JRUL: Essential Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing

Table of Contents 1. Why are references important? ..................................................................................... 3 Citation styles ............................................................................................................................. 3 Harvard referencing system .............................................................................................. 3 2. In-text citations ............................................................................................................... 4 3. Reference list/Bibliography .............................................................................................. 5 3.1 References Books (including e-books) .............................................................. 5 3.2 References Other sources ................................................................................. 6 Journal articles (including e-journals) .......................................................................... 6 Newspaper articles ................................................................................................................. 6 Conference papers ........................................................................................................ 6 Corporate publications .......................................................................................................... 6 Theses and dissertations .................................................................................................... 6 3.3 References Electronic media
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Blogs .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter etc) .............................................. 7 Media (video, film and broadcast) ................................................................................ 7 Podcasts ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Online images................................................................................................................. 7 3.4 References personal communication ................................................................. 8 Lecture notes on blackboard ........................................................................................... 8
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3.5 References reference works ............................................................................. 8 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias ...................................................................................... 8 Classical works ......................................................................................................................... 8 4. Sources and further information ............................................................................. 9

1. Why are references important?

If you quote or make use of another writer's work, you must ensure that it is properly referenced. This is a standard academic practice intended to make sure that intellectual debts are duly acknowledged and to enable a reader to trace your sources. Any other items used for background reading but not referred to in the text should be given at the end in the bibliography. In short, references are used to: Avoid plagiarism by acknowledging the source of an argument or idea Help support your arguments and provide your essay/thesis with credibility Enable the reader to locate the sources used Show the full scope of your research.

Citation Styles* There are various citation styles. These styles all convey the same information but differ in the way this information is presented. Most citation styles are grouped into two systems: AuthorDate System (e.g. Harvard) The authors name and date of publication are referred to in-text with a full reference list at the end of the work. Numeric System (e.g. Vancouver; MHRA) A number is used in-text (starting with 1) to identify all the items you have used to support your assignment. These numbers are then used to compile a reference list at the end of your work in numeric order. *Before using any referencing system, you must first consult with your lecturer to see which system is preferred. Harvard Referencing System The Harvard Referencing System supplies the authors name and date of the publication referred to within the text. All information gleaned from another source, whether directly quoted or paraphrased should be acknowledged in the text of your assignment.

2. In-text citations
The following system should be used when citing sources within the text. If the authors name is Brian Whitaker, you should use the surname Whitaker and the publication date in the text: Having accepted the inevitability of the internet, the first instinct of Arab regimes was to look for ways to control it (Whitaker, 2009). If the authors surname occurs naturally in the text or forms part of a statement, put only the year in brackets: Whitaker (2009) has stated that Arab society has traditionally negotiated between science and Islam successfully. If there are two authors, cite both: It is noted that the dates of the Jewish calendar are often given with the number values of the Hebrew alphabet (Coffin and Bolozky 2005, p. 191). * *Direct quotations should also include the page number If there are more than two authors, cite only the first followed by et al.: adoptive parents were coping better with the physical demands of parenthood and found family life more enjoyable (Levy et al. 1991). In cases where an author has published more than one document in a year, it is necessary to distinguish between them by adding lower case letters: In recent articles by Black (2010a, 2010b, 2010c) Citing a work described in another work When an author cites another author you must first try to trace the original work. If this is not possible, you must cite both sources in the text, but only include the work you actually read in the reference list/bibliography. If Owen discusses the work of Pappe you could use: Pappe (2008) as cited by Owen (2007) Citing multiple works to strengthen an argument If you find information in more than one work you may wish to cite them all to strengthen your argument. If so, you should cite all references in the same brackets in order of publication.
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For example: Several writers (Shlaim 1988; Rashidi 2007; Said 1980) have suggested that prior to 1967... Citing web resources in-text When citing web resources in the text you should use the author. If the author is not named then use the organisation name. If neither is available you should use the title of the website and the author.

3. Reference list/Bibliography
A full reference list of all material used should be listed in alphabetical order by author at the end of your work. You may also be required to compile a bibliography. This should come at the end of the text must include all the resources you have used in the main text. For example, any item that appears in your references must also appear in the bibliography, and vice versa. A bibliography should also include any sources you have read but not included in your work as part of your research. 3.1 References Books (including e-books) AUTHOR(S). (Year) Title. Edition if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. ROGERS, P. (2006) Iraq and the war on terror: twelve months of insurgency. London: I.B. Tauris. * *For books with two or three authors follow the same style making sure to name both authors Books with more than three authors Give the name of the first author followed by et al. LEVITT, R. et al. (1999) The reorganised National Health Service. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. Chapters in books AUTHOR(S). (Year) Title of chapter. In: AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S), ed(s). Book title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Pages. (use p. or pp.) * ACHEBE, C. (1995) Colonialist Criticism. In: ASHCROFT, B. et al. The Post Colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge, pp. 57-61. *Electronic books should be cited exactly the same as print.

