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Introduction

Wireless access to voice and data services is swiftly becoming the core strategic issue in the telecommunications industry. Equitable and economical access to customers facilitates fast roll out of services and enables profitable operation. Cordless access technologies have been helping to achieve this ideal. Current issues include:

the exploitation of microwave point-to-multipoint systems particularly for data and internet applications the introduction and/or expansion of Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) and other similar technologies as wireless access methods for residential and business subscribers the emergence of Wireless Data Centrex, which provides opportunities for many operators to enter the previously sheltered market of data access within buildings, (a key development for European carriers in particular) increased competition in local loop access such as use of CATV fiber optic cables and other radio technologies for telephony and data transmission privatization of former government-owned monopolies in telecommunication markets continues to present new opportunities many new ventures in the cordless world have been initiated by a collaboration of industry players, rather than just single organizations, leading to development of international standards. Examples include Bluetooth (a wireless standard interconnecting mobile phones and computers) and Symbian (an operating system for wireless personal digital assistants)

The market is for cordless products is still growing rapidly because users have realized the value of wire-free access. It has already derived many benefits from wireless PBXs and LANs. These include: lower cabling costs reduced phone bills greater flexibility improved reliability integration of wide-area and on-site systems Customers have become confused over the proliferation of standards and have raised concerns over the security, safety and strength of cordless technology. However, the

PBX suppliers do see cordless access as an important part of their 'next generation products'. The real issue is marketing. The major technical issues regarding cordless access technology have been solved. The suppliers who come out on top will be the ones who add value for users by exploiting the intelligence in their products. The following table gives an overview of the 4 main cordless standards available. It should be noted that CT-2 has become outdated and completely phased out in many countries.
Exhibit 1 - Overview of cordless standards - 2001 System Main area of application CT-2 Public areas DECT Business PACS Business PHS Public areas Business Home Caller Speech coding Path transfer (hand over) Frequency band Radio access Calling only (public) None 800 MHz FDMA -TDD Send + receive calls Yes 1.9 GHz TDMA-TDD 12 1.15 Mb/s 10 ms 250 mW (10 mW) CRC Associated control channel Autonomous distributed control Send + receive calls Yes 1.9GHz TDMA-TDD 8/16/32 384Kb/s 2.5 ms Send + receive calls Yes 1.9 GHz TDMA-TDD 4 384 Kb/s 5 ms

32 Kb/s ADPCM 32 Kb/s ADPCM 32 Kb/s ADPCM 32 Kb/s ADPCM

No. of TDMA 1 multiplexed circuits Bit rate Frame duration Peak power (average) Error detection Control channel/control method 72 Kb/s 2 ms 10 mW (5 mW) CRC Associated control channel

200mW (25mW) 80 mW (10 mW) CRC Embedded Control Autonomous distributed control CRC Dedicated control channel Autonomous distributed control

Channel assignment Autonomous distributed control

DECT technology provides:

high transmission quality using digital techniques, interrupt-free handovers and ISDN voice adequate security against eavesdropping with data encryption high data transmission with speeds up to 2Mb/s error detection and correction facilities such as CRC, ARQ and FEC (which also leads to enhanced data security) comprehensive interworking facilities with other networks: ISDN, X.25, LAN, and GSM can be used for voice, data and multimedia in the private, business and public sectors operation of picocellular networks in extremely high user densities: 10,000 users per square kilometer possible standardized radio interface dynamic channel assignment techniques self-organizing, thus no frequency planning required

Today, equipment based on DECT is being used in homes, offices, factories and in public places. The first products available were based on Ericsson's proprietary DCT900 technology. The air interface standard, Generic Access Profile (GAP) EN 300 444, is used in association with the common interface standard provided in EN 300 175. ETSI has also developed a standard for DECT access to the Internet. DECT is known for its flexibility since it can handle virtually any form of telecommunications access. However, competition has arisen in situations where no real alternatives have previously been. For example, it has recently been threatened in the business market by GSM's high capacity 'Office-In-A-Box' solution. The DECT/GSM Hybrid Cordless access technologies make very efficient use of airwaves. Such efficiency has resulted in tariffs up to 40% cheaper than cellular mobile. They can handle more than 100,000 users per square kilometer. On the other hand, cellular mobile does provide much wider mobility and as cellular penetration grows this tariff advantage is being lost.

