Amit Bhavan 1

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE I. Personality a. Personality comes from persona i. Ancient Greece, when there were plays, only men could act, some of the parts were female, so all the men would wear masks or personas to let them know who they are ii. Definition: Aggregate conglomeration of decisions weve made throughout our lives. There are inherent natural, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to the development of our personality b. If we wipe away physical appearance (not dress), and intelligence we are left with our personality c. It is what we acquire during development; different from Temperament or Attitude (Discussed in Development) d. We are able to establish a continuum of different personalities with pathological problems at the extremes e. Personality is durable; doesnt change from day to day, month to month (this is after 18 of course); almost everyone has a predominant trait; use one word to describe it i. Pathological problems exist when we use one trait and exclude everything else: life throws a lot of situations at you 1. In some situations you should be submissive and a follower, and in other situations you should be aggressive and a leader 2. It should be the situation that determines which trait you decide to pull out ii. Can tell personality via observation 90% of what you need to know about an individual (medical condition and personality) can be discovered via good interview so that by the time you order tests, should have 90% of the information, just using the tests to confirm what you know Traits: Big 5 i. Extraversion vs. Intraversion ii. Agreeableness vs. Disagreeableness: How easy it is to get along 1. Example of people that want to be loved so much that is always saying Yes and the ones that if you say the sky is blue they will argue that. iii. Conscientiousness 1. Some people are always going to do what they tell you and some others that will not. iv. Emotional Stability vs. Lability v. Intellect/Openness 1. Being OPEN; Example: Hey lets go to eat in this new restaurant so they say Lets get the weird things in the menu and they are others that will just go for the things they know and they like only. Assessment (OBJECTIVE TEST: MMPI/MMPI2) i. MMPI and MMPI-2 (Original test made in 1950s, earlier than 1990s, was updated to MMPI-2)

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ii. iii. MN multiphasic personality inventory were looking for a profile/pattern 1. MMPI divided into 2 different sections: validity and clinical scales iv. test itself is valid, but test requires person to answer 516 questions about themselves, so while test it valid we dont know if particular administration is valid (e.g., did patient answer it adequately) 1. validity indicates whether the test measures what it is supposed to measure (or if it is valid) 2. standardized specific instructions 3. reliability same results every time the test is taken 4. L = lie scale (is person telling truth on test, truth = low score)

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F = frequency (freq of bizarre experiences, normal person should have low number of this, we all have bizarre experiences, so we should have more F than L) 6. normally, expect LFK scale to look like an inverted V in 50-65 range (F being higher, L and K being lower) 7. sometimes double up on questions (one at beginning and one at end) to see if they answered the same question the same way 8. elevated F (above 65) good chance person is psychotic/schizophrenic, has lost touch w/ reality v. if not psychotic, want to look crazier than what they are = fake bad profile vi. used when they have a court case coming up and they want to dodge prison time and go to mental institution, or when they need to look sick to get social security and medicare or its generally a cry for help (come across as anxious and want to get across how serious they are) vii. L and K usually are the lowest, F is the highest T score is b/w 50-65 higher the F, more bizarre events are happening 5.

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viii. ix. 10 clinical scales 1. numbered from 1-9 and then 0 for Si scale 2. the higher the SI, the more introverted they are, the lower the SI, the more extroverted they are 3. Hs and D elevated w/ the inverted V LFK shows psychosomatic disorder 4. 1,2,3 are referred to as neurotic scales (deal w/ emotions) 5. 6,7,8,9, 0 psychotic scales 6. MF scale = 5 scale thought it was a scale to measure homosexuality originally after they started using the test, realized Mf test actually measured masculine/feminine interests the more education theyve had, the more feminine the interests, the less education theyve had, the more masculine the interests feminine will score high on Mf scale 7. Mac = MacAndrews scale is an additive scale to determine alcoholism x. what if F scale elevated and individual truly had a psychotic disorder? Something from 6-0 scales should be elevated 1. in general ppl who lose contact w/ reality will have one or more from 6-0 elevated 2. if bipolar and starting to have psychotic symptoms, will see mania sky high and depression elevated 3. once F is elevated, look at the psychotic scales and see if there is anything you can tie to that elevated F scale if link, then can truly believe person is having a psychotic episode if F scale is elevated and mania scale is up, person is anxious = call for help so if see elevated F and almost everything on clinical scale is normal except for a spike on 4, then probably clinical fake bad Projective Personality Test Rorschach Test i. Test developed by Herman Rorschach in 1910 ii. MMPI was objective test, can put it in a computer and it can spit back a profile description iii. Rorschach test = using a defense mechanism called projection; project ourselves onto an image we describe something we put a little bit of ourselves in it and are effectively describing ourselves iv. Consists of 10 images on 7x9.5 cards;

