Geometry Theorems and Proofs

JRAHS Geometry Proofs (SV) 30/5/05
1
GEOMETRY THEOREMS AND PROOFS

Rational:
The policy of the JRAHS Mathematics Staff when teaching Geometry Proofs is to have students present a
solution in which there is a full equation showing the geometric property that is being used and a
worded reason that again identifies the geometric property that is being used.

EXAMPLE:
Find the value of x.
C
B
A
x
42
73
EQUATION REASON COMMENT
65
180 115
180 73 42
=
= +
= + +
x
x
x

(Angle sum of
A 180 equals ABC )
Desired level of proof to be reproduced by students
full equation contains geometric property and
reason contains geometric property
General Notes:
(1) the word equals may be replaced by the symbol = or words such as is
(2) abbreviation such as coint, alt, vert opp, etc are not to be used words are to be written in
full
(3) the angle symbol (Z), the triangle symbol (A), the parallel symbol (||), the perpendicular symbol
(), etc are not to be used as substitutes for words unless used with labels such as ZPQR, AABC,
AB||XY, PQST
(4) If the geometric shape is not labelled then the students may introduce their own labels or refer to the
shape in general terms such as angle sum of triangle = 180
o
or angle sum of straight angle = 180
o

2
Revolution, Straight Angles, Adjacent angles, Vertically opposite angles
The sum of angles about a point is 360
o
. (angles in a revolution)

P
165
60
x 2x
D
C
B
A

360 165 60 2 = + + + x x (angle sum at a point P
equals 360
o
)
360 225 3 = + x
135 3 = x
45 = x

A right angle equals 90
o
.

AB is perpendicular to BC. Find the value of x.
D
C B
A
x
36

90 36 = + x (angle sum of right angle ABC
equals 90
o
)
54 = x

A straight angle equals 180
o
.

FMJ is a straight segment. Find the value of x.

J
I
H
G
F
M
50
46
4x
2x

180 50 46 4 2 = + + + x x (angle sum of straight
angle FMJ equals 180
o
)
180 96 6 = + x
84 6 = x
14 = x

Three points are collinear if they form a straight angle

Given that AKB is a straight line.
Prove that the points P, K and Q are collinear.
Q
P
K
B
A
72
3x
2x

180 2 3 = + x x (angle sum of straight angle AKB
equals 180
o
)
180 5 = x
36 = x
( )
( )
=
+ =
+ =
180
72 36 3
72 3
x Q K P

P, K and Q are collinear (ZPKQ is a straight
angle) *
* ZPKQ equals 180
o

3

Vertically opposite angles are equal.

AC and DE are straight lines. Find the value of y.

y
29
D
B
E
C
A
67

67 29 = + y (vertically opposite angles are equal)
38 = y

4
Angles and Parallel Lines
Alternate angles on parallel lines are equal.

All lines are straight. Find the value of x.

>>
>>
A
B
C
D
E
H
F
G
x
59
o
o

59 = x (alternate angles are equal as AB||CD)

Corresponding angles on parallel lines are equal.


>>
>>
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
137
x
o
o

137 = x (corresponding angles are equal as
AB||CD)

Cointerior angles on parallel lines are supplementary.


>>
>>
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
125
x
o
o

180 125 = + x (cointerior angles are
supplementary as AB||CD)
55 = x

5

Two lines are parallel if a pair of alternate angles are equal

Prove that AB // CD
73
73 H
G
C
D
A
B
E
F

GHD AGH Z = Z (both 73
o
) **
CD AB || (alternate angles are equal)

** equality of the angles involved must be clearly
indicated
Two lines are parallel if a pair of corresponding angles are equal

Prove that AB // CD
65
65 H
G
C
D
A
B
E
F

ZEGB = ZGHD (both 65
o
) **
CD AB || (corresponding angles are equal)

** equality of the angles involved must be clearly
indicated
Two lines are parallel if a pair of cointerior angles are supplementary

Prove that PR // KM
56
124
L
Q
K
M
P
R
X
Y

ZRQL + ZQLM = 124
o
+ 56
o
**
= 180
o

KM PR || (cointerior angles are
supplementary)

* ZRQL + ZQLR = 180
o

** supplementary nature of the angles involved
must be clearly indicated
6
Angles in Polygons
The angle sum of a triangle is 180
o
.