Wireless LANS Introduction A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a flexible data communication network used as an extension to, or an alternative for, a wired LAN in a building. WLANs are useful when employees are on the move, in temporary locations or where cabling may hinder the installation of wired LANs. WLANs may also be used to connect terminals to printers and other devices. The technology avoids the use of costly T1 leased lines

often employed in inter-building connections (including WLAN point-of-sale applications such as setting up cash registers in a seasonal display area). They are easy to install, offer the same transmission rates as wired LANs and adequate security. However, the market is widely viewed as vendor-driven and many potential users need to be convinced the products are worthwhile. According to many industry studies, the majority of WLANs used today are accessed remotely by cellular phones, pagers, etc. The market is still in its infancy and needs to undergo further development, including demonstration of WLAN capabilities to potential users and resolution of spectrum allocation, security and health issues. Complete integration of WLAN with other networks is also very important. The following exhibits show WLAN specifications for medium and high-speed networks as defined by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in Japan.
Exhibit 3 - Medium Speed WLANs (transmission rates in the range of 256kb/s to 2Mb/s) Frequency Band: Technology: Antenna Power: 2.45GHz (ISM band) Spread Spectrum Less than 10mW

Exhibit 4 - Higher Speed WLAN (transmission rates greater than 10Mb/s) Frequency Band: 18-20GHz (quasi-millimeter wave) Technology: Time Division Duplex (TDD) based on 4 FSK or QPSX systems Antenna power: Less than 300 mW

WLAN technologies are also being developed in other frequencies such as the 5 GHz band. According to one major computer company, there are many issues affecting the future deployment of WLANs, including 802.11, a standard formally approved in 1996 for WLAN networks. It uses frequency hopping and infrared direct sequencing techniques. WLAN applications are currently prevalent throughout vertical markets, but it is expected that many horizontal applications will follow as 802.11 network infrastructure is installed. 802.11 is expected to make WLANs an economically competitive option for any office environment Initially WLANs could not deliver more than 1 to 2Mb/s in throughput. In 1999, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electric Engineers) ratified a new standard for highspeed WLANs: IEEE 802.11b. This standard enabled a gross bit rate of 11Mb/s. Apple was the first to adopt this standard, releasing its WLAN system, Airport, in 1999.

The improved performance and lower costs of IEEE 802.11b have led to widespread corporate installations. A large proportion of the installations has been for niche markets to date (i.e.: short-term leased buildings, warehouses, retail outlets, airports, hospitals etc.), however WLANs are now on the verge of breaking into the massmarket. A WPBX enables personal mobility with access to both data and voice. Sales growth for the vast majority of WPBXs is expected to be in stand-alone versions deployed for specialized applications. WPBXs are useful for employees who are periodically away from their desks or stationed in different locations within the same general area such as neighboring conference rooms or site inspections. . Key findings of a study regarding Wireless Communications Systems (WCS) included:

As WCS prices decline and performance improves, motivation and purchase justifications will switch. Initially, customers purchase and use WCS to improve employee productivity and communication. However, continued improvement in performance and reductions in price per user, will see WCSs make inroads into markets traditionally monopolized by wired business telephone systems. In short, WCS purchase justifications will increasingly be made on cost. Consequently, this will allow wireless telephones to account for the majority of all business telephones (PBX, Key Telephone and Centrex) in the not too distant future. In fact, already some finely tuned WLAN technologies have become a low-cost alternative serving remote locations. The county of Los Alamos, N.M., opted for wireless LAN technology as both the quickest and cheapest means of linking its seven fire stations, police headquarters and utility departments. It paid off in May 2000 when fires raged and efficient communications were essential. Concerns about noise and interference emerged as a major factor when purchasing and using a WCS. Cellular/Cordless telephone performance and capability would not be acceptable benchmarks for business users. Businesses indicated they require performance and capabilities equal to those of a wired desk telephone. The WCS market will grow according to three price premium plateaus. Initial high-priced premium plateaus will only attract a small segment of the market consisting of those businesses with a strong demand for WCS. This will be followed by a moderate price premium plateau, which will capture the majority of the market. Finally, the remainder of the market will be attracted to WCS only when it reaches parity with the cost of a wired telephone. The need for WCS varies significantly with the type of employee and department within an organization. Needs also vary depending on the size and type of business. WCS needs cannot be satisfied by any one type of wireless phone or system. A MultiCell/Multi-User (MC/MU) system will be required for large business facilities (50 or more employees) and a Single-cell/Multi-user (SC/MU) system will be required for small facilities (5 to 50 employees). Various types (differing in size, weight and function) of desktop and portable wireless phones will also be required.

