Turbines 3

ME2032: Thermodynamics of heat

engines and work transfer devices
M.M.I.D. Manthilake
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Outline
From last lecture
Optimum speed ratio
Axial flow turbines
Velocity compounding
Reaction stage
2
Impulse stage
If
1
is fixed an optimum speed ratio can be
computed to obtain maximum
d



( )
2
1
2
max
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 : ratio speed optimum at o/p power and
then,
2
when, zero to equals this
8 4 ) ( 4
U m W
Sin
Sin
C
U
C
U
Sin
C
U
d
d
C
U
Sin
C
U
d
d
d
- -
=
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
o q
o
o
q
o q
3
Velocity compounded impulse stage
Before moving on to reaction stage, lets
consider an important modification to impulse
stage.
Sometimes it is desired to have a large
enthalpy drop in one stage
Though fluid velocities are very high
Owing to blade speed limitation U/C
1
is low
Work o/p is a small fraction of available enthalpy
drop
Work o/p can be increased by velocity
compounding even with small blade speed ratio.
2-row velocity compounded stage
Flow through nozzles and first moving row is
similar to that of an impulse stage but with
low blade speed ratio
Fluid leaves 1
st
row with speed C
2


and at
angle
2
, enters guide blade with same angle
Guide blades
No further expansion
Blades are made symmetrical
Blade height is same at inlet and out let
What is the work done ?
Diagram efficiency of VCS
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A + A
= =
-
-
1
1
1
2
1
2 1
2 sin 8
2
1
) (
rotor for available energy
o/p work diagram
C
U
C
U
mC
V V U m
d
w w
d
o q
q





differentiating by U/C
1
maximum diagram
efficiency?
Maximum work done?

Pressure compounding
The pressure drop available to the turbine is
used in a series of small increments.
For steam turbines, starting pressure from the
boiler and super heater
Final pressure is the pressure of the condenser
Reaction stage


If the speeds at inlet and outlet are the same
and axial velocity is constant
Commonly used design in reaction stages
Enables use of same shaped blades in successive
stages
Work out put of stage

2 0
2 1
reaction
h h
h h

= A
2 0
h h W =
-
Reaction stage
Applying energy equation to the flow relative
to rotor blades, h
1
h
2
=?
then, reaction is
for 50% reaction, the stator and rotor blades
are of same shape and velocity diagram is
symmetrical.
Further reading
Overall efficiency and losses of turbines,
Reheat factor
Sizing of turbines
Gas turbine performance

Recommended text: Thermodynamics of heat
engines and work transfer devices by,
Rogers and Mayhew