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v. Scored based on account of Location, Determinants, Content, and Popularity (if an image is given a typical bat or butterfly appearance, then only take note if the patient comes up with something bizarre like a gun) c. Other Projective Tests: i. TAT: Thematic Aperception Test: Look at a picture and describe what they see; when in reality there is nothing going on in the picture but still objects, but patients narration encompasses their personality which is documented ii. Draw-a-Person: HTP (house tree person) give person 3 blank papers; ask patient to draw a house on nd rd one, tree on the 2 sheet, and person on the 3 sheet 1. Most patients draw a person of the same sex first, so man would draw picture of the man first th 2. Now give them a 4 paper ask them to draw a picture of the opposite sex that was drawn on paper 3 a. If individual shows certain themes in the pictures, can make a note of that 3. For the house in paper 1: chimney represents phallic symbol; if house has no windows, could indicate person does not want people to see them from outside indicating the patient is a guarded individual = paranoia iii. Sentence Completion: 25 sentences that have no endings my mother _______ when I think of my father _________ I am happiest when _________ 1. Look for themes, do they have a hostile element, do they talk about dad in positive terms, mom in negative terms, etc. d. Galen i. 4 Humors: Body fluids used to describe personality 1. If you have too little or too much of these things, will affect how you are e.g., too much blood will make you hot blooded, too little blood will be cold blooded 2. Galens theories are pretty close to modern day theory peoples behavior is governed by balance of certain chemicals instead of humors we have neurotransmitters ii. Blood: SANGUINE Warm blooded; Kind iii. Phlegm: PHLEGMATIC Listless and slow iv. Black Bile: MELANCHOLIC (Melanin-Cholic) Depressed and sad v. Yellow Bile: CHOLERIC Easily angered, quick to react e. Personality Theory Perspectives i. Psychodynamic 1. Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles 2. Internal mechanisms that drive us forward and we are a victim of those mechanisms/dont have too much control over them blame my parents, dont blame me Freud is best example, going to say we have certain energies/drives inside us that force us to act in certain ways e.g., hunger, when we are hungry to a certain point, will make food the only goal ii. Behavioristic 1. Focus on external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning 2. Essentially everything is learned, nothing is biological, if it is biological, it is learned after you were born genetics = 0, environment and nurture = 100% iii. Social Learning 1. Attribute differences in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes 2. Family wasnt terribly wealthy ate well but only had 1 knife, 1 fork, 1 spoon when ate at better restaurants, have more knives, more forks, more spoons if not used to it, would be bewildering would wait until host would pick up the right tool to eat, and then you copy it and eat too LEARN BY WATCHING OTHERS how kids walk and talk iv. Humanistic 1. Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth 2. Starts w/ idea that ppl are good, worthwhile, and have all the tools they need to solve their own problems when they are born may not know they have the tools and that they can be relied on, but have them Psychoanalytic Personality Theory (Developed by Freud) a. Key Terms: i. Freud says that when we are born, we have 3 drives: 1. LIBIDO: Started off with just libido but in translation from German, saw libido as sexual energy, but actually more like a life force, an energy that makes us stay alive and move forward

