Wastewater Disposal and Reuse

Lab Report # 2

Design of the Disposal System of Lahore

Muhammad Imran Nawaz 2008-ENV-43

26/03/2012

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Preparation o model for existing conditions

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Given Data for existing conditions Constants and Velocities Given Procedure for Developing the Model Equations and Formulas used Representation of the Results for Existing Conditions

2 4
4 4 5 5 6

Chapter 3 Treatment Options and Alternatives

3.1 3.2 3.3 Dilution 3.1.1 Applying Dilution to the Model Treatment Applying treatment options on the model 3.3.1 Trail 1: Using Primary Treatment 3.3.2 Trail 2: Applying 70 % DOT 3.3.3 Trail 3: Applying 80 % DOT

8 9
9 11 14 14 16 17

Chapter 4 Recommendations References

19 20

Chapter 1

Introduction
For the section of the River Ravi from the entry point into Pakistan originating from India to Ravi Siphon after Marala Ravi Link Canal joins, the river keeps a good water quality such as 2.8 to 4.3 mg/L in BOD5, 4.8 to 11.5 mg/L in COD, and 20 to 40 mg/L in SS. (EPA. Punjab Report) Due to the discharge control at Thein Dam in India, the natural discharge from India is hardly expected in the River Ravi especially during the dry season Lahore is located in the upstream most reach of the Ravi River and all the domestic, commercial and industrial wastewater generated in the almost entire Lahore with a population of 6.5 million and 2,700 industries is discharged into the river without any treatment in 2008, which substantially forms the biggest pollution source of its river basin. At present, the major downstream use of the River Ravi is for irrigation beyond the BallokiHeadworks. However, the population and economic activities in the immediate areas along the river from Lahore to BallokiHeadworks (64 km) are affected in different degrees by pollution in the river. It is estimated that waste water (domestic and industrial) from Lahore will increase significantly as a proportion of total flow in the river. In a one in twenty year minimum monthly flow, wastewater from Lahore accounted for about 47 percent of total flow in 1987, rising to about 68 percent in 2007.(Source: Environment Department, CDGL, Environmental Profile of Lahore (2007-08) The wide variety of fish that once swam in the Ravi has vanished, as have the tiny minnows and crabs children used to catch in the shallow waters along the banks. Even the reeds that used to line the river have gone. The river is virtually dead even when the normally dry bed carries water, such as after the rains.(Source: Environment Department, CDGL, Environmental Profile of Lahore (2007-08)) The Environmental Protection Department of the Punjab Provincial Government considers that the river is under a constant threat of indiscriminate disposal of untreated municipal sewage from Lahore / industrial sewage from Faisalabad through Maduana Drain and industrial effluent from industrial units of Kala Shah Kaku along G.T. Road, Sheikhupura Road, Township and Gulberg Industrial Estate located in Metropolitan of Lahore and untreated industrial wastewater of District Kasur.(Source: Letter from the Secretary of EPD to the Secretaries of HUD&PHED, Irrigation Department and Industrial Department, Installation of Wastewater Treatment Plants to Save River Ravi from Pollution, dated 16/09/2009). Historically, the River Ravi has not been used as a major source of potable water. Most communities in the area, including Lahore, are dependent on ground water as the major source of drinking water. In the rural areas of districts which border the river from Lahore to
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BallokiHeadworks, only 0.3 percent of households are dependent on open surface watercourses (river, springs and streams) for their drinking water. This represents about 1,700 households and 10,600 people. There are no known plants to use the River Ravi as a major water supply source. (Source: Environment Department, CDGL, Environmental Profile of Lahore (2007-08), City of Lahore is discharging its wastes into the Ravi River through various outfalls over a given length of the city which is polluting the river day by day which is a great threat for the aquatic life and for the downstream uses of the river water. This report is aimed to construct a mathematical model which will give the solution at different outfalls or which will give the better alternatives for the disposal of wastewater. This model will give us the values of BOD and the DO concentrations at each outfall for the existing conditions and for the proposed alternatives which will be used to select the most appropriate method or the alternative for disposal. This model is constructed to meet the DO requirements of 4 mg/l for the aquatic life.

Fig 1: location of different outfalls along the Ravi River with distances.

