Anchoring Systems

4.1
4.1.1 Anchor Terminology
As c ccr cmin d dbit dh dnom = do dw F fA fAN fAV fc f'c fR fRN fRV h hef hmin hn = Tensile stress area = Actual edge distance = Minimum edge distance to obtain maximum fastener capacity = Minimum fastener edge distance to preclude failure during setting or torquing of the anchor = Shank diameter = Nominal bit diameter = Diameter of clearance hole in plate; expansion sleeve clearance hole Nominal fastener diameter = Outside fastener diameter = Washer diameter = Load = Load adjustment factor for anchor spacing = Tension load adjustment factor for anchor spacing = Shear load adjustment factor for anchor spacing = Actual concrete strength = Specified concrete strength = Load adjustment factor for edge distance = Tension load adjustment factor for edge distance = Shear load adjustment factor for edge distance = Thickness of base material = Actual depth of embedment = Minimum depth of embedment = Thickness of nut and washer s scr smin t Tinst Tmax V Vall Vd Vrec = Actual spacing

Anchor Technology

= Minimum spacing to obtain maximum fastener capacity = Minimum fastener spacing to preclude failure during setting or torquing of the anchor = Thickness of material being fastened = Recommended installation torque = Maximum tightening torque = Shear load = Allowable shear load from load tables = Design shear load = Recommended shear load/(allowable load x influence factors)

hnom = Standard depth of embedment ho h1 = Hole depth of full cross section = Hole depth to deepest point = Anchor length
th

= Useable thread length = Bending moment = Tensile load = Allowable tensile load from load tables = Design tensile load = Recommended tensile load (allowable load x influence factors)

M N Nall Nd Nrec

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Anchoring Systems

Anchor Technology
4.1.2 Anchor Principles/Design Considerations 4.1.2.1 Anchor Working Principles
There are three basic working principles by which an anchor develops its holding power in concrete: friction, keying, and bonding. Friction: The tensile load, N, is transferred to the base material by friction, F fr. An expansion force Fexp is necessary for this to take place. It is produced, for example, by driving an expansion plug into an HDI anchor. Keying: The tensile load, N, is in equilibrium with the bearing forces, Fb, acting on the base material, such as with the HDA undercut anchor. Bonding: An epoxy or polymer mortar fills the annular space around the anchor and provides adhesive bonding to the anchor rod and the wall of the drilled hole. Transfer of the tensile load, N, takes place through shear stresses, , into the concrete. Fb N Fb

4.1

4.1.2.2 Anchor Behavior Failure Modes

The weakest aspect of the anchoring system determines the failure mode. The failure mode depends on the type of anchor, concrete strength, depth of embedment, type of loading, loading direction, edge distance and spacing between anchors. For mechanical anchors the failure modes under tension loading are steel breakage, concrete cone failure, concrete splitting, edge breakout, pullout (including any expansion sleeve), or pull-through (whereby the anchor shaft pulls through the expansion mechanism). For adhesivebonded anchors the failure mode is steel breakage or bond failure along the concrete/adhesive interface or along the adhesive/anchor rod bond line. Many times a shallow concrete cone accompanies the bond failure, but this secondary failure mode is not controlling. For shallow embedments, adhesive anchors may fail with a concrete cone breakout. In shear for both mechanical and adhesive anchors, the failure modes are steel breakage, back pryout of the anchor or group of anchors (usually with smaller embedments) or edge breakout.

4.1.2.3 Anchor Fastening Design and Influencing Factors

The primary factors that directly affect the load-carrying capacity of anchors are embedment depth, edge distance, spacing between anchors and concrete strength. Testing is performed in different concrete strengths and embedments to develop tables of ultimate and allowable load capacities for most common installation conditions. They are presented in this Product Technical Guide. Intermediate load values for other concrete strengths and embedments can be calculated by linear interpolation. Edge distance and spacing influences are given as load reduction factors for use in obtaining recommended load capacities using the following equation: Frec
=

Combination of Working Principles: Anchors may derive their holding power through a combination of these working principles. In an expansion anchor, for example, an expansion force is exerted by an anchor against the wall of the hole as a result of the displacement of a cone relative to a sleeve. This causes the longitudinal force to be transmitted from the anchor to the concrete by friction. At the same time, the expansion force causes a permanent local deformation of the concrete. This allows a keying of the sleeve into the base material, giving a second method of holding power. For adhesive anchors, there is, in addition to the bonding, a local keying as the adhesive infiltrates into any pores of the base material.

Fall fR fA Frec = the resulting recommended load after influencing factors have been applied to the allowable load the allowable tension or shear load value from the product data tables the edge distance influencing factor from the appropriate table or calculated from the related equations the spacing influencing factor from the appropriate table or calculated from the related equations

Where:

Fall fR

= =

fA

If there is more than one influencing factor, a reduction factor is applied for each influencing condition, that is, fR1 fR2 . . . fRn fA1 fA2 . . . fAn.