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(e.g., hunger, always find a way to survive, always find things to eat and eat enough) rooting/sucking reflex are examples of libido 2. EROS: sexual energy not for us to survive but for human race to survive a. in beginning thats where Freud stopped b. if we have libido & eros then we would never die, but ppl die everyday if we have libido and eros then we would never commit suicide, but we do so somethings up if there is a fault it should be corrected c. Freud thought there should be a third energy, which lead us towards death 3. THANATOS: when we are born, we have an excess libido and a little bit of Thanatos as we age, libido goes down and Thanatos goes up eventually when Thanatos peaks, we die if thanatos overcomes libido early on, thats where suicide comes from a. libido starts in the mouth and goes throughout the body i. helps develop personality ii. if things dont go as planned and libido stops prematurely, personality stops prematurely PSYCHE: Id, Ego, Super Ego i. When we are born, we only have an Id 1. newborn baby is pure Id what drives newborn baby? Its got to eat if it gets hungry, going to sleep, when bowels are full or bladder full, it will pee and poo everywhere, if hungry will scream, want to feel good and will do it at any cost 2. if it feels good do it (pleasure principle = Id) a. pleasure principle = basic functioning machine that doesnt deal with anxiety very well 3. what would happen if put baby on the table and slammed the table? Moro reflex 4. baby fragile like Id when it comes to anxiety shame and guilt b/c it doesnt have any mechanisms to deal with them ii. ego protects the ID from anxiety and does that through the defense mechanisms 1. function of ego: negotiate b/w ID and superego 2. ego designed to work on reality principle: yes you want to be able to play w/ yourself, but youll get in trouble w/ the outside world, lets go to the bedroom to do that so we can stay out of trouble w/ real world, yet satisfy the ID iii. superegos deals with rights/wrongs, dos/donts, what you should/shouldnt do 1. hear it when doing something that you know is wrong 2. ID said I want to masturbate it feels good, superego said no and the ego has to find out what to do iv. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: Id is reacting to overwhelming anxiety without control from the Ego. v. Addicts denial, rationalize like crazy and they have an over developed superego vi. Lack of superego = psychopathic deviance vii. Need all 3 working together and in balance TOPOGRAPHY OF PSYCHE i. Go out on St. Kitts, you see grass, dirt, water, different elevations, the structure makes up the island, whether or not they are elevated is the topography ii. Look at structure of the mind first, then the different levels or topography

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iii. iv. Think of psyche like an iceberg: 10% of psyche above waterline, 90% below, but theres some parts that are above the line and below the line depending on when water rises/recedes v. most of the iceberg is unconscious/below the water line most of what you do is unconscious w/o you ever having to think about it ppl hate to hear this b/c want to feel like they have control over everything they do vi. dreams: from id coming into consciousness vii. preconscious, drifts b/w conscious and unconscious, fits in w/ the receding/rising water thing sometimes its conscious and sometimes unconscious thats why 10 years from now you see someone you knew before and say I know that person (the tip of the tongue feeling) viii. People conscious about leaving lights on like Dr. Dennis (Old dean of administration); MOST BEHAVIOR IS UNCONSCIOUS ix. Lapsis Lingua Freudian Slip; allows the subconscious to come out x. Disguise the unconscious by imagining or dreaming of other urges, the preconscious will let it slip through as a dream with symbollic meaning xi. Latent content of dreams: what it really means xii. Free association: something that you want to say, and certain things you dont say or censor; the person says what comes to mind and not censors xiii. Most of superego is unconscious, dont know why we feel the way we feel about things, part is preconscious, and part is conscious xiv. Id is completely unconcious, dont know the urges or pleasures xv. Ego is evenly divided DEFENSE MECHANISMS a. Narcissistic i. Narcissis was a nymph and ran around the forest in love with himself, and when he catches a glimpse of himself he would admire himself at a pondgods angered so turned him into a flower in a boggirlfriend was Echoshe just wasted away and her voice was all that was left ii. Denial: People simply ignore unpleasant facts, they filter out data and content that contravene their selfimage, prejudices, and preconceived notions of others and of the world. iii. Projection: Every man makes homosexual advances toward me; Psychotic projection of guilt over a dead body, hearing your own heart beat getting louder and louder; project false feelings or statements iv. Distortion: Changing external reality to fit inner needs; a gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs v. Splitting: Good & bad people; not people with both qualities; common in borderline PD; avoids ambivalence; split the anger and emotions at yourself; lowers self-esteem; there is only black and white, no grey; Twisting the facts so they match what you WANT them to be, if someone smiles at you, twist that perception and feel that they like you vi. Theres some disorders we characterize based on the defense mechanism used some use only one def mech over and over again or use one to exclusion of everything else its one thing to say yeah ok I have a weakness and then theres Im inadequate and idk how to deal w/ it project it onto someone else me feeling something about myself, projecting it to you, then reacting to you associated w/ paranoid process b. Immature (adolescents and nonpsychotic pts.)