Chapter 2 Preparation of model for existing conditions

2.1 Given Data for existing conditions: The data for flow, BOD and the DO is given below in the table for existing conditions along with the distances of situation of outfalls. Flow (Q) is in m^3/S, BOD and COD in mg/L and the distance is in meters. Table 2.1: Given data for flow Q, DOD and DO along with the distances
Pumping Station Ravi Syphen N.E PS Shahdra Main outfall Gulshan Ravi Multan Road PS Hudiara Drain Deg Drain QB link Canal Balloki head works Q (m^3/S) 11.05 13.5 3.7 13.4 9 4.5 11.11 91.4 544 BOD (mg/L) 3 285 230 340 250 225 130 198 5 DO(mg/L) Distance(Km) 8 0 0 26.1 0 27.9 0 34.1 0 35.5 0 45.3 2 60.3 5 63 8 85 98.7

2.2 Constants and Velocities Given: The value of constants like Ks, Kd and Kr and the velocities of the flow in the river are given in the table below Table 2.2: value of constants and Velocities in the river
Parameters U(velocity upto Hudiara Drain m/s) U (velocity after Hudiara Drain m/s) mean Depth (m) DO saturation mg/l Kr (per Day) Kd (per Day) Ka(upto Hudiara Drain per Day) Ka(after Hudiara Drain per Day) m/s 0.06 0.27 1.02 8 0.5 0.3 0.9273 1.9671 4 km/d 5.184 23.328

2.3 Procedure for Developing the Model: All the given values and the given data is tabulated and arranged then BOD ultimate is determined and then the mass balance of BOD is made at each and every outfall station and after every 0.2 km distance. in the same way the mass balance of DO is made and the Deficit and the DO values are determined at each outfall and after every 0.2 km distance. After all this process the graph between the BOD and Distance and a graph between the DO and the distance are plotted and which gives the proper representation of the existing conditions of the Ravi river at different outfalls. 2.4 Equations and Formulas used: For BOD model we use the general equation for 1st order reaction i.e. The following Equation is used for Finding BOD Ultimate from BOD5 in mg/L L = Lo(1 - ) 2.4.1

And the following equation is used to find BOD ultimate for the river conditions L = Lo ..2.4.2

The Equation given below is used to make the BOD Mass Balance at any outfall: Concentration (mg / L) = and the following Equation is used to find the Deficit for finding DO Concentration in river: Dx =
+ +

..2.4.3

( - ) + Do ( ) ..2.4.4

First of all the equation 2.4.1 is used to find out BODu from the given BOD5 then a mass balance is made using the equation 2.4.3 at the first outfall for BOD, after that point the equation 2.4.2 is used to find out the BOD at different points from one outfall to the next with a distance increment of 0.2 km. the equation 2.4.4 is used to find out the deficit for determining the DO values.

2.5 Representation of the Results for Existing Conditions: After making the mass balance and all of the above calculations the findings of the results are made which includes the representation of whole of the data. Below is the table which represents the results of the model for present or existing conditions. Table 2.3: Results generated the model for EXISTING CONDITIONS:
DO mass Balance mg/L 3.60 0 0 0 0 4.63 4.84 6.87 4.40 8 8 8 8 3.37 3.16 1.13 0 26.1 27.9 34.1 35.5 45.3 60.3 63 85

Pumping Stations

Q (m^3/S) 11.05 13.5 3.7 13.4 9 4.5 11.11 91.4 544

accumulative Flow

BOD (mg/L) Mass Balance 172.21 158.62 178.33 176.52 83.00 40.00 140.95 23.99

DO mg/L 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 8

Distance deficit (Km)

Ravi Syphen N.E PS Shahdra Main outfall Gulshan Ravi Multan Rd PS Hudiara Drain Deg Drain QB link Canal Balloki Drain

(m^3/S) BOD5 BOD u 11.05 3 3.27 24.55 285 310.49 28.25 230 250.57 41.65 340 370.40 50.65 250 272.36 55.15 225 245.12 66.26 130 141.63 157.66 198 215.71 701.66 5 5.45 98.7

The graphical representation of the above results is shown below in the form of BOD and DO at different outfalls Graph 2.1: BOD Profile for Existing Conditions
200 180 160 140 BOD(mg/L) 120 100 80 60

BOD Vs Distance

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20 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Distance (KM) 75 80 85 90 95 100

Graph 2.2: DO Profile for Existing Conditions

8 7 6 DO (mg/l) 5 4 3 2 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance (KM) 80 90 100

DO profile

The existing condition shown in the above graphs gives very worst conditions. The BOD values are very high that are frequently more than the NEQS values that is 80 mg/L that represents the unacceptable conditions for the aquatic life and for the downstream use of river water. The DO values are also lower than the NEQS standard values for the aquatic life of 4 mg/L in most of the places like from NE pumping station to the mid of the Multan Rd Pumping station the valves are below zero because the initial values of DO are also zero at these points, the effluent DO is zero. These are also worst conditions for the aquatic life to survive in this environment. These values should be greater than or equal to the NEQS of 4 mg/L otherwise the existence of aquatic life will be impossible. These scenarios make the Ravi River as DEAD River.