A
B
C
x
34
67
o
o
o

180 34 67 = + + x (angle sum of ABC A equals
180
o
)
180 101 = + x
79 = x
The exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the opposite (or remote) interior angles.


A D C
B
x
47
68
o o
o

47 68 + = x (exterior angle of ABC A equals sum
of the two opposite interior angles)
115 = x

* exterior angle of ABC A equals sum of remote
interior angles
The angle sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360
o
.


A
C
B
x
157
128
o
o
o

360 128 157 = + + x (sum of exterior angles of
ABC A equals 360
o
)
360 285 = + x
75 = x
The angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal. (converse is true)

||
=
A
B
C
54
x
o
o

54 = x (equal angles are opposite equal sides in
ABC A ) *

* base angles of isosceles ABC A are equal
7

The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal (converse is true).

12
15
x
A
B C
65
o
65
o

15 = x (equal sides are opposite equal angles in
ABC A )
All angles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle are 60
o
.

ABC A is equilateral. EC and DB are angle
bisectors and meet at P. Find the size of ZCPB.

B C
A
P
D
E

ZACB = 60
o
(all angles of an equilateral triangle
are 60
o
)

similarly ZABC = 60
o

ZECB = 30
o
(EC bisects ZACB)
similarly ZDBC = 30
o

ZCPB + 60
o
= 180
o
(angle sum of PCB A equals
180
o
)
ZCPB = 120
o

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360
o
.


A
B
C
D
o
o
o
o
x
3x
130
70

360 200 4 = + x (angle sum of quadrilateral ABCD
equals 360
o
)
40
160 4
=
=
x
x

8

The angle sum of a n-sided polygon is 180(n 2)
o
or (2n 4) right angles.

106
87
x
165
92
B
C
D
E
A

Angle sum of a pentagon = 3 180
o

= 540
o

x + 450 = 540 (angle sum of pentagon equals
540
o
)
x = 90
The angle at each vertex of a regular n-sided polygon is
( )
o
2 180
(

n
n
.

Find the size of each interior angle of a regular
hexagon

=
|
.
|
\
|
=
120
6
4 180
size Angle

The angle sum of the exterior angles of a n-sided polygon is 360
o
.

Find the size of each interior angle of a regular
decagon.

Sum of exterior angles = 360
o

Exterior angles =
o
10
360
|
.
|
\
|

= 36
o
Interior angles = 144
o
(angle sum of straight angle
equals 180
o
)

9
Similar Triangles
Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other triangle.

Prove that AABC and ADCA are similar.

-
-
*
*
A
B
C
D

In AABC and ADCA
ZABC = AACD (given)
ZBAC = AADC (given)
AABC ||| ADCA (equiangular) *

* The abbreviations AA or AAA are not to be
accepted
Two triangles are similar if the ratio of two pairs sides are equal and the angles included by these
sides are equal.

Prove that AABC and AACD are similar.

36
16
24
*
*
A
B
C
D

In AABC and AACD
ZBCA = AACD (given)
2
3
24
36
= =
AC
BC

2
3
16
24
= =
DC
AC

ABCA ||| AACD (sides about equal angles are in
the same ratio) *

* sides about equal angles are in proportion
Two triangles are similar if the ratio of the three pairs of sides are equal.

Prove that AABC and AACD are similar.

A
B
C
D
12
16
24
18
32

In AABC and AACD
3
4
12
16
= =
CD
AB

3
4
24
32
= =
AC
BC

3
4
18
24
= =
AD
AC

AABC ||| ADCA (three pairs of sides in the same
ratio) *

* three pairs of sides in proportion

10

Example problem:
Given that PQ AB// , find the value of x.
9 cm
Q
P
C B
A
x cm
12 cm
8 cm

In ABC A and PQC A
PQC ABC Z = Z (corresponding angles are equal
as PQ AB// )
PCQ ACB Z = Z (common)
PQC ABC A A ||| (equiangular)
12
20
9
=
x
(corresponding sides in similar triangles
are in the same ratio) *
12
20
9 = x
15 = x

* corresponding sides in similar triangles are in
proportion

11
Congruent Triangles
Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other
triangle.

Given that AC = BD and AB = CD.
Prove that ACAB ABDC.