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Anchoring Systems

4.1
4.1.2.4 Influence of Edge Distance
If anchors are installed near a building component edge, there may be a reduced volume of concrete to resist the anchor load. The closest point near an edge at which there is no influence or reduction on the anchor capacity is called the critical edge distance, ccr . For edge distances less than the critical edge distance, reduction factors are to be applied to obtain the reduced structural resistance. The minimum edge distance, cmin , is defined as the minimum edge distance at which an anchor can be properly installed and the specified torque applied without a concrete edge failure. Reductions for edge distances between ccr and cmin are calculated using linear interpolation. The anchor technical data gives the edge distance adjustment factors by table, by equation and by graph. The adjustment factors for shear, fRV, and tension, fRN, are given separately where they are different. Once the type of loading, embedment depth and edge distance are known, the appropriate influencing factor can be determined from either the tables, equations or graphs for the type of anchor under consideration. The graphs are determined from the equations given under the tables. Where there is more than one edge influencing the anchor, each edge will contribute an adjustment factor, and they are multiplied together. For example, for three edges, fR = fR1 fR2 fR3 . See section 4.1.3 for an example using reduction factors.

Anchor Technology
4.1.2.5 Influence of Multiple Anchors
If two or more anchors are in close proximity, then a spacing adjustment factor is to be taken into account. Critical spacing, scr , is defined as the minimum centerline-to centerline anchor spacing at which there is no influence on load capacity. Minimum spacing, smin , is defined as the smallest spacing at which an anchor can be installed and torqued to the specified torque without causing a failure. For anchors with spacing between the critical spacing and minimum spacing, adjustment factors are calculated using linear interpolation. The adjustment factors are given in the anchor technical data. The data is presented by table, by equation and by graph. Once the spacing to each influencing anchor is known, the influencing factor for each anchor can be determined. The graphs are determined from the equations given under the tables. Where an anchor is being influenced by more than one anchor, each influencing anchor will contribute an adjustment factor, and they are multiplied together. For example, for an anchor influenced by three other anchors, fA = fA1 fA2 fA3 See section 4.1.3 for an example using reduction factors.

4.1.2.6 Anchor Loading

The type of anchor loads and their position play an important role in the selection of the proper anchor for an application. Both shear and tension values for various concrete strengths are provided in this manual. These must be carefully matched to the design requirements to develop a safe and serviceable connection.

Nd = Design tension load Vd = Design shear load Nrec = Recommended tension load Vrec = Recommended shear load F = Design resultant load

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Anchoring Systems

Anchor Technology
4.1.2.7 Combined Loading
In applications where the anchors are loaded with both tensile and shear forces, the interaction under this oblique loading must be considered. Several tension-shear interaction equations have been proposed in the past, most of which can be expressed by the following equation (see figure):

4.1
4.1.2.8 Bending Moment
Anchors subjected to shear loads applied at a standoff distance z may cause the base material (concrete, masonry) near the surface to crush or spall. This loss of bearing support in turn increases the secondary bending moment in the anchor. In the absence of other guidance, the resultant shear capacity of the anchor rod associated with the standoff condition may be evaluated as follows: M MuM,5% VuM, 5% = Whereby: VuM, 5% = characteristic ultimate shear load corresponding to bending
=5/3 =1.0 Trilinear Interaction Approach
M is a factor to account for reduced bending associated with rotational restraint as follows: M M

(N ) + (V ) N V
all all

where ranges from 1 (conservative straight line) to 2 (where N and V are both governed by steel failure). Common recommendations are 3/2 and 5/3 where N and V are concrete breakout or a combination of concrete breakout and steel failure modes. For most metal and adhesive anchors, the above equation with an exponent of 5/3 can be used and is recommended for the following Hilti anchors: HDA, HSL, Kwik Bolt II, HDI, HVU, HIT-HY-150 with threaded rod, HIT-TZ, HSE 2421, and RE-500. ACI 318-02, Appendix D proposes, for simplicity of calculation, a trilinear method (see figure) be used for ease of calculation. When either the tensile or shear force is small compared to the other force, the method allows using only the larger force component. As applied to allowable stress design, the equations are as follows: If V 0.2 Vall, then the full tension force can be used.
Nu Nn

MuM, 5%

= 1.0 for standoff installation without rotational restraint = 2.0 for standoff installation with rotational restraint (see figure above) = moment resistance corresponding to ~ 1/2 degree

0.2Nn Vu

rotation = 1.2 S f u, min 1 0.2Vn Vn

Nd Nrwc

= n n n z d = = = = =

If N 0.2 Nall, then the full shear force can be used. If V > 0.2 Vall and N > 0.2 Nall, then the following equation can be used: N Nall + V Vall 1.2

bending lever arm = z + (n d), where n may be taken as follows: 0 for static loading with rotational restraint at the concrete surface (see figure above) 0.5 for static loading without rotational restraint at the concrete surface 1.0 for cyclic or seismic loading standoff distance nominal diameter of anchor rod minimum nominal ultimate tensile stress for anchor rod steel; see 7.3.2 elastic section modulus of anchor rod, assuming constant cross section over anchor length design tension load (ASD) recommended max. tension load (ASD; see tables)

fu, min = S Nd Nrec = = =

Note: for ASD calculations, divide VuM, 5% by global Factor of Safety of 1.7. For strength design, the corresponding -factor for shear failure of steel threaded parts is applicable.