Chapter 3

Treatment Options and Alternatives

Treatment or any other alternatives are required for the worst conditions of the River Rave for its proper water use and to prevent aquatic life. A lot of work is done and also is being done on the River Rave to improve its existing conditions. A brief summary of these works is given below to have an idea about the projects that are proposed for the River. WASA Lahore is responsible for maintaining the water supply sewerage and storm water drainage system for city of Lahore. The construction of piped water supply system started in Lahore in 1870 in and around the Walled City of Lahore, whereas sewerage system was introduced in the central part of the city in 1936-37, mostly in the shape of brick sewers. Sewerage system in the Central areas of the Lahore started more than 70 years ago. Most of the system has outlived its life and need replacement. During this period there has been an immense increase in population, making the system in adequate and under sized. To address these problems Economic Affair Division (EAD), Government of Pakistan sent official request to the Government of Japan in July 2008 for loan assistance to (a) (b) Lahore South East Sewerage Treatment Project and Lahore Sewerage and Storm Drainage Improvement Project, and another official request was sent from EAD in September 2008 on technical assistance on Study/ review of Comprehensive Sewerage and Drainage System in Lahore and Study for Water Distribution System of Lahore City.

(c) (d)

Given the high priority of the Government of Pakistan on Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Improvement in Lahore, JICA(Japan International Cooperation Agency) decided to start The Preparatory Study on Lahore Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Improvement Project, The Study aims to formulate the Project which may be financed by JICAs loan assistance. The Study was started in March 2009 and completed by July 2010. The Study aimed to formulate the Lahore Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Improvement Project through basic study, review of vision and strategy on development and management of water supply, sewerage, and drainage facilities in Lahore and based on this study, preparation of the project plan and of plan for implementation, operation and maintenance, confirmation of environment, social considerations, thereby improving efficiency of water supply, improving sanitary environment and water quality in public water bodies, alleviating flooding and improving management capacity. Meanwhile, a renewed official request with eight projects including this Project was submitted from EAD to the Government of Japan in September 2009. JICAs Fact Finding Mission (F/F
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Mission) aimed to confirm the progress of the important institutional improvement action agendas, which were agreed to be progressed by appraisal mission between Pakistani side (WASA, HUD&PHED, and P&D) and JICA agreed in the previous F/F Mission, and to carry out fact-finding for the Project. The Pakistani side and the JICA Mission agreed to take necessary actions on the basis of the framework agreed in this Minutes of Discussion. A meeting was held between Pakistani Mission and JICA Mission on December 9, 2010 and in this meeting the JICA Mission strongly requested the Pakistani side to get the PC-I approval from CDWP by the timing of Pledge (Prior-notification) from Government of Japan to Government of Pakistan in the same way as past JICA-financed projects. Accordingly this PC-I has been prepared and submitted to government for approval.

Treatment options and Alternatives:

To maintain the river water in favorable conditions or to avoid the worst conditions like the existing ones, two options can be done Dilution Treatment

1. Dilution
Dilution is a reduction in the concentration of the chemical or the waste loads in the river usually by adding or mixing with more liquid/water in the river flows. In this way the waste loads can be reduced to larger limits. In dilution we add water into the river flows allowing it to mix the wastes thoroughly which reduces their concentration. Dilution can be done from the initial point i.e. adding a maximum amount of water to the river or it can also be done at the different outfalls by adding water in larger quantities to reduce the waste concentrations.

Applying Dilution to the Model Now we will apply the dilution to our model, for this we will require a larger amount of water to dilute the river flow, for this we will also have to make dilution to each of the outfall for improving the DO levels. We will consider a DO value of 3 mg/l at each of the outfall and an initial dilution is made four times of the existing flow at Ravi Syphen and also adding a dilution of 2 m^3/S at each outfall, we will have these results.
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Table 3.1: Results generated the model for DILUTION

Pumping St.

