revision of Capacitor structure and Capacitance definition $ 6.1 - $6.3 $5.1 - $5.8 self study Analysis of growth and decay in a capacitor Chapter 7 $5.14 - $5.19 $1, 2, 4, 5, 8 & 9 Revision of Inductors - self study $6.4 - $6.5 $8.1 - $8. 4 Analysis of growth and decay in Inductors Chapter 7 $8.6 - $8.10 $1, 3, 4, 6, 8 & 9 Mutual Inductance and different types of inductors $ 13.1 - $13.3 $8.11 - $8.14 Second order circuits Chapter 8 Time: 7 Lectures Student must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected problems will be discussed in the tutorial class. Click-UP exercises will be available and must be completed in time. 4.1.2 Alternating voltage and current Study Outcomes: After completion of you should have an understanding alternating waveforms - self study understanding the generation of a alternating e.m.f.

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 know and understand all the waveform terms such as shape, frequency, period, phase, amplitude and offset - self study be able to calculate the average and r.m.s. values of alternating current and voltages. be able to represent an sinusoidal signal as a sum of exponential signals. know Eulers' identity. be able to represent sinusoidal signals as phasors. be able to perform addition and subtraction using phasors. be familiar with the reactance and impedance of resistors, capacitors and inductors. be able to perform sinusoidal steady state circuit analysis and apply network theorems to AC networks. be able to do power analysis in a single phase AC circuit for sinusoidal steady-state analysis. Reference: [2] Alexander & Topic [1] Hughes Sadika Introduction and basic of alternating current -self study $9.1- $9.3 Phasors and Eulers' identity $ 9.1- 9.3 $9.8 - $9.10 Average and r.m.s. values of AC currents and voltages. $11.1 - $11.5 $$9.5 - $9.7 Revision of Complex Notation - self study $13.1 - 13.6 Revision ofthe application of Network Theory on AC - Chapters 9 & 10 $15.1 - 15.9 circuits - self study $10.1-$10.11 $11.1-$11.6 Power in AC circuits $11.1-11.5 $12.1 - 12.8 Complex power and powerfactor improvement $11.6-11.9 $ 13.7 - 13.12 Time: 7 Lectures Student must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected problems will be discussed in the tutorial class. Click-UP exercises will be available and must be completed in time. 4.1.3 Amplifiers and Filters Study Outcomes: After completion of you should understand the concept of systems and sub-system understand what an attenuator and amplifier is and know the definition of current, voltage and power amplification and know their relations understand the concept of a frequency response of a circuit. know the main types of filters and potential applications understand and be able to work with the logarithmic scale understand the concept of a deciBell and be able to work with it and convert to dB's from the linear scale and vice versa. be able to draw the frequency response of a first order filter be able to analyse the response of an RLC series circuit to frequency variation. understand how the oscillation of energy between the capacitor and the inductor results in resonance of the circuit. be able to analyse a simple RLC circuit to determine the resonant frequency, bandwidth and the Q-factor. Reference: [2] Alexander & Topic [1] Hughes Sadika Amplifier and Attenuator definitions Chapter 16 Die oordragsrespons $14.1 & 14.2 Filter Types $ 17.1 - $17.3 Logarithmic scale and deci-Bell $14.3 & Class notes $17.4 - $17.6 15

Passive first order filters $ 14.7 $17.7 - $17.101 Bode-plots $14.4 & Class notes $17.11 Resonance in RLC circuits $14.5 & $14.6 $14.1 - $14.15 The study theme will be presented mostly using class notes in an order that will assist best in bringing the concepts across. Class attendance is strongly advised. Time: 5 Lectures Student must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected problems will be discussed in the tutorial class. Click-UP exercises will be available and must be completed in time