12
8
12
8
A
B
C
D

In ACAB and ABDC.
AC = BD (both 8) or (given) or (data)
AB = CD (both 12) or (given) or (data)
CB = CB (common) or CB is common
ACAB ABDC (SSS)

or

In ACAB and ABDC.
AC = BD = 8
AB = CD = 12
CB = CB (common) or CB is common
ACAB ABDC (SSS)

Two triangles are congruent if two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other triangle
and the angles included by these sides are equal.

Given that AC = BD and ZCAB = ZDBA.
Prove that ACAB ADBA.

=
=
A
B
C
D

In ACAB and ADBA
AB = AB (common) or AB is common
AC = BD (given)
ZCAB = ZDBA (given)
ACAB ADBA (SAS)
Two triangles are congruent if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other
triangle and one pair of corresponding sides are equal.

Given that AB = CD and ZEAB = ZECD.
Prove that AABE ACDE.

=
=
A
B
C
D
E
*
*

In AABE and ACDE.
AB = CD (given)
ZEAB = ZECD (given)
ZAEB = ZCED (vertically opposite angles are
equal)
AABE ACDE (AAS)
12

Two right- angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuse are equal and a pair of sides are also
equal.

Given that CD = AD. Prove that AABD ACBD.
=
=
A
B
D
C

In AABD and ACBD
ZBCD = ZBAD (both 90
o
)
CD = AD (given)
DB = DB (common)
AABD ACBD (RHS)
13
Intercepts and Parallels
An interval joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half its
length.

E and F are midpoints of AB and AC.
G and H are midpoints of FB and FC.
Prove that EF = GH.

B
C
A
E F
G H

EF=BC (interval joining midpoints of sides of
ABC A is half the length 3rd side)
Similarly in BFC A , GH=BC
EF = GH
(Note: It can also be proven that EF and GH are
parallel)
An interval parallel to a side of a triangle divides the other sides in the same ratio. (converse is true)


>
>
B
C
A
I J
x
15
9
20

15
20
9
=
x
(interval parallel to side of ABC A divides
other sides in same ratio)
x = 12
Parallel lines preserve the ratio of intercepts on transversals. (converse is not true)


>
>
>
x
24
32
18

24
18
32
=
x
(parallel lines preserve the ratios of
intercepts on transversals) *
x = 24

* intercepts on parallel lines are in the same ratio
* intercepts on parallel lines are in proportion
14
Circles and Chords or Arcs
Equal chords subtend equal arcs on a circle. (converse is true)

Equal arcs subtend equal chords on a circle. (converse is true)

Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle. (converse is true)

AB = EF. Find the value of x.
x
68
O
E
A
F
B

x = 68 (equal chords subtend equal angles at the
centre)
Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle. (converse is true)

arc AB = arc EF. Find the value of x.
x
68
O
E
A
F
B

x = 68 (equal arcs subtend equal angles at the
centre)
Equal angles at the centre of a circle subtend equal chords. (converse is true)

Chord EF = 16cm, find the length of chord AB.

O
F
E
B
A
75
75

AB = 16 cm (equal angles at the centre subtend
equal chords)
15

Equal angles at the centre of a circle subtend equal arcs. (converse is true)

arc EF = 16cm, find the length of arc AB.

16 cm
O
F
E
B
A
75
75

arc AB = 16 cm (equal angles at the centre subtend
equal arcs)
A line through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord. (converse is true)

O is the centre of the circle. Find the length of AP.