Addition of Flow

acc. Flow

BOD (mg/L) Mass Balance 69.42 67.07 89.46 94.98 45.45 23.24 107.06 22.40

DO mg/L 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 8

DO mass Balance mg/L 6.41 2.084892 0.767053 0.285412 1.146964 5.85 5.43 6.92

deficit

Distance (Km)

Ravi Syphen N.E PS Shahdra Main outfall Gulshan Ravi Multan Rd PS Hudiara Drain Deg Drain QB link Canal Balloki Drain

m^3/s (m^3/S) (m^3/S) BOD5 BOD u 45 2 47 3 3.27 13.5 2 62.5 285 310.49 3.7 2 68.2 230 250.57 13.4 2 83.6 340 370.40 9 2 94.6 250 272.36 4.5 2 101.1 225 245.12 11.11 2 114.21 130 141.63 91.4 2 207.61 198 215.71 544 751.61 5 5.45 98.7

1.59 5.91511 7.23295 7.71459 6.85304 2.15 2.57 1.08

0 26.1 27.9 34.1 35.5 45.3 60.3 63 85

Graph 3.1: BOD Profile for DILUTION Conditions

BOD Vs Distance
120 100 80 BOD 60 40 20 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Distance (KM)

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Graph 3.2: DO Profile for DILUTION Conditions

8 7 6 DO (mg/l) 5 4 3

DO Profile

2
1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance (KM) 80 90 100

Findings for Trail 1 of Dilution: For increasing the initial flow to four times of the existing and adding a flow of 2 m^3/S at each outfall in the river as dilution makes the river conditioned for BOD as satisfactory that is , the BOD is almost reached the NEQS of 80 mg/l at most of the outfalls, But for DO the results are still not acceptable even we have added the initial DO of 3 mg/l at each outfall but the results are not meeting the NEQS Now we will have to install any treatment facility for the outfalls to reduce their BOD levels to acceptable limits, by installing the treatment facilities we will have better conditions for both BOD and the DO even without increasing the flow or making any dilution.

2. Treatment
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to implement such technology.
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There are different methods, techniques and processes to treat the wastewate that are used now days. Some of them are listed and a brief description is given below that are mainly and frequently used. Activated sludge process Aerated lagoons Trickling Filters Waste Stabilization Ponds And many others

I.

Activated sludge process

The most common suspended growth process used for municipal wastewater treatment is the activated sludge process. Activated sludge plant involves: 1. wastewater aeration in the presence of a microbial suspension, 2. solid-liquid separation following aeration, 3. discharge of clarified effluent, 4. wasting of excess biomass, and 5. return of remaining biomass to the aeration tank. In activated sludge process wastewater containing organic matter is aerated in an aeration basin in which micro-organisms metabolize the suspended and soluble organic matter. Part of organic matter is synthesized into new cells and part is oxidized to CO2 and water to derive energy. In activated sludge systems the new cells formed in the reaction are removed from the liquid stream in the form of a flocculent sludge in settling tanks. A part of this settled biomass, described as activated sludge is returned to the aeration tank and the remaining forms waste or excess sludge.

II.

Aerated lagoon

Aerated lagoons are relatively shallow lagoons in which wastewater is added at a single point either at the edge or middle of the lagoon and the effluent is removed from another point. The retention time is a function of the percent removal of BOD. The retention time may vary from 6 to 18 days as the removal of BOD from domestic wastewater varies from 75 to 90 percent. Oxygen is supplied by means of surface aerators or by diffused aeration units. The action of the aerators also maintains the solids of the lagoon in suspension. Depending on the degree of mixing, lagoons may be operated as either aerobic or as aerobic-anaerobic systems.

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In aerobic lagoons all biological solids are in continual suspension and stabilization of the rganics occurs under aerobic conditions. In the case of the aerobic-anaerobic lagoon a large portion of the solids settles to the bottom of the lagoon. As the solids build up, a portion will undergo anaerobic decomposition. Therefore, stabilization in this case occurs partly under aerobic conditions and partially in anaerobic conditions III. Trickling filter

A trickling filter consists of a fixed bed of rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced air flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The terms trickle filter, trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter and biological trickling filter are often used to refer to a trickling filter. These systems have also been described as roughing filters, intermittent filters, packed media bed filters, alternative septic systems, percolating filters, attached growth processes, and fixed film processes.

IV.