4.2. STUDY THEME 2: Power Engineering 4.2.1 Introduction to electrical machines Study Outcomes: After the completion the section you should: know how three phase e.m.f.s are generated. be familiar with delta, mesh, star and wye connection of three phases be able calculate the voltages and currents in delta and star connections understand the relationship between line and phase values be able to construct phasor diagrams for delta and star connections be able to calculate the power in a three-phase system be familiar with the measurement of power. be familiar with the principle of transformer action understand the transformer equivalent circuit be familiar with the transformer phasor diagram be able to calculate to the voltage regulation understand the role of electromagnetism in an electrical machine understand electrical / mechanical energy conversions in a machine have an understanding of the development of rotational torque understand armature reaction in a synchronous generator be familiar with the term voltage regulation be familiar with the synchronous impedance understand parallel operations of generators be aware of synchronous motor principles be familiar with induction motor action understand the principle of slip understand the induction motor equivalent circuit understand the variation of torque with slip have an understanding of starting torque be familiar with methods of starting three-phase motors Reference: Multiphase Systems [1] Chap 33 Transformers [1] $34.1-34.14 Introduction to Machine Theory [1] Chap. 35 Characteristics of AC Synchronous Machines [1] Chap 37. Induction Motors [1] $38.1 - $38.8 Time: 8 Lectures Problems: TBA
1

Please note that the application of paragraphs 17.9 and 17.10 is only valid under certain circumstances: when the frequencies are far apart or where the sub-filters is decoupled.

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4.2.2 Power Systems Study Outcomes: After the completion the section you should:
understand energy units and their manipulation be familiar with the topic of energy conversion appreciate load-forecasting and load-matching issues understand electricity generation from fossil-fuels, nuclear fission, wind, wave, water, solar energy and biomass be familiar with the single-phase representation of power systems be able to carry out voltage-drop calculations understand the per-unit method of calculation be familiar with the term per-unit impedance be familiar with the term base power be able to perform simple fault calculations be familiar with the term fault level be able to calculate fault levels in simple power systems

a) Power Generation and Energy The student must understand the following fundamentals Electrical Power Generation: Conventional, Alternative, Renewable Power / Energy demand curve Power Factor (leading & lagging) and Power Factor correction (reduce reactive power) Instantaneous Voltage, Current and Power (phase shift) Total Energy Single and three phase circuits The student must be able to interpret the following graphs and diagrams Graphs of voltage, current, power, energy, phase shift (single & three phase) Phasor diagrams: Voltage, current, impedance Power triangles: Apparent, Active, Reactive power b) Power Transmission The student must understand the following fundamentals Transmission line principles: Objective, construction, wires, towers, earthing Equivalent circuit: R, L and C Types of lines: AC/DC, Long, Short, Medium, LV, MV, HV, EHV Maximum power transfer Voltage/Current High Voltage transmission lines Maximum power transfer Surge & lightning protection Switchgear / Substations Transformers (Purpose) c) Power Distribution and Utilisation The student must understand the following fundamentals Low Voltage reticulation: Isolators, Circuit Breakers, Earth Leakage, Daylight switches, Load switches, Time switches Electricity consumption, tariffs The student must be able to know the following equations and do the associated calculations Circuit breaker discrimination calculations Circuit analysis in Earth Leakage protected circuits (Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Laws) Calculate electricity bills Specific rates for Fixed charge, Demand charge, Energy consumption charge will be provided

Reference: Electrical Energy Systems Power Systems

[1] Chap 39 [1] Chap 40 17

Class Notes Time: 8 Lectures Problems: TBA 4.3. STUDY THEME 3: Electronic Engineering 4.3.1 Semiconductors: Diodes and Transistors. Study Outcomes: At the end of this section, the student is required to understand the idea of equivalent circuits (specifically for amplifiers) be aware of the structure of atoms be able to describe what is happening with electrons in an electric current understand what a semiconductor is understand what n-type and p-type materials are and the idea of doping understand a junctions and a junction diode. be aware of what a rectifier circuit does be able to analyse the current flow through both a half-wave and full-wave rectifier including a diode bridge. Be able to calculate the value of a smoothing capacitor have a knowledge of what a Zener diode is and how it can be used for voltage regulation. know the construction of a Bipolar Junction Transistor be able to do bias and small scale signal analysis of a transistor in a common emitter configuration. Be able to perform load-line analysis of a circuit. know the limitation of a BJT. Field effect transistors FET's used as a switch. Reference: [2] Alexander & Topic [1] Hughes Sadika Amplifier Equivalent circuits Class Notes $18.1 - $18.4 Semiconductor Materials Chapter 19 Rectifiers Class Notes Chapter 20 Construction of a Bipolar Junction Transistors $21.1 - $12.3 Common Emitter Circuit Analysis $21.6 - $21.7, $21.9-$21.13 Field Effect Transistors Class Notes (Chapter 22) Time: 8 Lectures Student must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected problems will be discussed in the tutorial class. Click-UP exercises will be available and must be completed in time. 4.3.2 Lighting

