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SEFETY PROCESSUEE FOR DIRECT CARE WORK (CHCOHS312A) Case study 1: 1.

The hazards in the article are: Underside of the cable had worn away Another cable was also found to be worn

2. The factors that contributed to this incident are as: OH&S rules was not followed The new worker was not informed about the hazard Lack of communication

3. The control measures are: a. b. c. d. Proper orientation and guidelines regarding work. OH&S rules should be explained. Regularly checking the efficiency and condition of the machine. Indentified hazard should be reported.

4. In my view it is very sad to read about such cases happening because of the carelessness of the entire as a whole. Similarly, managers on duty should be more careful and that is his duty to make work place free from hazards. Case study 2: 1. The hazards in the article are: a. Gloves not worn properly b. Machine operated identifying the risk 2. The factors that contributed to this incident are as: a. OH&S rules was not followed b. The new worker was not informed about the hazard c. Carelessness of the management. 3. The control measures are: a. b. c. d. Proper orientation and guidelines regarding work. OH&S rules should be explained. Regularly checking the efficiency and condition of the machine. Indentified hazard should be reported.

4. It is very sad to hear that the danger has to go through such a devastating condition, the management is to be blamed and needs to take occupational safety of the workers more serious and make plans in looking in to it and talking care to prevent it foe the future. 1. principals for the management of linen and laundry requirements in health care in the health care in the health care environment are as follows: discard the soiled linen into bag, when the linen bad is two/third, securely tied off for transport use water proof linen bags or a clean plastic bad for any linen bags likely to leak blood or body fluid Consider all used linen as contaminated.

2. Infection control: it is the control or stopping the spread of infection form one person to another. 3. OH&S act 1986: OH&S act in South Australia places a general duty of care on the employer and employees in the work place and also on anyone one who designs manufactures, imports and supplies any plant or substances to a workplace. The act also covers issue such as how to resolve OHS issues and the roles of health and safety committees and representatives. 4. OHS regulation set out specific requirements and standards related to physical hazards, systems of work and administrative matters. 5. Codes of practice for the aged care sector: code of provide practical guidance that should be followed unless there is another way to get an equal or better outcome. There is a varied members of codes of practice covering a range of issues, e.g. manual handing code of practice like no lifting, no injury etc. 6. Employers responsibility in the work place: Provide and maintain safe working environment. Provide information, instruction and supervision of the employees to ensure safety. Ensure the safe use, storage and handling of plant, equipments and substance. Provide adequate facilities for staffs. Consult with employees/ health and safety representative about OHS issues. Identify, assess and control hazards.

7. The employees responsibilities in the workplace: Take proper care to ensure own safety of other people. Never place others at risk. Always follow safe work procedures. Use and care for equipment as instructed. Report hazards and injury immediately Always follow the care plan.

8. Responsibilities of manger and supervisor role In workplace Act as a role models Actively practice and develop in their staff and students responsible attitudes towards occupational health and safety. Identify, assess and control hazards Ensure they provide leadership and set a good example for staff and students in occupational health and safety matters. Maintain a safe working environment

9. The OH&S coordinator role in the workplace: Assist in developing preventive strategies Assist the OHS committee Assist in identifying an assessing and controlling investigation. Co-ordinate training programmed.

10. Residents and their family have rights within the facilities, but they also have a responsibility to ensure their action not to put staff at risk. They must follow the rules and regulation of the facility when they are in facility. 11. Hazard is the potential to cause harm: risk on the other hand is the likelihood of harm ( in defined circumstances, and usually qualified by some statement of the severity of the harm) 12. The seven main hazards are follows: Manual handing Lips, trips and fell Resident aggression Plant and equipment The living environment Fire security and other emergencies Infection control

13. Risk id defines as that can be used likelihood that injury will occur and potential severity. 14. The control strategies that can used to avoid possibility of injury talking place are as follows: Decide what measures will ensure that everyone in the workplace fulfils their legal obligations. Make someone responsible for implementing the control measures. Monitor the measures to determine if the problem has been solved. Make record of assessments and solutions. Avoiding large gathering Provide secure garden or walking area including points of interest

15. Standard precautions are the practices used by all healthcare workers when potentially coming into contract with any patients.