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i. Acting out ppl take their emotions and act them out 1. angry, dont know how to deal w/ anger so act it out 2. e.g., teenager who is upset at residential treatment center and smears feces all over the bathroom 3. ID has an impulse, wants to destroy something and ego finds a way for ID to act out impulse that is more socially acceptable remember defense mechanisms come from ego 4. Door in 45 year old housea fixer upper .repainting everything , the door would not fit back in place, how could the door expand a ??? Got so upset that he took it out physically on a hammer and 2x4.ACTING OUT.displace or get rid of the anger (cathartic) and then you are able to think clearly ii. Hypochondriasis (renders helper as helpless as pt. feels) 1. Take a feeling, anxiety, we dont know what to do with it, so we attach it to a physical symptom, and now we have a body symptom we are concerned about.most symptoms are abdominothoracic centered. iii. Schizoid fantasy (@ self or relationships) 1. ppl who havent lost touch w/ reality, but drift off into fantasy when they encounter something they cant deal with 2. kind of like day-dreaming.if dreams are of being a hero, the person has feelings of inferiority 3. the patient is still in reality versus schizophrenic iv. Blocking 1. it just isnt there, just doesnt come to you mind can stop thought/impulse/feeling and its been blocked v. Passive Aggressive: Not bringing your book back on purpose, but always using I forgot as an excuse Neurotic (seen in adults under stress & anxiety dis.) i. Displacement (from threatening to nonthreatening): 1. have emotional feeling towards somebody else and know its socially unacceptable to act out on that feeling 2. so instead displace that feeling onto something else where its socially acceptable to act on it being mad at the teacher and kicking the cat 3. introjection: I have a feeling about you, uncomfortable expressing that feeling to you, so turn that feeling back on myself a. e.g., angry at you, but dont know how to act on it, so turn that anger on myself, and get angry at myself and tear myself down, then feel depressed ii. Dissociation (pathological; MPD): 1. from trauma or intense pain 2. memories are not just lost in subconscious, but are splintered and distorted 3. lose ability to include all thoughts, emotions, and somatic senses 4. some parts become separated/inaccessible a. e.g., person may remember what happened, but forgot how it felt iii. Reaction formation (scared kidacts the bully): 1. is kid scared, turns it around 180 degrees and becomes this big bully so offputting that no one dares to go up and confront him that way protected b/c now no ones will come up to him 180 degrees from how you feel about things iv. Rationalization: 1. alcoholics come up w/ 1001 excuses logical reasons for illogical behaviors v. Intellectualization: 1. Father diagnosed with Prostate Cancer; Tx = removal of the prostate; his dad is a high school graduate, factory worker most of life, went out and found every book that he can find on prostate cancer, and the different treatments, when he was done, he was able to communicate with the urologist like a colleaguenever got emotional and never got upsetjust treated it as a problem that needed to be solvedthen talk about it intellectually. Can sit down and talk as a colleaguealcoholics Mature (Healthy adaptation to adult life) i. Altruism (Leakeys recipricol altruism): 1. if I feel anxious, guilty, shame, embarrassment, feel better by doing good to other ppl as payback for that anxious, guilty, shame w/e ii. Humor:

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using humor to get through an embarrassing situation or diffuse a difficult situation 2. going to Ross Udr. wagner went in 95tripped and fell and made a joke about dance lessonsuse HUMOR iii. Anticipation: 1. planning for future 2. go through all this shit with med school to anticipate a kush lifestyle when you are done iv. Ascetism: 1. group of ppl that gave up all worldly comforts 2. had absolutely no creature comfort b/c wanted to find a better place in heaven later on or trying to find a better place in heaven for others 3. a lot of ppl do it to atone for sins weve done 4. if theres something youre guilty/shameful of, give up something to make up for the thing you did wrong 5. note wrong doing was in super egos eye v. Sublimation (exhibitionistic tendencies to choreographer): 1. taking a socially unacceptable urge that our ID wants to do, and turn it into something thats socially acceptable 2. scenario: one of you deep down inside, in their ID, has this rage, this horrible tension and if the ID had no other parts of the mind to keep it in control, ID would slash, murder and cause great mayhem hes a serial killer at heart, just doesnt know it if he does it, mom wont like him, and society wont like him so ego says idk if this is such a hot idea, cant we find a way to work it out? Let me find out how to get your needs met but not get you in trouble w/ society superego says Ill go along with this, just so long as he doesnt break any rules so ego says how can I make him into a socially acceptable slasher go to med school, be a surgeon and use slasher tendencies to make big bucks and save people vi. Suppression (Scarlett OHare: Ill think about it tomorrow): 1. when slaves tell scarlett we dont have any food, we dont have any money she just says Ill think about it tomorrow and then forgets about it 2. take a problem we cant deal w/, and purposefully shove it into unconscious so it doesnt bother us, and then we forget about it 3. in repression, we dont purposefully shove something into unconscious, it got there on its own vii. Projection looks like displacement viii. Dissociative: 1. Out of body experience, mind and body separate for a while, see it in people who have been severely abused PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT a. Shift in Libido from one body region to another b. Oral: Centers at lips & mouth i. Earlier is pleasurable (suckling); later is more aggressive (biting and chewing) ii. during this time the libido is located in mouth we know how to eat, we look at the world as food, and we are able to survive b/c we have libido energy in mouth iii. we will function primarily via mouth iv. in order to do this, we have to trust that we can be dependent on primary caregiver to be there to take care of us v. Objective: to establish a trusting dependence on caretakers; evidenced by eating, relaxing and sleeping vi. Successful resolution: capacity to give and receive; w/o dependence or envy; sense of autonomy in adulthood 1. if resolved well in first year of life, flat coin, so everything on top stacks neatly vii. Incomplete resolution or fixation: Pessimism seen in depression. Last three seen in alcoholism where needs are gratified orally. viii. if oral needs arent met/no dependency develops, get pathology (e.g., for rest of life, will have dependency needs, and show those needs in behavior, clinging vine = person who relies on others to make decisions, person constantly cant make decisions) ix. if oral needs arent met as a kid, then will want to keep meeting needs orally later on, one of the way you can do it is have oral dependency on alcohol, or become compulsive smoker, rely continuously on ciggys to deal w/ anxiety/discomfort 1.

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person becomes narcissistic (everything exists for me)/pessimistic (if I cant get my needs met, jealous of everyone who can) 2. if not resolved well, uneven coin, so everything put on top leans over and then everything topples = pathology 3. If we dont learn to trust or be dependentwe become overly independent later on; if we stay stuck in the dependent phase, then we become clingy or FIXATED on a particular stage. AntiSocial is different than A-Social: Asocial means that a person is NOT social; ANTI-social means they go against society, with an element of anger; kids at 2 years of age love the word NO because they are developing their independence and have gone 100% in the other directionlibido moves to the anus at around the same time the kid is being potty-trained. Anal: Control of anal sphincter over retention and expulsion of feces.; struggle between passivity and activity i. Terrible Twos; in anal stage, undoing what were doing in oral stage ii. favorite word of two year old: no 1. everything they say is no b/c exerting independence, telling you that they are different from you, b/c in oral stage, think us and the universe are one (havent developed sense of self, same as the rest of the world, no control over self) 2. havent developed control, so say no to everything iii. milestone: potty training iv. if the mother tries to set a schedule for the kid, he may not follow the schedule, electing to purposefully not defecate at an allotted time by controlling his anal sphincter Anal Retentive Beginnings of obsessive compulsive personalities Really messy or obsessively neat with things their way. v. when we have pathology, we will go one extreme or the other 1. will be overly neat and organized, or extremely messy, sloppy, procrastination 2. ppl who procrastinate usually tend to be perfectionists a. e.g., you are perfectionist, everything has to be done exactly right, but somewhere inside you know you are human and cant do it, so you put it off 3. obsessive compulsives tend to have anger (against mom) 4. sadists derive sexual pleasure by giving pain, masochists derive sexual pleasure by receiving pain a. Rage + Sexual feelings = S&M vi. Objective: striving for independence and separation from parents; leads to cooperation w/o willfulness and defiance. vii. Tightwad if well defended; Messiness if not. PHALLIC STAGE - MALE i. Oedipus, before he was king, was a prince started hearing stories from ppl that his life was going to be something of a tragedy wanted to know what will happen to him, so went to prophet (oracle) in Delphe and asked oracle what will happen to him told that he was going to murder his father, fall in love/intercourse w/ mom, and there isnt much he can do to stop it so Oedipus thought easiest thing to do is sail away w/ adventurers while his folks stay in home country sailed around and have all these adventures, fought off all these monsters, then major storm destroys boat and washes him ashore along w/ other sailors lost completely elderly man talks to them and gets in argument w/ Oedipus, and Oedipus kills him find out how to survive in strange land, stumble into strange town, find a gorgeous woman, JOCASTA get married, intercourse finds out elderly man was father, woman he married, JOCASTA, was mother, and he gouges out eyes and wander off through the lands ii. Freud says we go through a developmental stage like Oedipus 1. little boy will develop love interest in mom (e.g., mom driving home from grocery store, and little 4 yo goes to help pick up groceries b/c he wants to be her little man, her little helper 2. all is well and good if it werent for dad, b/c he is rival little boy decides that rival is big and strong and he might get in trouble if rival finds out he has hots for mom decides theres no way he can beat the rival so instead of going after her will model myself after dad and going to find a partner whos like mom 3. so little boy identifies w/ parent of same sex and looks for wife that is like mom, which recreates the original mom/dad pair 4. if no father or inadequate father, when little boy likes mom, doesnt have father figure to show him how to be big and masculine a. thats called latent (hidden) homosexuality b. this kid has inadequate sense of what its like to be a man (gender identity) c. so grow up w/ these feelings of inadequacy 1.