Study outcomes: After the completion of this study module the student should be familiar with basic Radiometry and Photometry (quantities, units and basic equations). familiar with basic colorimetry. able to do spatial photometric calculations. familiar with the basic sources of light and particularly semiconductor light sources (LED & OLED). familiar with electrical and electronic control of light sources. able to do simple lighting calculations. familiar with measuring the most important characteristics of semiconductor light sources (LED and OLED): luminous flux, luminous intensity, luminous efficacy, colour appearance and colour rendering. able to calculate total cost of ownership (TCO) of different light sources.

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Source: Lecture notes. Time: 4 Lectures

4.3.3 Digital Systems Study Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: At the end of this section, the student is required to be able to understand why there is to convert signals from analogue to digital and digital to analogue understands how a digital to analogue converter circuit operates understands the operations of a analogue to digital converter. understands the binary number system and be able to convert from decimal to binary numbers and back be able to convert to and from the octal and hexi-decimal numbering systems. perform Boolean algebra implement Boolean expressions in logic circuits simplify Boolean expressions. understand the truth table. know and understand basic storage elements. Reference: [2] Alexander & Topic [1] Hughes Sadika Digital to analogue and analogue to digital convertors Chapter 24 Digital numbers $25.1 - $25.3, $25.13-$25.14 Digital Systems Chapter26 This study theme will not be discussed in great detail in class. We will rely on the students own efforts here. Time: 4 Lectures Student must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected problems will be discussed in the tutorial class.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EIR 211/221 1. PRACTICAL 1: DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF RL-, RC- AND RLC CIRCUITS

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

AIM OF THE PRACTICAL The aim of this practical is to experimentally investigate the dynamic responses of passive RC-, RLand RLC-circuits and the familiarization with the following: - PSPICE simulation of electric circuits - Construction and testing of electric circuits REQUIREMENTS Each and every student is required to individually complete the pre-practical assignment before the start of the practical session. Any student that fails to comply with this requirement will receive an incomplete mark for this practical. The practical must be performed in groups of two students. All students must be present during, and participate actively in all of the measurements. ONE HARDCOPY OF THE RESULTS MUST BE HANDED IN PER GROUP AT THE END OF THE SESSION. ONE PERSON MUST ALSO SUBMIT THE REPORT UNDER TURN-IT-IN

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1.1. Section A: PREPRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT: PSPICE (To be completed BEFORE the start of the practical) TASK 1: RC-circuit Simulate the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm, C = 0.1 F and Rs = 6 Ohm);

Figure 1: RC circuit The signal generator (shown inside the red line acts as a switched Thevenin-equivalent voltage source with an internal resistance, Rs) delivers a square wave to the load. Choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible (try frequencies between 200 Hz and 2 kHz). 1.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical time constant , for the values of R and C used in your circuit?

1.2 Attach a plot of the transient response voltage waveform across the capacitor and clearly indicate on this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale. 1.3 Complete the table below, using the transient voltage response simulated across the capacitor. Read the value of V0 from the graph, calculate 0.368 V0 and read the value of the time constant from the graph. Table 1: Time constant for RC circuit V0

0.368 V0

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TASK 2: RL-circuit Simulate the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm, L = 47 mH and Rs = 6 Ohm);

Figure 2: RL circuit

Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible. 2.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical time constant , for the values of R and L used in your circuit?

2.2 Attach a plot of the transient response current waveform simulated in the circuit and clearly indicate on this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale. 2.3 Complete the table below, using the simulated transient current response in the circuit. Read the value of I0 from the graph, calculate 0.368 I0 and read the value of the time constant from the graph. Table 2: Time constant for RL circuit

I0

0.368 I0 TASK 3: RLC-circuits Simulate the following circuit (R = 100 Ohm, C = 0.1 F, L = 47 mH and Rs = 6 Ohm); 22

Figure 3: RLC circuit In the case of an under damped circuit, a decaying oscillatory current will be observed as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Current waveform of under damped circuit. The peak values of the oscillation can be connected by a line with equation

y = Aet
Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible.

