Name _____________________________

MINERAL: A NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE C 16 Raven MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. It is expensive to obtain high quality metal from low-grade ores because
A. it takes a lot of energy to get enough ore. C. low-grade ores are only found in remote locations. B. high-grade ore is harder to extract D. it takes very little energy to extract low-grade ores.

2. A mineral resource is A. an estimate of the time remaining before the known amounts are used up. B. a list of the deposits that are identified and currently profitable. C. the rate of consumption. D. a list of deposits of low-grade ore of little current profitability. 3. It takes a constructed wetland ________ years to neutralize the acids sufficiently for life to survive in the rivers downstream from acid mine damage. A. 5-10 B. 10-50 C. 50-100 D. 100-500 4. Which of the following countries is NOT a developed country that is also in the top five mineral producing nations in the world? A. Brazil C. Canada B. United States D. Australia 5. Traditional industries operate in a linear fashion. Which of the following most closely resembles this pathway? A. natural resources products wastes B. wastes natural resources products C. products natural resources wastes D. natural resources wastes products 6. Relative to developing countries, developed countries A. use most of the mineral resources. C. have used up less of their mineral resources.

B. have more of the mineral resources. D. are using fewer of the mineral resources.

7. Sulfur dioxide from open-air smelters reacts with ________ to form sulfuric aci4, a component of acid rain. A. oxygen B. nitrogen C. soil D. water 8. Which of the following will NQT encourage low waste practices? A. Introduction of specific conservation techniques. B. Modification of public attitudes about resource conservation. C. Reduction of the cost of resources. D. Increases in public awareness of resource conservation. 9. Which of the following is NOT a step in converting a mineral deposit into a usable product A. Locate the ore. C. Refine the ore. B. Mine the ore. D. Recycle the ore. 10. Which of the following is NOT a reasonable substitute for tin in can making and packaging? A. lead B. plastic C. glass D. aluminum 11. Which of the following is NOT a plan typical of programs regulating mining operations? A. reduce pollution B. restore mining sites C. provide price supports for mineral development. D. protect recreational and wilderness sites from development
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Name _____________________________
12. Which of the following is NOT a common destructive side effect of small-scale gold mining? A. soil erosion C. production of silt B. air pollution D. mercury contamination 13. Which of the following does NOT affect the estimates of mineral reserves? A. economics B. politics C. technology D. ecology 14. Examine figure 15-7. What percentage of the world total consumption of copper does the United States consume? A.30% B.24% C.15% D.4.6% 15. Manufacturers must ________ if consumers are to be able to decrease their consumption. A. make recyclable products B. make durable products C. make disposable products D. make inexpensive products 16. Surface mining disturbs the land _______ subsurface mining. A. more than B. less than C. the same amount as 17. Subsurface mining is better than surface mining because A. it is more expensive. C. it disturbs less land. B. it is more hazardous for miners. D. it extracts minerals. 18. Which of the following is an example of dematerialization? A. tailfins on cars B. laptop computers C. string Bikinis D. lightweight bikes FILL IN: 1. _________________processes can extract phosphates at room temperature. 2. In _____________________________, used items such as beverage cans and scrap iron are collected, remelted, and reprocessed into new products. 3.____________________________, a component of sulfuric acid, is an indispensable industrial mineral with many applications in the chemical industry. 4. Acids and other toxic substances in the _____________________________ of mines are washed into soil and water by precipitation runoff. 5. In ____________________________, the wastes produced by one company are sold to another company as raw materials for their processes, in a manner analogous to nutrient recycling in nature. 6. _____________________________ are mineral deposits that have been identified and are currently profitable to extract. 7. The combination of a mineral's reserves and resources is called its total resources or its _________________ 8. A mineral's __________________________________________ is an estimate of the time it will take for the known reserves of that mineral to be expended. 9. _____________________________ are a way to use natural processes that occur in marshes and ponds to neutralize acid enough for aquatic life to return to rivers and streams downstream from acid mine drainage but, it typically takes 50 to 100 years. 10. One effective way to correct ______________________________ is to construct a series of marshes or ponds downstream from the mine. 11. __________________________ is modified coal that is used as an industrial fuel in blast furnaces.
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Name _____________________________