16. While standard precautions of infection control are used in the care and treatment of all clients, additional precautions must be applied to clients known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents. 17. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is safety equipment designed to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective in reducing these exposures the pros and cons for using PPE in aged care facility are as follows: Hygienic practices, particularly washing and dying hands before and after patient contact Use of protective barriers when necessary, which may include gloves, gowns, plastic aprons, makes, eye shields or goggle Appropriate handling and disposal of sharps and other contaminated or clinical waste Appropriate reprocessing of reusable equipment and instruments Use of aseptic technique Use of environmental controls

18. We need to wash our hands: Before significant contact with any resident. After activities likely to cause significant contamination. After handling objects solid with body secretions or excretions. After direct contact with wounds. After changing globed between the residents.

19. Procedures for a simple hand washing technique. Consider the sink, including the faucet controls, contaminated. Avoid touching the sink. Turn water on using a paper towel and then wet your hands and wrists. Work soap into water. Vigorously rub together all surfaces of the lathered hands for 15 seconds. Friction helps remove dirt and microorganisms. Wash ground under rings, around cuticles, and under fingernails. Rinse hands thoroughly under a stream of water. Running water carries away dirt and debris. Point fingers down so water and contamination wont drip toward elbows. Dry hands completely with a clean dry paper towel. Use a dry paper towel to turn faucet off. To keep soap from becoming a breeding place form microorganisms, thoroughly clean soap dispensers before refilling with fresh soap. When hand washing facilities are not available at a remote site, use appropriate antiseptic hand cleaner or antiseptic towel letters. As soon as possible, rewash hands with soap and running water.

20. An outcome that specifies on infections control standard for age care facilities: Incident reporting Equipment management. Risk management

Waste management.

PROVIDE PERSONAL CARE (CHCICS310) 1. Six nursing strategies to assist mabel Giving her vitamise food putting on her toileting schedule Using pads Assisting in showering 2. Define the underlined terms. CVA: the sudden death of some brain cells due to a lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain. Diabetes: a polygenic characterized by abnormally high glucose levels in the blood; any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst. Pocketing: the process of moving food from mouth to the stomach (contracted), most often caused by spasm or paralysis of the antagonist muscle that maintains normal muscle tension. Urgency: if the urge to urinate cannot be controlled before reaching the toilet in time, overactive bladder can result in urgency urinary incontinence (involuntarily emptying the contents of the bladder) Constipation: infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels, with hard faces, caused by functional or organic disorders or improper diet Pressure sores: a sore are of skill that develops when the blood supply to it is cut off for more than two to three hours due to pressure on it and lack of movement. Depression: the condition of feeling sad or despondent. 3. Define and outline the prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia If your blood sugar drops too low, you have a low blood sugar reaction called hypoglycemia. A low blood sugar reaction can come on fast. Generally, a level below about 60 mh/dl is called low blood sugar. It may occur once or twice a week if you have type 1diabetes. Hypoglycemia is much less common with type 2 diabetes, but it can happen especially with some medications. People who have tight control of their diabetes are more at risk for low