3.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the damping constant . Determine the theoretical damping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in your circuit? 3.2 Attach a plot of the transient response current waveform in the circuit. 23

3.3 Complete the table below, using the simulated transient current response in the circuit. Read the value of T from the graph, calculate fd. Read the value of the first peak and the second peak from the graph and solve for the value of . Table 3: Under damped RLC circuit

Damping period T

Oscillation frequency (fd = 1/T)

The value of the first peak (= Ae t ) The value of the second peak (= Ae (t+T) ) Solve the two equations for

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TASK 4: RLC-circuits Simulate the following circuit (R = 1000 Ohm, C = 0.1 F, L = 47 mH, Rs = 6 Ohm);

Figure 5: RLC circuit Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible. 4.1 Determine the theoretical damping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in the circuit?

4.2

Attach a plot of the transient response current waveform in the circuit.

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1.2. Section B: PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT TASK 1: RC-circuit Build the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm and C = 0.1 F);

Figure 1: RC circuit The signal generator (shown inside the red line acts as a switched Thevenin-equivalent voltage source with an internal resistance, Rs) delivers a square wave to the load. Choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible on the oscilloscope (try frequencies between 200 Hz and 2 kHz). Use the oscilloscope to successively observe the voltage across the resistor and the capacitor. 1.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical time constant , for the values of R and C used in your circuit?

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1.2 Draw the transient response voltage waveform measured across the capacitor and clearly indicates on this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale.

1.3 Determine the time constant for the circuit, using the transient voltage response measured across the capacitor. Use the cursors on the oscilloscope to read the values and complete the table below. Table 1: Time constant for RC circuit

V0

0.368 V0

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TASK 2: RL-circuit Built the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm and L = 47 mH);

Figure 2: RL circuit

Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible on the oscilloscope. Use the oscilloscope to successively observe the voltage across the resistor and the inductor. 2.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical time constant , for the values of R and L used in your circuit?

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2.2 Draw the transient response current waveform (voltage across resistor is proportional to current in circuit) measured in the circuit and clearly indicate on this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale.

2.3 Determine the time constant , using the transient voltage response measured across the resistor (voltage across resistor is proportional to current in circuit). Use the cursors on the oscilloscope to read the values and complete the table below. Table 2: Time constant for RL circuit

I0

0.368 I0

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TASK 3: RLC-circuits Build the following circuit (use R = 100 Ohm, C = 0.1 F and L = 47 mH);

Figure 3: RLC circuit In the case of an under damped circuit, a decaying oscillatory current will be observed as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Voltage waveform of under damped circuit. The peak values of the oscillation can be connected by a line with equation

y = Aet
Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible on the oscilloscope. Use the oscilloscope to successively observe the voltage across the resistor, capacitor and the inductor.

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3.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the damping constant . Determine the theoretical damping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in your circuit?

3.2

Draw the transient response voltage waveform measured across the resistor.

3.3 Use the cursors on the oscilloscope to read the values from the measured graph and complete the table below. Table 3: Under damped RLC circuit

Damping period T

Oscillation frequency (fd = 1/T)

The value of the first peak (= Ae t ) The value of the second peak (= Ae (t+T) ) Solve the two equations for

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TASK 4: RLC-circuits Build the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm, C = 0.1 F and L = 47 mH);

Figure 5: RLC circuit Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible on the oscilloscope. 4.1 Determine the theoretical damping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in the circuit?

4.2

Draw the transient response voltage waveform measured across the resistor.

4.3

Explain the difference between the current waveform measured in TASK 3 and TASK 4.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EIR 211/221 2. PRACTICAL 2: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

Name:_____________________ AIM OF THE PRACTICAL

Student no. _________________

The aim of this practical is to investigate the following concepts: peak value, effective value (rms); average value of a sinus wave. investigate the operation of a full wave rectifier and amplifier, as well as the saturation of an amplifier

REQUIREMENTS Each and every student is required to individually complete the pre-practical assignment before the start of the practical session. Any student that fails to comply with this requirement will receive an incomplete mark for this practical. The practical must be performed in groups of two students. All students must be present during, and participate actively in all of the measurements. ONE HARDCOPY OF THE RESULTS MUST BE HANDED IN PER GROUP AT THE END OF THE SESSION. ONE PERSON MUST ALSO SUBMIT THE REPORT UNDER TURN-IT-IN

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2.1. Section A: PRE-PRACTICAL TASK (To be completed BEFORE the start of the practical) TASK: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

D 100 k B E 82 k C F

1 M G -10V

10 k

+10V

Figure 1: Schematic for the full wave rectifier Refer to the given circuit. Assume an input voltage of VBC = 0.5 cos(100t) V. Do the following calculations and draw the following waveforms for 3 periods with the axis clearly marked. Use a scale of 20 ms = 4cm. 3.1Calculate the theoretical gain of the operational amplifier. (The 82kOhm may be ignored)

3.2 Plot the input voltage VBC and the amplifiers output voltage VGH.

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3.3 Calculate the rms voltage of VBC and VGH.