Stabilization Ponds

A stabilization pond or "oxidation pond" as it is often called, is usually a shallow earthen basin of controlled shape, which is designed for treating wastewaters from small communities or industrial plants. The ponds are usually 2 to 4 feet deep, although much deeper ponds have been used quite successfully. Stabilization ponds have been applied singly as part of a treatment scheme or as the sole process, providing complete treatment. The process involves two major steps in the decomposition of organic matter in wastewater. The carbonaceous matter is first oxidized by the aerobic microorganisms with the formation of carbon dioxide and the inorganic forms of nitrogen and phosphorous. These inorganic forms are then used by algae in their photosynthetic reactions. Photosynthesis is a natural process carried on by green plants in the presence of light. One of the end products of photosynthesis is oxygen which becomes available to the aerobic microorganisms. As a result of the reactions in the ponds, the organics in wastewater are partly oxidized and partly converted to algae cells. Algae has been harvested in some of the locations and used for animal feed as a protein source. Therefore, treatment of wastewater with the production of a useful by-product is possible in stabilization ponds. Most stabilization ponds are designed for loadings of one acre per 400 persons, 50 pounds of BOD per acre per day or 15 pounds of BOD per acre foot per day with detention periods generally greater than 30 days. The natural soil in which they are located should be fairly
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impervious so that seepage will not materially affect the surface level of the wastewater in the pond. These ponds are low cost in construction and require a minimum of operation. The requirement that large, fairly isolated areas be provided limits their use to relatively small populations in areas where land is available.

Using the model and applying treatment: Using any of the process for the outfalls the value of BOD is decreased to a maximum level and then the wastewater is disposed off into the river. Using these processes for treatment we will now use the reduced BOD values for our model and will predict the downstream concentration levels and we will later on use any of these options to treat the river water for acceptable values of the BOD and that of DO. Trail 1: Using Primary Treatment Using the trail 1 that is to treat the wastewater at each outfall to the primary level that is DOT degree of treatment is 40 % and maintaining the initial DO level to 5 mg/l at each outfall.

Table 3.2: Results generated the model for PRIMARY TREATMENT (TRAIL 1)

Pumping Stations

Q (m^3/S) 11.05 13.5 3.7 13.4 9 4.5 11.11 91.4 544

Acc Flow

BOD (mg/L) Mass Balance 103.91 95.60 107.16 106.03 49.84 24.01 84.57 16.08

DO mg/L 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8

DO mass Balance mg/l 6.350 0.655 1.609 0.888 0.903 5.949 5.398 7.254

deficit

Distance (Km)

Ravi Syphen N.E PS Shahdra Main outfall Gulshan Ravi Multan Rd PS Hudiara Drain Deg Drain QB link Canal Balloki Drain

(m^3/S) BOD5 BOD u 11.05 3 3.27 24.55 171 186.29 28.25 138 150.34 41.65 204 222.24 50.65 150 163.41 55.15 135 147.07 66.26 78 84.98 157.66 118.8 129.42 701.66 5 5.45 98.7

1.650 7.345 6.391 7.112 7.097 2.051 2.602 0.746

0 26.1 27.9 34.1 35.5 45.3 60.3 63 85

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Graph 3.3: BOD Profile for PIMARY TREATMENT (TRAIL 1)

120 100 80 60

BOD Vs Distance

BOD(mg/L)

40
20 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Distance (KM) 75 80 85 90 95 100

Graph 3.4: DO Profile for PIMARY TREATMENT (TRAIL 1)

8 7 6 DO (mg/l) 5 4 3 2 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance (KM) 80 90 100

DO Profile

The above results shows that applying the primary treatment with 40 % DOT the BOD removal is very much significant but the DO value are still not meeting the required standards of 4 mg/l although applying the initial DO values of 5 mg/l at each outfall. This trail is not acceptable for DO values so we will take another trail.

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Trail 2: Applying 70 % DOT Using the trail 2 that is to treat the wastewater at each outfall to the DOT degree of treatment of 70 % and maintaining the initial DO level to 5 mg/l at each outfall.

Table 3.3: Results generated the model for DOT OF 70 % (TRAIL 2)

Pumping Stations DO mass Balance mg/l 3.601 1.049 1.086 0.000 3.206 6.148 5.516 7.516 4.399 6.951 6.914 8.000 4.794 1.852 2.484 0.484 0 26.1 27.9 34.1 35.5 45.3 60.3 63 85 Distance Deficit (Km)

Q (m^3/S) 11.05 13.5 3.7 13.4 9 4.5 11.11 91.4 544

Acc Flow (m^3/S) 11.05 24.55 28.25 41.65 50.65 55.15 66.26 157.66 701.66

BOD (mg/L) BOD5 BOD u 3 3.27 85.5 93.15 69 75.17 102 111.12 75 81.71 67.5 73.54 39 42.49 59.4 64.71 5 5.45 98.7 Mass Balance 52.69 48.34 53.78 53.16 24.97 12.02 42.29 10.15