12. Reclamation of areas that were surface mined for coal is required by the _____________________________________ 13. Processing minerals often involves _____________________________, which is melting the ore at high temperatures to help separate impurities from molten metal. 14. Historically, the ________________________________ of minerals has not been incorporated into the actual price of mineral products to consumers. 15. _________________________________ are substances that are not good conductors of electricity; they include sand, stone, salt, and phosphates. 16. Weathered particles can be transported by water and deposited as sediment on riverbanks, deltas, and the sea floor in a process called ______________________________________ 17. Today's ______________________ may become tomorrow's mines, as valuable minerals and other materials are extracted from them. 18. Purified copper, tin, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, or nickel _________________________ is done in a blast furnace. 19. _______________________are deposits of low-grade ores that may or may not be profitable to extract in the future. 20. As products evolve, they tend to become lighter in weight and often smaller. This decrease in the weight of products over time is called _______________________________ 21. The ____________________________ was established to encourage settlement in the sparsely populated western states. 22. _____________________________, which are extensively damaged due to mining, can be restored to prevent further degradation and to make the land productive for other purposes. 23. Minerals that are too deep to be removed by surface mining are extracted by ______________________________ 24. _____________________________ are mineral compounds in which certain elements are combined chemically with sulfur. 25. Treating low-grade gold ores with ___________________________ such as Thiobacillus allows a 90 percent recovery of gold, compared to 75 percent recovery for the more expensive and energy-intensive conventional methods. 26. Significant worldwide deposits of common table salt NaCl), borax (Na2B4O7), potassium salts, and gypsum (CaSO4-2H20) have been formed by ____________________________ 27. Limestone reacts with impurities in ore to form a molten mixture called ____________________ 28. Deposits of _________________________________ are potential sources of minerals that are currently unprofitable to extract but may be profitable to extract in the future. 29. A________________ is a rare plant that absorbs high quantities of a metal and stores it in its cells. 30. _______________________________ includes recycling and reuse. 31. Acids and other toxic substances in the spoil banks of mines are washed into soil and water by ___________________________ 32. ________________________ are mineral compounds in which elements are combined chemically with oxygen. 33. In an industrial ecosystem, industries are linked to one another in complex ways that resemble a ____________________________ in a natural ecosystem.
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Name _____________________________
34. As molten rock cools it often separates into layers with heavy minerals on the bottom, in a process called ______________________________ 35. Because ______________________________ are not soluble in water, they form deposits by settling out of the solution. 36. _________________________________ contain relatively large amounts of particular minerals, whereas low-grade ores contain lesser amounts. 37. Canadian geologists pinpointed the site of a whole cluster of___________________________, the veins that carry diamonds to the surface from great depths. 38. The combination of a mineral's reserves and resources is called its __________________________ 39. In ________________________________, a trench is dug to extract the minerals from the ground. 40. __________________________, loose rocks produced during the mining process, are usually left in giant piles on the ground or in ponds near mineral processing plants. 41. One of the most significant economic factors in mineral production is the cost of ___________________________ 42. _____________________________ are small rocks the size of potatoes that contain manganese and other minerals, such as copper, cobalt, and nickel, and are found on the ocean floor. 43. During strip mining a new trench is dug parallel to the old one; the overburden from the new trench is put into the old trench, creating a hill of loose rock known as a ____________________________ 44. Elements and compounds that occur naturally in the Earth's crust are called ___________________ 45. ________________________ is the overlying layers of soil and rock that must be removed before minerals can be extracted from a strip mine.

Short Essay Type up! 1. What is a mineral? Compare and contrast the definitions, properties, and uses of metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Include in your discussion three examples of representative metallic minerals and three examples of nonmetallic minerals. 2. Discuss three processes that can lead to the formation of mineral deposits. Please include in your discussion: a) The role water plays in the process. b) The role solubility plays in the process. c) Examples of mineral deposits formed by the process. 3. Identify and discuss the environmental implications of refining minerals. Include specific examples in your discussion. Also propose and discuss the use of at least two alternatives to refining minerals that could minimize these environmental impacts. 4. What is dematerialization? Identify one way in which dematerialization might help to conserve minerals and one way in which it may lead to greater consumption of minerals. 5. What is the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)? Is the United States on board? Provide a benefit that can be realized from mining the sea floor. Counter that with two reasons why seabed mining should be prohibited.

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