3.4 Plot the expected full wave rectifier waveform VIJ.

2.2. Section B: PRACTICAL TASK Connect the ground connectors of the two oscilloscopes to nodes C and H, and the live connectors to nodes B and G. Connect the signal generator to nodes C and B (with the ground connector to C). Set the signal generators voltage to 0.5V (measure with the multimeter) and the frequency at 50Hz and keep it so for the tasks up to 6). 1) Measure with the oscilloscope the peak values of the voltages at nodes B and G (relative to ground C and H) and calculate the effective values (rms) NODE B: Peak: 1)

RMS: NODE G: Peak:

RMS:

2)

Use the electronic multimeter (set on AC) to measure the values of the same voltages as in 2). How does the values compare? What does the multimeter therefore measure?

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3)

Calculate the gain of the amplifier for both 2) and 3) and compare it to the theoretical gain.

4)

Also measure the output voltage of the rectifier (I-J) with the multimeter (that is the DC voltage) and note the value. (Note: J is not at ground potential)

5)

Disconnect the oscilloscope entirely from the circuit and connect one of the connectors over I-J. Draw the waveform and compare it to the expected theoretical waveform. Disconnect the connector again.

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6)

Connect one of the connectors to G and its ground H again. Increase the input voltage until saturation is observed and take note of the input voltage. What do you note with regard to the output voltage at point G?

7)

Readjust the input voltage to 0.5V and set the frequency as high as possible. Write down the frequency. Decrease the frequency in n couple of steps and for each step, write down the output voltage and draw a graph of voltage versus frequency on a logarithmic frequency axis. (10Hz, 100Hz, 1kHz, 10kHz, 100kHz)

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EIR 211/221 3. PRACTICAL 3: TRANSFORMERS

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

Name:_____________________

Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________

Student no. _________________

AIM OF THE PRACTICAL The aim of this practical is to experimentally investigate the characteristics of a circuit containing a transformer.

REQUIREMENTS Each and every student is required to individually complete the pre-practical assignment before the start of the practical session. Any student that fails to comply with this requirement will receive an incomplete mark for this practical. The practical must be performed in groups of two students. All students must be present during, and participate actively in all of the measurements. ONE HARDCOPY OF THE RESULTS MUST BE HANDED IN PER GROUP AT THE END OF THE SESSION. ONE PERSON MUST ALSO SUBMIT THE REPORT UNDER TURN-IT-IN

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3.1. Section A: PRE-PRACTICAL TASK (To be completed BEFORE the start of the practical) TASK 1: TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT

Figure 1: Schematic and equivalent for an ideal transformer circuit

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Figure 2: Schematic for the transformer circuit

For the circuit shown in Figure 2, calculate the values for the various voltages (VR, V1, V2, VL), currents (I1, I2), powers in primary (P1) and secondary windings (P2) and equivalent load impedance and enter the values in the blocks provided.

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3.2. Section B: PRACTICAL TASK TASK 1: TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT Build the transformer circuit in Figure 3, assume that the resistor values are exactly as indicated.

Figure 3: Wiring setup for the transformer circuit a) Set the function generator to generate a 10kHz sinusoidal waveform.

b) Adjust the amplitude of the function generator until you measure (with an oscilloscope) a peak voltage of Vm = 2 V (Figure 3). c) Use the oscilloscope to measure the peak voltages (V1, V2, VR and VL) and enter the voltage values in the blocks provided in Figure 3. d) Using the measured voltage values to calculate the currents (I1, I2) and the equivalent impedance and enter the values in the blocks provided in Figure 3. e) f) Calculate the power in the primary and secondary windings (P1, P2) and complete Figure 3. Explain the difference, if any between the power (P1 and P2) measured in the two windings.

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