Wireless Local Loop Wireless Local Loop (WLL) is a system that connects subscribers to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) using radio signals. The radio signals substitute copper wires for all or part of the connection between subscribers and the switch. This includes cordless access, proprietary fixed radio access and fixed cellular systems. According to the market research firm MTA-EMCI, the worldwide WLL market will reach more than 202 million subscribers by the end of 2005. This firm has estimated anywhere between 172 million to 307 million consumers will demand WLL service worldwide in the near future, yet actual service provided is currently around 50-60 million subscribers. WLL has a much lower incremental investment cost than copper wires and it is much cheaper to deploy for areas with low subscriber density. WLL equipment can connect to a normal telephone or a standard wall jack. The subscriber line terminates at a permanently installed radio transceiver fitted with a small rod antenna. Speech quality is better than in corresponding analogue mobile installations. Cordless access has already made it possible to quickly connect customers including corporate customers to the public network. The system built on the concept of Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) permits rapid and flexible expansion of subscriber capacity, limited only by the availability of transmission frequencies. Several technologies can be used for wireless local loop installations. They include: DECT PHS CDMA

Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range radio technology developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Bluetooth is designed to allow the exchange of voice and data between devices such as mobile phones and portable PCs without proprietary cables.

It is expected to make these digital devices much user-friendlier. To promote its rapid adoption, the Bluetooth SIG has offered the technology on a royalty free basis and surrendered intellectual property rights to those companies that have joined the initiative. Each Bluetooth-enabled device can communicate with a number of other devices, creating a 'piconet'. All devices within a piconet share a common connection known as the master. Unlike infrared, Bluetooth is not limited to the 'line-of-sight' requirement since it can transmit through solid objects. The radio operates in a globally available frequency band, 2.45GHz (ISM band) thereby ensuring worldwide operation. It is capable of transmitting data at a gross rate of 1Mb/s. The standard range within a room is 10 meters, although there is an option to extend it to 100 meters within a house. Such systems are referred to as 'Wireless Personal Area Networks' or WPANs. As Bluetooth is targeted for use with mobile phones and portable computers, power consumption affecting battery life is a major concern. Bearing this in mind, Bluetooth technology self-adjusts the power to a suitable level that a data transmission requires. The transmitter switches to low power or stops altogether as soon as traffic volume decreases to a low level. Full-strength 128-bit cryptography is used for authentication. This cryptography can be used to encrypt packets between 8 to 128-bits. In this respect, Bluetooth is much more secure than the inadequate 40-bit encryption used by IEEE 802.11. There are many applications for Bluetooth including:

A mobile phone which connects with a laptop computer or a POTS-connected basestation at home. When calls are made from a mobile handset within one's own home, the call is placed through the standard wireline telephone service, rather than using the mobile cellular system, thus reducing power consumption and call costs Linking a microphone/earpiece to a mobile phone without cables. The same headset could work with a POTS-connected (Plain Old Telephone Service) base-station at home or in the office Exchanging data between laptop computers, mobile phones etc. at a meeting Automatic and instantaneous synchronization of files between two or more laptop and desktop computers

As of March 2002, the Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) included 'Promoter Companies' 3Com, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Toshiba and more than 2000 other 'Adopter/Associate' member companies.

Innovation, research and development need to lead to a reduction in the costs of Bluetooth solutions, enabling integration into many more products. Some ways to cut cost will include one-chip solutions combining radio and base-band functions, less expensive packaging and solutions that transfer some of the work to a host processor. A limited quantity of Bluetooth enabled mobile phones and notebook computers were released at the end of 2000 to test the market. Bluetooth enabled desktop PCs are expected to debut soon. It is believed Bluetooth will not really begin to make a mark until at least the end of 2003. However, a high-tech market research firm, has predicted there will be more than 1.4 billion Bluetooth enabled devices by 2005. Another group is equally positive about the prospects for Bluetooth, predicting WLAN and Bluetooth-embedded systems will together stimulate revenues of US$53.12 billion in 2006. Furthermore, another group is even more bullish predicting 2 billion Bluetooth products will be produced in 2005 alone.
Table 3 - Bluetooth devices forecasts - 2000-2005 2000 Telecommunications Computing Digital still cameras Output equipment Accessories Automotive Industrial/medical and vertical markets Home networking Total Growth rate (per cent) Offset for chips: (ship 15% in prior yr) 14.9 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 8,100 21,000 83,700 152,000 287,000 453,800 2,400 7,300 23,200 43,600 80,700 123,200 66 0 0 190 390 620 0 530 200.8 48.3 1,100 1,400 600 2,660 1,206 267.5 142.7 2,500 2,300 1,200 2,400 84.1 262.7 4,000 4,400 1,900 4,000 83.8 465.3 5,970 7,400 2,600 5,800 56.7 712.2

670 3,600 12,900 22,100 34,800 58,700 0 1,060 6,940 12,100 14,400

11,500 34,500 126,700 233,300 428,800 671,800

AN INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKING

SUBMITTED BY: Kapil jain 83025 ECE(4th year)

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