blood sugar and so are the elderly. Studies have shown that 50 percent of severe low blood sugars occur between midnight and 8 a.m. talk to your diabetes educator about what to do. Balancing glycemic control by preventing hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia is key for providing optimum care of individuals with diabetes. The inpatient team can prevent or reduce hypoglycemia events by following process Recognizing precipitating factors or triggering events Ordering appropriate scheduled insulin or anti diabetic oral agents; Monitoring blood glucose at the bedside; Educating patients, family, friend and staff about symptom recognition and appropriate treatment; Providing appropriate nutritional requirements; and Applying systems for eliminating or reducing medication and treatment errors in hospitalized patients. Treatment: If you feel that your blood glucose is too low, test it. If it is 70 mg/dl or lower, you should eat or drink 15 grams of carbohydrate quickly cup of fruit juice, such as: 1-2 teaspoons of sugar or honey 1-2 cup of regular soda 5-6 pieces of hard candy Glucose gel or tablets (take the amount noted on the package to add up to 15 grams of carbohydrate) 1 cup of milk Test your blood sugar again in 15 minutes. If it is still below 70 mg/dl, eat another 15 grams of carbohydrate. If your blood glucose is not low but your next meal is an hour away, have a snack with starch and protein, such as: Crackers and peanut butter or cheese Half a ham or turkey sandwich Crackers or cercal with a cup of milk 4: identify area of the skin that are at increased risk of complications due to poor hygiene practices

Skin damage from pressure usually begins on the body where the bones are close to the skin surface, such as the hip, back these bony prominences apply pressure on the skin from within. If there is a hard surface on the outside too, the skin is pinched off from circulation. Because the rate of circulation is also reduced by paralysis, less oxygen gets to the skin, lowering the skins resistance. The body tries to compensate by sending more blood to the area. This may result in swelling, putting even more pressure on the blood vessels and further compromising the health of the skin. 5: identify areas of the body that are at increased risk of the development of pressure sores. Especially portions over bony or cartilaginous areas such as sacrum, elbows, knees, and ankles. 6: INDEPENDENT LIVING CENTER ASSIGNMENT BEDS and BED EQUIPMENT: Happie feet adjustable bed cradle: a width and height adjustable folding bed cradle made of powder coated steel designed to support the weight of bed covers off the feet and lower legs which is available in a range of sizes. CONTINENCE PRODUCTS: Careline leg bags: a range of soft, PVC urinary leg bags are available in two sizes, packaged sterile or non sterile with leg straps. EATING and DRINKING: Aladdin ableware plate: A porcelain china plate with a rim which assists with scooping food onto a fork or spoon which are available in one size.

7. ESSAY A traumatic wound that often results from external friction and/ or shearing forces (such as tape removal) that separate the epidermis from dermis (partial thickness wound) or separate both the epidermis and dermis from the underlying structure (full thickness would). It has been identified as a common, acute injury sustained by the aged in extended care facilities changes to adding skin make this population more susceptible to skin tear injuries. Skin tears occur when the outer layers of the skin separate or peel back. Unfortunately skin tears commonly occur in aged care home. They can be painful, costly and difficult to treat. So why do the elderly get skin tears and how can they are avoided?

The role as a career in the prevention of skin tears are as follows: use of proper lotion and medications providing high nutritious food as per their desire Providing plenty of liquids. Deeper skin tears can be Deeper skin tears and get infected. If someone does get a skin tear its worthwhile keeping track of dressing changes. A nurse should checks the actual dressing and surrounding skin on a daily basis. Dirty bandages could be a sign that a dressing hasnt been changed and is worth reporting to a nurse. Residents living in an aged care home may change clothes several times a day. Many skin tears occur when nurses attempt to pull tight clothes over contracted limbs.

With the ageing process, There is a number of age related skin changes observed histological. These include decreased collagen and elastin, flattening of the dermal- epidermal ridge through flattening of the dermal papillae and retie ridges, loss of dermal thickness, and loss of subcutaneous fat. Vascular changes are evident with arteriosclerotic changes in the small and large vessels, thinning of vessel walls, and a reduction in the vascular network. Cellular deficiencies include a reduction in mast cells, a decreased number of langerhans cells, loss of melanocytes, fewer T lymphocytes with reduced responsiveness to specific antigens and mitogens, and a reduction in merkel cells, Meissonier cells and paining corpuscles. Glandular changes include a decrease in the number and function of sweat glands, and sebaceous gland hyperplasia with decreased sebum production. An increased skin surface PH increased transepidermal water loss and reduction in skin mosisture with ageing is laso reported.