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if dad is domineering/not caring at all, poor little kid who has hots for mom is quaking in boots at thought of what could be done to him 6. according to freud worst thing that can be done by rival is to cut off testicles a. Kid buries feelings of castration anxiety into the unconscious and feels this way all the time, with a vague notion something bad will happen, and develops a general anxiety disorder 7. so if Oedipus complex not resolved properly, will get pathology 8. oedipus complex can go w/ chicks or dudes Phallic Stage - WOMEN 1. ELECTRA kills mother and marries father a. problem: she doesnt have any testicles to castrate b. freud says: she already has her testicles castrated and thus has Penis Envy towards father if think of penis as a symbol of something (masculine, power to go out and work, financial power, the good ol boy network, not good ol girl network) so women may be envying male for what that power is and what he can do w/ that power rather than the physical appendage ii. Urethral: similar characteristics to anal but focus on urination iii. The Histrionic/Hysterical 1. Seductive 2. Largely rejected today by most psychologists 3. LITTLE GIRL: Envies the power (Phallus), tries to take it away or girl develops a histrionic sexual interest in dad, tend to be very seductive in their behavior, tend to sexualize their relationships. iv. Phallic: Genital masturbation and Oedipal conflict 1. Unconscious fantasies of sexual involvement with opposite sex parent 2. boys, fearing castration abandons desire for mother and strives to emulate father 3. identification with same sex parent v. Successful resolution: 1. curiosity w/o embarrassment; 2. initiative; 3. sense of sexual self; 4. sense of mastery; 5. controlled impulses; 6. development of superego vi. Unsuccessful resolution: 1. Many complex problems with two main themes: a. castration anxiety in males b. penis envy in women c. homosexuality in both sexes is due to incomplete resolution according to theory Latency Phase i. Age 5 Puberty ii. Objective: Consolidations of sex role and Identity iii. Unsuccessful resolution 1. Lack of impulse control 2. Decreased skill development iv. Named latency phase b/c freud didnt think anything was happening at this time 1. now know this isnt true 2. everything that has happened up to this point starts to solidify (think of personality like clay; at one point early on, you can do anything to it and its malleable, but as time goes on it gets stiffer and rigid, but can still move, just takes more energy, but eventually will get to a point where its so rigid that you cant move it b/c its fix 3. personality is easy to mold, from the worlds greatest scientist to Adolf Hitler v. as child gets to this phase, things start to solidify, so any changes you want to make come at a price vi. by age 18, personality is not going to change vii. Not a conflicted period that needs resolution; more integration and consolidation; importance to sexual behavior to come. viii. Unsuccessful completion: Too much control can also lead to obsessive character traits. 5.

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g. if unsuccessful at this point, child is not going to learn any new skills from here on out and cant control their impulses Genital some regression of personality organization and return to earlier conflicts e.g. dependence vs independence i. Puberty to young adulthood ii. Objective: 1. mature object relations of adult roles; 2. meaningful participation in work and love 3. mature sense of identity; 4. acceptance iii. Identify diffusion iv. Incomplete resolution: 1. Pathological Defects 2. Identity Diffusion v. freud says we have 3 parts of the mind, that mind develops b/c certain energies start in certain parts of the body, mouth, anus, phallus then latency phase kicks in vi. genital phase is when libido gets to genitals and you have mature relationship w/ another human being 1. 95% of human beings live life in relationship w/ other human beings 2. mentally and physically healthier than the other 5% b/c society sees the lack of relationship as abnormal 1.