DO mg/L 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 8

Ravi Syphen N.E PS Shahdra Main outfall Gulshan Ravi Multan Rd PS Hudiara Drain Deg Drain QB link Canal Balloki Drain

Graph 3.5: BOD Profile for DOT OF 70 % (TRAIL 2)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Distance (KM) 75 80 85 90 95 100

BOD Vs Distance

BOD(mg/L)

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Graph 3.6: DO Profile for DOT OF 70 % (TRAIL 2)

9 8 7 6 DO (mg/l)

DO Profile

5
4 3 2 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 Distance (KM) 70 80 90 100

The above results shows that applying the secondary treatment with 70 % DOT the BOD concentration in the river is now in the standard values but the DO value are still not meeting the required standards of 4 mg/l in the start at starting outfalls, although applying the initial DO values of 5 mg/l at each outfall. This trail is not acceptable for DO, we will take another trail Trail 3: Applying 80 % DOT Using the trail 3 that is to treat the wastewater at each outfall to the DOT degree of treatment of 80 % and maintaining the initial DO level to 5 mg/l at each outfall. Table 3.4: Results generated the model for DOT OF 70 % (TRAIL 2)

Pumping Stations Ravi Syphen N.E PS Shahdra Main outfall Gulshan Ravi Multan Rd PS Hudiara Drain Deg Drain QB link Canal

Q Acc Flow (m^3/S) (m^3/S) 11.5 11.5 13.5 25 3.7 28.7 13.4 42.1 9 51.1 4.5 55.6 11.11 66.71 91.4 158.11 544 702.11

BOD5 3 57 46 68 50 45 26 39.6 5

BOD (mg/L) BOD u Mass Balance 3.27 62.097 35.036 50.114 32.116 74.081 35.619 54.471 35.233 49.024 16.551 28.325 7.964 43.141 28.117 5.447 8.172

DO mg/L 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8

DO mass Balance mg/l 6.380 4.503 4.399 3.448 5.130 6.956 5.840 7.630

deficit

Distance (Km) 0 26.1 27.9 34.1 35.5 45.3 60.3 63 85

1.620 3.497 3.601 4.552 2.870 1.044 2.160 0.370

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Graph 3.7: BOD Profile for DOT OF 80 % (TRAIL 3)

40 35 30 BOD(mg/L) 25 20 15 10 5 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Distance (KM) 75 80 85 90 95 100

BOD Vs Distance

Graph 3.8: DO Profile for DOT OF 80 % (TRAIL 3)

9 8 7 6 DO (mg/l) 5

DO Profile

4
3 2 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance (KM) 80 90 100

The trail 3 is somehow very reasonable trail also for the DO concentration that most of the times meet the standards and the BOD is completely within the standard.

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Chapter 4:

Recommendations
Lahore is a main city of Pakistan and which is recognized internationally and it should have the basic facilities of road infrastructure, sanitation, clean drinking water and sewerage. This crowded city generates a huge amount of the waste produced daily now it is the need to properly dispose it off, for this different treatment plants at different outfalls are running in spite of this the Ravi river is going polluted day by day, because the condition of these treatment plants is worth seeing, and also due to the direct disposal of waste to the River without any treatment. Now the need is to properly handle the waste produced and dispose it off. At source treatment: We can control the worst conditions of the Ravi River by individual awareness; each and every individual citizen of the city can play its role, Every house of any community of a colony should have a septic tank instead of disposing the waste directly to the sewers and they can also make dilution to the waste, this will reduce the BOD concentrations to a very low values so the treatment starts from the point of generation of the waste, this awareness should be created to the public so that the worst conditions of the disposal of the wastewater in Lahore can be controlled. Making a collector Drain along the River: If a collector drain is made all along the Ravi River so that it will collect all of the wastewater from all of the outfalls and will eventually dispose it to the end of the city at Baloki Head Works where a lot of dilution to the river is available, or at that point a treatment plant should be installed which will treat the wastewater before disposing it into the Ravi River. If this collector channel is made all along the River Ravi then the River water will be pure all along the city and all the recreational facilities like fishing and boating can be made alive, and also the aquatic life will sustain in that environment which will be an healthy activity.

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References:
Environment Department, CDGL, Environmental Profile of Lahore (2007-08) EPA. Punjab Report http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/stabilization.htm http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IITKANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%2024.htm http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IITKANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%2024.htm

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