3.2 References other sources Journal articles AUTHOR(S). (Year) Title of article. Title of journal, Vol. no. (Part no./Issue/Month), Pages, use p. or pp. TATALATOF, K. (2002) Iranian womens literature: from pre-revolutionary social discourses to post-revolutionary feminism. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29 (4), pp. 531-558. Newspaper articles AUTHOR(S) (Year) Article title. Newspaper title, Day and Month (abbreviated), Pages, use p. or pp. TATE, P. (2007) Illicit organ trade increasing. The Jordan Times, 6th June, p. 3.

Conference papers AUTHOR(S). (Year) Title. In: EDITOR(S) Title of conference proceedings. Place and date of conference (unless included in title). Place of publication: Publisher, Pages, use p. or pp. LYNCH, M. (2003) Dialogue in an age of terror. In the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA in August 18th 2003. Corporate publications NAME OF ISSUING BODY (Year) Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Report no. (where relevant), Pages, use p. or pp. World Health Organization (2010) The world health report Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Theses and dissertations AUTHOR (Year) Title. Designation (Level, e.g. MSc, PhD.), Institution. YUDIS, A. (2004) Failed responsibility of the media in the war on Iraq. Unpublished thesis (PhD), University of Manchester.

3.3 Electronic media Blogs AUTHOR. (Year) Title of the posting (if applicable). Title of the site. Weblog [Online] day/month of posting. Available from: web address. [Accessed date]. JOHNSON, G. (2010) The Guantanamo conundrum. Waq al-Waq. Weblog [online] 22nd December. Available from: http://bigthink.com/blogs/waq-al-waq. [Accessed 23/12/10]. Social networking sites (Twitter, Facebook etc) AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of page. [Title of web site] Day/month of posted message. Available from: web address. [Date accessed]. El-Sharif, M. (2010) Jordan Media Institute. [Facebook]. 10th May. Available from: www.facebook.com. [Accessed 02/01/12]. Media (video, film, or broadcast) Title (Year) Type of media. ORIGINATOR (e.g. director). Place of production: Production company. Waltz with Bashir (2009) Film. Directed by Ari Folman. London. Artificial Eye. A television or radio broadcast should also include the date and time of broadcast and the episode number. Title (Year) Type of media. ORIGINATOR (e.g. channel). Exact date and time of broadcast. Mexicos drug war (2010) Assignment. Radio. BBC World Service. 23rd December, 0905 hrs. Podcasts BROADCASTER (if available). (Year) Name of podcast [type of resource]. Organisation/publisher responsible (optional), day of podcast (day, month) Available from: web address [date accessed]. Cabral, P. (2011) Brazil: Lulas legacy part two [podcast]. BBC World service, 3 January. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/docarchive [Accessed 13/01/11]. Online images ORIGINATOR (Year) Description or title of image [Online image]. Available from: web address. [Date accessed].
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MARKMCNULTYPHOTOGRAPHY (2010) Black Keys [Online image]. Available from: www.mcnulty.co.uk/category/liverpool. [Accessed 13/01/11]. 3.4 References personal communication Personal communication may include a telephone conversation, an e-mail, letter, or lecture presentation. Such references are not generally included in the reference list but should be included within the text. The type of communication along with the communicators initials and surname should be in the text. In a lecture on 23 January 2011 A. Christmann referred to the role of Lecture notes on blackboard NAME. (Year of presentation). Lecture title, from module code (capitalised) title of module. Teaching organisation, location and date of presentation. Available from: Blackboard [Accessed date]. CHRISTMANN, A (2010). The impact of the Seljuks on the Middle East, from MEST 10032 Introduction to Islamic History. University of Manchester, Samuel Alexander building on 6th November. Available from: Blackboard. [Accessed 1/12/10]. 3.5 Reference works Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias If an encyclopaedia entry has a named author then the format for a chapter in a book should be used in addition to the encyclopaedia volume number. AUTHOR(S) (Year). Title of chapter. AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S) ed(s). Title, Volume (if applicable), Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Pages. (use p. or pp.) KESNER, R.P. (2002). Memoryneurobiology. In: RAMACHANDRAN, V.S.Encyclopedia of the human brain, Vol. 2. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 783796 In reference works such as dictionaries where there is no author, then the title should be used both within the text and in the reference list. Title (Year) Volume (if applicable), Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. The Oxford Thesaurus. (1997), 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Classical works (Holy books) Primary classical works such as the Bible and Quran should not be included in the reference list but should be noted in the text giving the appropriate details but no year.
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From Allah verily nothing is hidden on earth or in the heavens (Surah al-Imran 3:5, Yusuf Ali Translation).

4. Sources and further information

Should you require further information please contact your subject librarian http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/subjects/ . Further guidance on citation and referencing can be found at the following online sources:

DE MONTFORD UNIVERSTY (2009) The Harvard System of Referencing [WWW]. De Montford University. Available from: http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf [Accessed 24/01/11].

ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY (2010) Harvard System of Referencing Guide [WWW]. Anglia Ruskin University. Available from: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm [Accessed 24/01/11].

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND (2009) A guide to references [WWW]. University of the West of England, Library Services. Available from: http://iskillzone.uwe.ac.uk/RenderPages/RenderConstellation.aspx?Context=10&Are a=8&Room=25&Constellation=39 [Accessed 24/01/11].