It is best to apply hypoallergenic moisturizers containing urea or lactic acid after bathing, with the skin damp, not wet; this will counteract some of the drying effects. Hydration needs to be distinguished from lubrication. Lubrication is the result of coating the skins surface with an oily covering that prevents water loss. Hypoallergenic moisturizers have a continuous water phase of suspended oil. When the water evaporates, the oil remains, thus hydrating the skin.

There are many products available that can help prevent areas and skin tears. Unfortunately most aged care homes are short on supplies. If someone does have frail and delicate skins consider: Medical sheepskin products such as booties, bed overlays and elbow protectors for comfort and protection

Placing padding on wheelchair legs and arm supports, lifting equipment and chairs Putting limb protectors on thin arms and legs ( worn like a thick sock) Using proper transfer equipment and lift techniques ( use satin sheets on the bed and slide sheets to transfer a person in bed to protect against shearing) Buying air mattresses and seat cushions. Skin tears can happen due to a simple knock or when a resident is being helped from a chair. Preventing skin tears is a daily challenge in most aged care homes but it can be done by following a good skin care routine and taking simple steps to protect the skin from injury

Registered nurses (RNs) are responsible for the care of residents in high care (nursing home) residential age care facilities in relation to skin tears. The skin tears are perceived by RNs to be a commonly occurring wound in aged residents, and those wounds. There appeared to be no uniform language used by Australian clinicians relating to the description and classification of skin tears. RPs was also often unaware of published skin tear research. A wide range of treatment modalities was being used for skin tears. With little evidence available to support their use in these wounds. Specific skin tear topics identified for inclusion in future educational programs were aging skin issues, resident risk assessment, skin tear classification skills, local wound management and preventative strategies. The non- response rate was high. RNs always recorded the shape of tear, amount of skin loss, depth of wound and condition of surrounding skin. RHs also indicate that they would use a skin tear assessment and documentation chart if made available.

Referees: http://www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/cearticle.asp?tid+871243 Name of author: Kim leblance Name of publisher and year of publishing: CE collection 2009

http://www.silverchain.org.au/assets/files.STAR-article.pdf Name of author: Carville K et al. Name of publisher and year of publishing: primary intention 2007 http://www.awma.com.au/journal/library/1503 o4.pdf

Name of author: white W Name of publisher and year of publishing: primary intention 2001 http://www.kfmc.org/providers/nh/tools/skinfair/handouts/station%203ABCs tearguide.pdf. skin

WORK EFFECTIVELY (HLTHIR4O3B).

WITH

CULTURALLY

DIVERSE

CUENTS

AND

CO-WORKERS

The lists of cultures that have made Australia their home are as follows: Indian Nepalese Bhutanese Italian Lebanese Chinese Korean

2. The list of religious groups within the Australian way of life is Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Sikhism,ect.

3. The best thing to find out residents religious or cultural group is we have to read the care plan, ask residents relative.

4. The four religious based Aged care in South Australia are as follows: Name of organization: Uniting care Wesley Adelaide address:10 pitt stree Adelaide SA 5000 contact details (08)82023111 religious groups :based on Christian ethics overview :To assist people to overcome barriers to living life to the full. Name of organization: Pad man health care Address: 80 Fullarton Rd Norwood SA 5067 contact details :(08)8362500 Religious group: mostly Christian overview: To provide residential care and services those consistently meets and exceed the residents needs and their expectation . Name of organization: Anglican care lan George court address: 2/10 first street Brompton SA 5007 contact details: 088348200 religious groups: Christian Overview: It provide a safe, flexible and caring environment which allows residents to maintain their chosen life style and activities. Name of organization: Elder care Address: 251 young street Wayville SA 5034 contact detail (08)82911000 Religious groups: Christian overview: Elder care is one of the largest and most experienced aged care and retirement living and providers in South Australia.

6. The four cultural based aged cares in South Australia are as follow: Name of organization: Maltese Aged care association Address: 62 Stroud street north Cheltenham SA 5014 contact detail: (08) 802410266 culture group: Maltese culture People overview: initiate and develop services of Maltese Elderly.