8 cm
O
B
A
P

AP = 8 cm (interval through center perpendicular to
chord AB bisects the chord)
A line through the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord. (converse is true)

Find the size of ZOEB.
6 cm
6 cm
E
O
B
C

|
|
.
|
\
|
= Z
chord the lar to perpendicu is chord
bisecting centre through interval
90
BC
OEB

NOTE: It can be proven that the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of the
circle.
16

Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal. (converse is true)

Find the length of XY.

5cm
=
=
O
B
A
P
Y
X
Q

AB = 10 cm (interval through centre perpendicular
to chord AB bisects the chord)
XY = 10 cm (chords equidistant from the centre of
a circle are equal)
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle. (converse is true)

Find the length of OL.
7
7
5
7
7
L
M
O
H
I
G
F

IH = FG = 14
OL = 10 (equal chords are the equidistant from the
centre)
17
Angles in Circles
The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference standing on the same arc.
The angle at the circumference of a circle is half the angle at the centre standing on the same arc.

(i) Find the value of y.
O
B
A
C
54
y

(ii) Find the value of x.
O
B
A
C
94
x

(i) y = 108 (angle at centre equals twice angle
circumference standing on arc AB)

Note: use arc AB and not chord AB the
statement is not necessarily true for
chords

(ii) x = 47 (angle at circumference equals half
angle at centre standing on arc AB)
Angles at the circumference standing on the same arc are equal
or
Angles at the circumference in the same segment are equal. (converse is true)


S
O
P
R
Q
41
x

x = 41 (angles at the circumference on the same
arc PQ are equal)

(Note: use arc PQ and not chord PQ the
statement is not necessarily true for chords)

or

x = 41 (angles at the circumference in the same
segment equal)

18

Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the circumference. (converse is true)

arc AB = arc CD. Find the value of x.
x
37
D
A
B
C
F
E

x = 37 (Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the
circumference)

Note: the statement is not necessarily true for
equal chords
Equal angles at the circumference subtend equal arcs.

Find the length of arc PQ.
8 cm
25
25
N
Q
Y
X
P
M

PQ = 8 cm (Equal angles at the circumference
subtend equal arcs)
The angle at the circumference in a semi-circle is 90
o
.

AB is a diameter. Find the value of x.
38
x
A O B
P

= 90
B P A (angle at circumference in semi-circle

equals 90
o
)
x + 128 = 180 (angle sum of AAPB equals 180
o
)
x = 52
A right angle at the circumference subtends a diameter
If = 90
B C A then AB is a diameter.
B
A
C

19

A radius (diameter) of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at their point of contact

STU is a tangent at T. Find the size of ZTOU.
26
O
T
U
S

ZOTU = 90
o
(radius is perpendicular to tangent at
point of contact)
ZTOU + 116
o
= 180
o
(angle sum of AOUT equals
180
o
)
ZTOU = 64
o

The angle between a tangent and a chord equals the angle at the circumference in the alternate
segment.

Find the size of ZRTN.

93
T
N
M
R
S

ZRTN = 93
o
(angle between tangent and chord
equals angle at circumference in
alternate segment)
20
Cyclic Quadrilaterals
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. (converse is true)


C
D
B
A
87
x
o
o

x + 87 = 180 (opposite angles of cyclic
quadrilateral ABCD are
supplementary)
x = 93

* opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral equals the opposite (or remote) interior angle. (converse
is true)

Find the size of ZADE.

D
C
E
B
A
o
112

ZADE = 112
o
(exterior angle of cyclic
quadrilateral ABCD equals
opposite interior angle)

or

ZADE = 112
o
(exterior angle of cyclic
quadrilateral ABCD equals
remote interior angle)
21
Intercept Theorems
The product of the intercepts on intersecting chords are equal. (converse is true)


x
12
Q
A
P
B
18
8

x 8 = 12 18 (product of intercepts on
intersecting chords are equal)
x = 27
The product of the intercepts on intersecting secants are equal.


x
A
P
Q
B
T
9
3
12

( ) 12 15 9 9 = + x (product of intercepts on
intersecting secants are equal)
9x + 81 = 180
9x = 99
x = 11
The square of the intercept on tangent to a circle equals the product of the intercepts on the secant.


x
12
T
B
A
P
4

4 16
2
= x (square of intercept on tangent to
circle equals product of intercepts
on secant)
x
2
= 64
x = 8 (length > 0)
22

Intercepts on tangents drawn from a point to a circle are equal.


x
35

x = 35 (intercepts on tangents
from a point to a circle
are equal)
The line joining the centers of two circles passes through their point of contact

23
Converses of Cyclic Quadrilateral theorems
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is cyclic.

XA and YB are altitudes of AXYZ. Prove that AZBP
is a cyclic quadrilateral.