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Anchoring Systems

4.1
4.1.2.9 Increase in Capacity for Short Term Loading
Some building codes have allowed a capacity increase of 1/3 when used in conjunction with short-term loading, such as wind and seismic. The origin of the 1/3 increase is unclear, but is generally assumed to cover two loading conditions: 1) consideration of strain-rate effects, whereby the capacity of a material is able to resist higher transitory stresses and 2) the lower probability of permanent and transitory loads acting simultaneously. While Hilti does not include any 1/3 increase in published capacities for anchors in concrete, there is nothing inherently improper with using a 1/3 increase. It is the responsibility of the responsible designer to determine the appropriateness of such a capacity increase under the applicable code. For power-driven fasteners, Hilti does not recommend the use of a 1/3 capacity increase. For decking applications the 1/3 increase is not appropriate for decking methodologies that utilize wind as the primary loading.
See Section 4.3.2 for HSL Loads and Influence Factors

Anchor Technology
4.1.3 Application Example
Anchor Selection: Building located in Seismic Zones must resist dynamic loads. The HDA, HSL or HVA is recommended for this fastening application. Preliminary Design: Anchor: Concrete: HSL M16 4000 psi

Allowable Working Loads Tension: Shear: 5790 lb 9645 lb

4.1.2.10 Torquing and Pretensioning of Anchors

There are three reasons to torque an anchor depending on the anchor type: 1. Clamping the attached parts together (i.e. eliminating play in the connection), 2. Pretensioning the anchor as a means of reducing the effects of cyclic loading. This applies to most anchors (HVU, HIT HY-150, HSE 2421, RE 500, HDA, HSL, Kwik Bolt II, HDI) and, 3. Setting the anchor (generally for torque-controlled expansion anchors such as the HSL and Kwik Bolt II, as well as the HCA and HLC). The tightening torque, Tinst, is sometimes referred to as a maximum tightening torque, Tmax, a setting torque, or an installation torque, all meaning essentially the same thing. All specify a maximum torque that will provide a pretensioning force in the anchor, which has been determined to typically provide initial clamping of the base plate or fastened part tightly to the concrete at the allowable working load. For torque-controlled expansion anchors such as the HSL and Kwik Bolt II, the applied torque also sets the anchor by pulling the cone up into the expansion sleeve, forcing the expansion sleeve into the concrete. The pretensioning force in all anchors that have been torqued, both cast-inplace and post-installed, reduces over time due to concrete creep, and to a much lesser degree, relaxing of the anchor steel. Concrete creep is defined as the increase of strain over time under sustained stress (load). Since creep-related strain can be large in comparison to the strain due to initial application of the load, it can be of importance in anchorage design. This time-dependent creep decreases with time, with the majority of the creep and resulting pretensioning loss occurring within the first year of service. Although creep continues indefinitely, it is essentially complete after about 3 to 4 years. If retorquing takes place, the anchor will experience another period of pretensioning loss, but to a lesser degree. The initial tightening torque retains sufficient clamping load over the life of the anchorage for most static applications. For applications where the attachment is required to retain a clamping load at or near the allowable load, retorquing of the anchor may be necessary. Considerations should be made for the type of anchor and how it functions as well as physical condition of the anchorage. Contact Hilti Technical Support at 1-800-879-6000 ext. 6337 for specific recommendations for retorquing of anchors. For Anchor B
Embedment Depth hef = hnom = 41/8" Anchor Spacing Adjustment Factor: Tension & Shear smin = 1.0 hnom = 1.0 x 41/8" = 41/8" sact = 6" scr = 3.0 hef = 3.0 x 41/8" = 123/8" fA = 0.15 sact + 0.55 = 0.15 x 6 + 0.55 = 0.77 hef 4.125 Edge Distance Adjustment Factor: Tension cmin = 1.0 hnom = 1.0 x 41/8" = 41/8" cact = 8" ccr = 2.5 hef = 2.5 x 41/8" = 10 5/16" fRN = 0.30

( (

c - 1.0 hnom 2.5 hef - 1.0 hnom 8 - 4.125 10.313 - 4.125

+ 0.70

= 0.30 = 0.89

+ 0.70

Edge Distance Adjustment Factor: Shear fRV = 0.47 c 0.17 = 0.47 x 8 0.17 = 0.74 hnom 4.125 Note: Since hef = h nom, the adjustment factors could be taken directly from the tables in Section 4.2.1 rather than using the formulas. Recommended working load: Tension Nrec = Nall x fA x fRN = 5790 x 0.77 x 0.89 = 3967 lb Recommended working load: Shear Vrec = Vall x fA x fRV = 9645 x 0.77 x 0.74 = 5495 lb

( N ) + ( VV ) 1.0 N 2000 ( 3967 ) + ( 2500 ) = 0.319 + 0.269 = 0.588 < 1.0 5495
d d rec rec 5/3 5/3

Combined Loading

5/3

5/3

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