Name of organization: ST. Basils nursing home Address: 9 Winchester Street St peter SA 5069 Cultural details: (08) 83621105 Cultural group: Focuses to Greek orthodox. Overview: To provide Quality service within a culturally appropriate environment that enhances the dignity , independenence and quality of life of all resident in its care.

Name of organization : Anglicare Aged care Address: 18 king William Rd North Adelaide SA 5006 contact details: (08)8303920 culturral group : all religion and culture people overview : it offers a variety of services to older people in Adelaide throughout metropolitan area.

Name of organization: multicultural Age care Address: 94 Henley beach Rd mile end SA 5031 Contact group: (08) 82419900 Cultural group: all cultural back ground Overview: all older people from culturally and linguistically diverse background will head the life style of their choice. 7. The four ways are as follows: Speaking clearly Proper eye contact Talking help from pictures if client is not able to understand what you are trying to say Using proper uniform or dress code

8. Communication is the proper means to communicate with each other. Good means good relation.

communication

9. Yes but it depends on what sort of interpreting to be done.

SUPPORT GROUP ACTIVITIES 1. What are the main elements of teamwork?

The main aims of teamwork are:

Working with people of different nature Working as an individual and as a member of team Knowing how to define a role as part of a team. Identifying the strength of team member. Give feedback. 2. Individual differences in groups include? Individual differences in group include:

Lack of communication Lack of clear and challenging goal Delay in performances Because of individual differences particular employee might end up with high work pressure. Unhealthy work environment. Non cooperative behaviour shown whiles carrying out duties 3. How you know when you are working in a good team? Good team always have good environment;

High level of interdependence Team leader has good people skills and is committed to team approach Each team member is willing to contribute Team develops a relaxed climate for communication Team and members develops a mutual trust Team and individuals are prepared to take risks Has a high success rate Has a leader who adjusts the leadership style from democratic to autocratic

4. Outline the dynamics of groups and the different styles of group leadership and decision making?

Good dynamic influence other group to perform in a better way, reach to be strong and vibrant and overwhelming group. This may too include behavioural changes representing oneself in the group. It forms the basis for any group.

5. What organizational policies, principles and procedure assist you in working with teams? Both employee and employer be friendly Supporting principle and procedures Yearly reviving policies Policies should not be burdening either employee or employer These types of policies, principle and procedure of organization might assist in working with teams.

6. Relevant organizational documents would assist with the lines of communication in the work group. First would be induction pack Annual report Journals, brochures and information booklets etc.

7. How would build and maintain relationships in the work group? Participating in group Sharing information Letting other person to put his/ her opinion By appreciating each others perception and motion Not interfering while the next person is speaking Encouraging and helping each other in the group. 8. Bruce tucker model in the stages of group development are: Storming- the forming stage involves the introduction of team members, either at the initiation of the team or as members are introduced subsequently. Members are likely

to be influences by the expectations and desires they bring with them however they will be interested in how the group operates. Forming- as your team member grows more confident. The team will most likely enter the storming phase. In this phase, team members will have different opinions as to how the team should operate. As conflict will arise in this phase, the storming phase is a different time for them. The best teams learn to understand the conflict, actively listen to teach other and navigate forward through a consensus building process. Norming team members adjust their behaviour to each other and works naturally. They often work through this stage of agreeing or rules professional behaviour, etc. Performing- the final phase in tuck mans model is the performing phase. In this phase emphasis is placed upon the team reaching goals rather than working on group processes. Relationships are settled and team members are likely to build loyalty and trust with each other. At this stage the team is able to manage more complex takes and cope with larger degrees of change.

9. Once i had been part of my unit documentary making event in Nepal. I was researching for the documentary and we made documentary on tribal people who were suffer from HIV/AIDS. These people were not accepted in the society. Before making documentary i along with other group members did a brief research and visited the village and some places. The we divided the group in three different team for various responsibilities like script writing, presenter, editor, and directing, light man, camera man etc. I did the whole research job and later helped in script writing.

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