X
Y
Z
A
B
P

ZYBZ = 90
o
(YB is an altitude)
ZXAZ = 90
o
(XA is an altitude)
ZPBZ + ZPAZ = 180
o

AZBP is cyclic (opposite angles are
supplementary)

If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral equals the opposite interior angle then the quadrilateral is
cyclic.

Prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

87
87
A
B
C
D
T
o
o

ZDAB = ZTCB (both 87
o
)
ABCD is a cyclic (exterior angle equals opposite
interior angle)
If a side of a quadrilateral subtends equal angles at the other two vertices then the quadrilateral is
cyclic.
OR
If an interval subtends equal angles on the same side at two points then the ends of the interval and
the two points are concyclic.

XA and YB are altitudes of AXYZ. Prove that XBAY
are the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral.

X
Y
Z
A
B
P

ZXBY = 90
o
(YB is an altitude)
ZXAY = 90
o
(XA is an altitude)
ZXBA = ZXAY = 90
o

XBAY is cyclic (XY subtends equal angles on
the same side at A and B)
24

If the product of the intercepts on intersecting intervals are equal then the endpoints of the intervals
are concyclic.

Prove that points A, C, B and D are concyclic.
A
B
C
D
F
4
6
9
6

36 = = FC DF FB AF
A, C, B and D are concyclic (product of
intercepts are equal)
25
Pythagoras Theorem
Pythagoras Theorem: The square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the other two
sides in a right angled triangle.


12
15
x

2 2 2
15 12 = + x (Pythagoras Theorem)
9
81
144 225
2
=
=
=
x
x

or

9 = x (3,4,5 Pythagorean Triad)
A triangle is right-angled if the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the other
two sides (converse of Pythagoras Theorem)

Prove that ABC is right-angled
8 cm
10 cm
6 cm
A C
B

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
100
64 36
8 6
100
10
BC AC AB
AC AB
BC
= +
=
+ =
+ = +
=
=

AABC is right-angled (Pythagoras theorem
converse)
26
Quadrilateral Properties
Trapezium
One pair of sides of a trapezium are parallel
The non-parallel sides of an isosceles trapezium are equal

Parallelogram
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
A parallelogram has point symmetry

Kite
Two pairs of adjacent sides of a kite are equal
One diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal
One diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles
The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular
A kite has one axis of symmetry

Rhombus
The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel
All sides of a rhombus are equal
The opposite angles of a rhombus are equal
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the opposite angles
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
A rhombus has two axes of symmetry
A rhombus has point symmetry

Rectangle
The opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel
The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal
All angles at the vertices of a rectangle are 90
o

The diagonals of a rectangle are equal
The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other
A rectangle has two axes of symmetry
A rectangle has point symmetry

Square
Opposite sides of a square are parallel
All sides of a square are equal
All angles at the vertices of a square are 90
o

The diagonals of a square are equal
The diagonals of a square bisect the opposite angles
The diagonals of a square bisect each other
The diagonals of a square are perpendicular
A square has four axes of symmetry
A square has point symmetry
27
Sufficiency conditions for Quadrilaterals
Sufficiency conditions for parallelograms
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if
- both pairs of opposite sides are parallel or
- both pairs of opposite sides are equal or
- both pairs of opposite angles are equal or
- the diagonals bisect each other or
- one pair of sides are equal and parallel

Geometry Theorems and Proofs

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JRAHS Geometry Proofs (SV) 30/5/05

B P A (angle at circumference in semi-circle

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